DOCSLIB.ORG

The Dynamics Betxeen IJLL 2020

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Dynamics Betxeen IJLL 2020 The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology – Second part Jean-Baptiste Coyos To cite this version: Jean-Baptiste Coyos. The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology – Second part. International Journal of Lan- guage & Linguistics, Center for Promoting Ideas, 2020, 7 (1), pp.110-124. 10.30845/ijll.v7n1p13. artxibo-02987810 HAL Id: artxibo-02987810 https://artxiker.ccsd.cnrs.fr/artxibo-02987810 Submitted on 4 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. International Journal of Language and Linguistics Vol. 7, No. 1, March 2020 doi:10.30845/ijll.v7n1p13 The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology – Second part Jean-Baptiste Coyos Royal Academy of the Basque Language Château Neuf - Place Paul Bert 64100 Bayonne France Abstract This article presents and analyses the answers to the open-ended questions in a sociolinguistic survey carried out as part of the Academy of the Basque Language’s Euskara Eskuz Esku (Basque from Hand to Hand) project. The results and analysis of the answers to the closed questions have already been published (IJLL, 2019, 6-1, 115-125). Some of the main results of this second group of answers are as follows: according to the respondents, Unified Basque is not well known in the North Basque Country, it is mixed with dialects and it poses difficulties for Basque speakers who have not been educated in Basque. However, the main problem is French, the ultra-dominant language in this territory. It influences the Basque language itself. The most widespread prediction among the respondents is that in the future, because they are not widely passed on, the dialects will weaken and Unified Basque will become stronger. Thanks to the answers of these forty respondents, all of whom are prescribers of the Basque language in one way or another, we have a better understanding of the situation and relationships between Unified Basque, the dialects and French in the Northern Basque Country, taking into account the fact that it is a complex and changing linguistic ecosystem. Keywords: Unified Basque, Basque dialects, Northern Basque Country, Perceptual Dialectology, survey 2nd part (2018) 1. Survey: overall aims, data collection methods & initial results This paper presents the second set of results from the survey carried out as part of the Euskara Eskuz Esku (EEE)1 project2. Forty respondents answered thirteen questions during the first six months of 2018, via a form or a recorded interview. 1.1. Survey’s overall aims & perceptual dialectology The aims of this survey were, amongst other things, to examine the interaction between Unified Basque and the dialects in the Northern Basque Country, the extent to which Unified Basque is recognised, the status of dialects and people’s attachment to the dialects, how the respondents saw the future of both Unified Basque and the dialects... In other words, how the respondents in this territory view Basque’s language eco-system, taking into account the fact that there is also at least one third participant: the dominant language, French. The first data set with the answers to seven closed questions has already been published (summary cf. 1.3.)3. In order to study these subjects and create the survey, we applied the principles of perceptual dialectology. Perceptual dialectology studies how non-linguists understand dialectal variation (their own speech, in a local or larger area) and its status (correctness, pleasure, prestige, etc) and which are seen as better. Rather than studying language events, perceptual dialectology studies language awareness. 1 The Euskara Eskuz Esku project (The Basque Language from Hand to Hand) aims to provide Northern Basque speakers a new linguistic tool to develop Unified Basque, taking into account linguistic variety in the Northern Basque Country. By creating a digital support that will be updated on a daily basis, the objective is to answer questions from Basque-speakers by text on a website, by e-mail, with a direct answer. It will offer recommendations and rules by the Academy of the Basque Language, listed according to linguistic category, highlighting language variety in the Northern Basque Country. 2 The EEE project has been 65% co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through the Interreg V-A Spain France Andorra program (POCTEFA 2014-2020). POCTEFA aims to reinforce the economic and social integration of the French–Spanish–Andorran border. Its support is focused on developing economic, social and environmental cross-border activities through joint strategies promoting sustainable territorial development. 3 There were two publications: Coyos 2018, in Basque, & Coyos 2019, in English. The second paper is aimed at those who are not familiar with the Basque language and the Basque Country’s sociolinguistic situation. 110 ISSN 2374-8850 (Print), 2374-8869 (Online) ©Center for Promoting Ideas, USA www.ijllnet.com It assumes that a speaker’s language beliefs, feelings and attitudes influence how the speaker uses the language (Cramer 2016). These language beliefs, feelings and attitudes are of great scientific interest in order to assess and understand a language community or languages which interact (Paveau 2008). Before creating the survey, the concepts we needed to apply had to be clarified, which until then had not been the case. Although the notion of “euskalki” (Basque dialect) is quite clear because it has been studied since the 19th century, there was however no such term as “euskara batua” (Unified Basque) and not only because this form of Basque was quite new. Like all other standardised languages, Unified Basque is a rather complex language phenomenon, both multiple and variable. Unified Basque is not at all monolithic (Coyos 2018). This data is not specific, but rather empirical and with numerous facets. We wanted to understand this through the survey, to get a better grasp of at least the linguistic context of the Northern Basque Country. 1.2. Data collection methods The survey was carried out with respondents in two ways. On the one hand, using a digital document, respondents filled in a form and returned it via email. The length of answers was unlimited. According to the question, some respondents answered with a single line, whilst others wrote half a page. On the other hand, a one-to-one interview was carried out with eleven respondents and thirteen questions. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Furthermore, some of those who took part in the recordings also answered the written survey. The freedom of respondents gave a rich and wide-ranging corpus. Sometimes they did not answer all of the questions and some wanted to mention something different, but always contributing something with regard to Unified Basque and the dialects, explaining their own personal experiences, opinions, feelings, beliefs and attitudes. 1.3. Thirteen questions & results of closed questions In the survey there were thirteen questions, some closed (yes/no) and others open. In this paper we shall explain and analyse the answers to the six open questions. Before doing so, below are the results for answers to the seven closed questions. 95% of respondents think that Unified Basque is necessary in the Northern Basque Country. At the same time, 92.5% believe that the Northern Basque Country’s linguistic specificities should be protected. There is no contradiction here, of course. As we shall see below, a speaker’s register may include both Unified Basque and the dialects. On the other hand, 80% of respondents think that Unified Basque does not endanger the Northern Basque Country’s dialects and over half of respondents said that there is now a form of Unified Basque specific to the Northern Basque Country. It is worth noting that no-one said that Unified Basque is not needed in the Northern Basque Country. For Euskaltzaindia, the Academy of the Basque Language, as well as for other organisations which manage the Basque language and, in general, it is very important to realise this in order to regenerate the Basque language. Of course, in linguistic choices, both when speaking and writing, we should not forget that it is the speaker who makes this choice. It seems that for those who took part in the survey, both types of Basque, both standardised and local varieties, are necessary. However, we shall look in greater detail at the answers to open questions further on (section 3). 2. Profile of respondents In paragraph 1.1. we said that perceptual dialectology used non-linguists as respondents. I would even go as far to say everyday speakers, although at the same time we were able to see as we studied the situation of Basque in the Northern Basque Country that, in fact, there is no such thing as a common Basque-speaker. Here we did not study the perspective of “common native speakers”, ie. those who do not know Unified Basque. Some of these have never even heard of “Unified Basque”. The aim of the study was not to collect preconceived ideas, stereotypes or clichés heard about Unified Basque or the dialects in the Northern Basque Country. Sometimes these are spread by non-Basque speakers based on language ideology by schools, the media and opinion leaders.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions
    Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 6 The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre Their History and Their Traditions by Philippe Veyrin Translated by Andrew Brown Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 6 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2011 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2011 by Jose Luis Agote Cover illustration: Xiberoko maskaradak (Maskaradak of Zuberoa), drawing by Paul-Adolph Kaufman, 1906 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Veyrin, Philippe, 1900-1962. [Basques de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre. English] The Basques of Lapurdi, Zuberoa, and Lower Navarre : their history and their traditions / by Philippe Veyrin ; with an introduction by Sandra Ott ; translated by Andrew Brown. p. cm. Translation of: Les Basques, de Labourd, de Soule et de Basse Navarre Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic book on the Basques of Iparralde (French Basque Country) originally published in 1942, treating Basque history and culture in the region”--Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-877802-99-7 (hardcover) 1. Pays Basque (France)--Description and travel. 2. Pays Basque (France)-- History. I. Title. DC611.B313V513 2011 944’.716--dc22 2011001810 Contents List of Illustrations..................................................... vii Note on Basque Orthography.........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Comparing the Basque Diaspora
    COMPARING THE BASQUE DIASPORA: Ethnonationalism, transnationalism and identity maintenance in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Peru, the United States of America, and Uruguay by Gloria Pilar Totoricagiiena Thesis submitted in partial requirement for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The London School of Economics and Political Science University of London 2000 1 UMI Number: U145019 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U145019 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Theses, F 7877 7S/^S| Acknowledgments I would like to gratefully acknowledge the supervision of Professor Brendan O’Leary, whose expertise in ethnonationalism attracted me to the LSE and whose careful comments guided me through the writing of this thesis; advising by Dr. Erik Ringmar at the LSE, and my indebtedness to mentor, Professor Gregory A. Raymond, specialist in international relations and conflict resolution at Boise State University, and his nearly twenty years of inspiration and faith in my academic abilities. Fellowships from the American Association of University Women, Euskal Fundazioa, and Eusko Jaurlaritza contributed to the financial requirements of this international travel.
    [Show full text]
  • Process of Palatalization That Must Be Stated As Two Related
    Palatalization in Biscayan Basque and Feature Geometry Item Type Article Authors Hualde, Jose Publisher Department of Linguistics, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Download date 24/09/2021 16:22:26 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/227251 Palatalization in Biscayan Basque and Feature Geometry José Ignacio Hualde University of Southern California 1.Introduction Archangeli (1987) has pointed out thatthe hierarchical model offeaturerepresentationcombinedwiththestatementof phonological rules in terms of conditions and parameters offers the advantage thatit allows the expression as a single rule of unitary processes that must be stated as multiple operations within other frameworks. In this paper Iwill offer an example of this (cf. Hualde, 1987 for another example).Iwill show that a seemingly complex process of palatalization that must be stated as two related but different operations within a linear model, can be straightforwardly captured in the hierarchical /parametrical approach by taking into account the geometrical structures on which the palatalization rule applies; in particular, the branching structures created by a rule of place assimilation. Iwill assume that assimilatory processes have the effect of creating complex structures where features or nodes are shared by several segments. From this assumption we canmake 36 predictions about how other rules may apply to the output of a process ofassimilation. These predictions are very differentin some cases from what one would expect from aformulation of the rulesin a linear, feature -changing framework. In the case to be examined here, the predictions made by taking into account derived geometrical structures receive very strong confirmation. I will consider a rule of palatalizationin two Basque dialects.
    [Show full text]
  • SUD LABOURD : Saint-Jean-De-Luz / Saint-Pée-Sur
    Xaharrenea, rue Jean Fourcade Gustoki (distribution de produits bio et fermiers locaux) µu Maison Bide Artea, RD 810 Etorkizunari begira | Tourné vers l’avenir Larrunkoop (épicerie coopérative de produits locaux) 5 rue Dongaitz anaiak Maison Pariès (chocolatier, pâtissier, glacier) Zone OÙ PAYER EN eusko Putillenea, Socoa u Vival (épicerie) 1 rue Jean Fourcade dans le SUD LABOURD Autos, motos, cycles JUIN 2020 HENDAYE Recycl’arte (atelier participatif d’autoréparation, vélos et LA MONNAIE LOCALE DU PAYS BASQUE objets, créations en récup) 18 rue Lekueder SAINT-PÉE-SUR-NIVELLE Alimentation Le vélo rouge français (réparation, entretien de vélos) ASCAIN Maison Larre, Urguri Alain et Maider (vente de produits régionaux, snack) 168 Bars, restaurants, salons de thé, hôtels µ zone artisanale Larre Lore Boulangerie Inda (boulangerie, pâtisserie) Zone Lanzelai, ASCAIN bâtiment Hamekak Alain et Maider (vente de produits régionaux, snack) 168 µ zone artisanale Larre Lore Euskal Saskia - Le Panier Basque (vente en ligne de produits basques, artisanaux, AOP, AB, écologiques, Eco label u Plazan ostatua (café bar, produits locaux et artisanaux) pour CE, collectivités, associations et particuliers) ZA Lanzelai, Place Pierre Loti 1 espace Elgarrekin µ Trinketeko ostatua (bar, restaurant) Rue Ernest Fourneau GS Taloa (fabrication et vente de talo - prestation sur site, Xoko Ona (bar, restaurant) Place Pierre Loti événementiel - location de matériel de restauration) 672 CIBOURE chemin Mixelenia Atalaia (bar, restaurant) 17 rue de la Fontaine Pâtisserie Pastel
    [Show full text]
  • Dative Overmarking in Basque: Evidence of Spanish-Basque Convergence
    Dative Overmarking in Basque: Evidence of Spanish-Basque Convergence Jennifer Austin University of New Jersey, Rutgers. [email protected] Abstract This paper investigates a recent change in the grammar of spoken Basque which results in the substitution of dative case and agreement for absolutive case and agreement in marking animate, specific direct objects. I argue that this pattern of use is due to convergence between the feature matrix of the functional category AGR in Spanish and Basque. In contrast to previous studies which point to interface areas as the locus of syntactic convergence, I argue that this is a change affecting the core grammar of Basque. Furthermore, I suggest that the appearance of this case marking pattern in spoken Basque is probably attributable to recent changes in the demographics of Basque speakers and that its use is related to the degree of proficiency in each language of adult bilingual speakers. Laburpena Lan honetan euskara mintzatuaren gramatikan gertatu berri den aldaketa bat ikertzen da, hain zuzen ere, kasu datiboa eta aditz komunztaduraren ordezkapena kasu absolutiboa eta aditz komunztaduraren ordez objektu zuzenak --animatuak eta zehatzak—markatzen direnean. Nire iritziz, erabilera hori gazteleraz eta euskaraz dagoen AGR delako kategori funtzionalaren ezaugarri taulen bateratzeari zor zaio. Aurreko ikerketa batzuetan hizkuntza arteko ukipen eremuak bateratze sintaktikoaren gunetzat jotzen badira ere, nire iritziz aldaketa horrek euskararen gramatika oinarrizkoari eragiten dio. Areago, esango nuke kasu marka erabilera hori, ziurrenik, euskal hiztunen artean gertatu berri diren aldaketa demografikoen ondorioz agertzen dela euskara mintzatuan eta hiztun elebidun helduek hizkuntza bakoitzean daukaten gaitasun mailari lotuta dagoela. Keywods: Bilingualism, syntactic convergence, language contact.
    [Show full text]
  • Liste Des Services D'aide À Domicile
    14/04/2015 LISTE DES SERVICES D'AIDE À DOMICILE pouvant intervenir auprès des personnes âgées bénéficiaires de l'Allocation Personnalisée d'Autonomie (A.P.A.), des adultes handicapées bénéficiaires de la Prestation de Compensation du Handicap (P.C.H.) et pour certains, auprès des bénéficiaires de l'aide ménagère au titre de l'aide sociale légale départementale A Habilitation à l'aide sociale départementale www.cg64.fr TI = Type d'interventions réalisables u AS = Service prestataire d'aide à domicile pouvant intervenir auprès des P = Prestataire -- M = Mandataire t bénéficiaires de l'aide sociale départementale Pour plus d'information, voir : Choisir un mode d'intervention . C Code AS Nom du service Adresse Ville Téléphone TI Territoire d'intervention G Postal CCAS Hôtel de ville P Ville d’ANGLET A AS 64600 ANGLET 05 59 58 35 23 Centre Communal d'Action Sociale Place Charles de Gaulle M Département des Pyrénées-Atlantiques Uniquement en garde de nuit itinérante Association 12, rue Jean Hausseguy A AS 64600 ANGLET 05 59 03 63 30 P Communauté d’agglomération du BAB (BIARRITZ, Les Lucioles BP 441 BAYONNE, ANGLET) et périphérie proche Association P 95, avenue de Biarritz 64600 ANGLET 05 59 41 22 98 Département des Pyrénées-Atlantiques Côte Basque Interservices (ACBI) M Association P 3, rue du pont de l'aveugle 64600 ANGLET 05 59 03 53 31 Département des Pyrénées-Atlantiques Services aux Particuliers (ASAP) M Association 12, rue Jean Hausseguy P 64600 ANGLET 05 59 03 63 30 Département des Pyrénées-Atlantiques Garde à Domicile BP 441 M Centre
    [Show full text]
  • Plan Local D'urbanisme D'ainhoa
    PLAN LOCAL D’URBANISME D’AINHOA PIECE 1 : RAPPORT DE PRESENTATION RIGINAL ARTELIA REGION SUD-OUEST AGENCE DE PAU Hélioparc 2 Avenue Pierre Angot 64053 PAU CEDEX 9 Tel. : +33 (0)5 59 84 23 50 COMMUNE D’AINHOA Fax : +33 (0)5 59 84 30 24 DATE : MARS 2019 REF : 4 36 0742 PLAN LOCAL D’URBANISME D’AINHOA PIECE 1 : RAPPORT DE PRESENTATION PIECE 1 - DIAGNOSTIC RIGINAL ARTELIA REGION SUD-OUEST AGENCE DE PAU Hélioparc 2 Avenue Pierre Angot 64053 PAU CEDEX 9 Tel. : +33 (0)5 59 84 23 50 COMMUNE D’AINHOA Fax : +33 (0)5 59 84 30 24 DATE : MARS 2019 REF : 4 36 0742 COMMUNE D’AINHOA PLAN LOCAL D’URBANISME D’AINHOA PIECE 1 : RAPPORT DE PRESENTATION PIECE 1 - DIAGNOSTIC SOMMAIRE RESUME NON TECHNIQUE ____________________________________________ I DIAGNOSTIC __________________________________________________________ 1 1. PRESENTATION DU TERRITOIRE COMMUNAL ET ENJEUX DE L’ELABORATION DU PLU _____________________________________________________ 1 1.1. LES SPECIFICITES DU TERRITOIRE DE AINHOA _________________________________ 1 1.2. LA DEMARCHE D’ELABORATION DU PLU _______________________________________ 2 2. LE SCOT : CADRE DE LA REFLEXION DU PLU _______________________________ 3 2.1. PERIMETRE DU SCOT ________________________________________________________ 3 2.2. PRINCIPES GENERAUX ______________________________________________________ 4 2.3. DECLINAISON DU SCOT SUR AINHOA __________________________________________ 8 3. FONCTIONNEMENT TERRITORIAL ___________________________________________ 9 3.1. CONTEXTE DEMOGRAPHIQUE ________________________________________________ 9 3.1.1. Généralités _________________________________________________________________ 9 3.1.2. Le contexte ________________________________________________________________ 10 3.1.3. Evolution démographique ____________________________________________________ 11 3.1.3.1. UNE CROISSANCE DEMOGRAPHIQUE QUI FAIBLIT DEPUIS 2010 ____________________ 11 3.1.3.2. UNE POPULATION JEUNE _____________________________________________________ 14 3.1.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Tense in Basque*
    Tense in Basque Karlos Arregi MIT, 21 July 2000 1 Introduction In this paper, I provide an analysis of the syntax and morphology of tense in Basque.1 In this language, there are two types of tenses: simple and compound. Following insights found in Laka (1990), in sections 3 to 5 I develop an analysis in which the difference between these two types of tenses is a simple syntactic one: in simple tenses, the verb moves to T; in compound tenses, it does not. Although the analysis is similar to Laka’s in this respect, I will show that several semantic and morphological properties of these tenses argue in favor of certain important modifications to her analysis. In section 6 I examine certain facts about the syntax of negation and of focus that are relevant for the anlysis defended here. As we will see there, while the syntax of negation provides evidence for it, the syntax of focus seems to provide counterevidence against it. However, in §7, I show that the main facts of the syntax of focus in Basque can be derived from the phonological properties of focus in this language. This will allow me to develop a simple analysis of focus which, in turn, is compatible with the analysis of verbal syntax defended in the preceding sections. 2 Basque Tenses All verbs in Basque can appear in four different (indicative) compound tenses.2 These compound tenses are formed with a participle and an auxiliary, as exemplified in (1).3,4 I would like to thank the following people for helpful comments and discussion on different parts of the work reported here: David Embick, Irene Heim, Sabine Iatridou, Alec Marantz, Michael Kenstowicz, David Pesetsky, and Norvin Richards.
    [Show full text]
  • Final-Hualde-Aspiration in Basque
    Papers in Historical Phonology http://journals.ed.ac.uk/pihph Licensed under a ISSN 2399-6714 Creative Volume 3, 1–27 (2018) Commons 4.0 DOI: 10.2218/pihph.3.2018.2602 International License Aspiration in Basque JOSÉ IGNACIO HUALDE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Abstract The distribution of aspiration in Basque — with ‘aspiration’ referring to both the occurrence of [h] and of aspirated stops — shows some puzzling aspects. In some words, aspiration is ancient, in the sense that it must be assumed for the earliest reconstructable stage. In some other instances, however, it has arisen seemingly ex nihilo, as can be observed in borrowings from Latin and Romance, e.g. Latin/Romance īra > Basque hira ‘ire’, Romance taula > Basque thaula ‘board’. Most surprisingly, in some words aspiration has developed after a sonorant consonant, e.g. Romance solatz > Basque solhas ‘conversation’. Aspiration may also continue intervocalic /n/, e.g. Latin anāte > Basque ahate ‘duck’. Another unusual development is the phonologization of the contrast between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops triggered by a shift of the stress in some words without affecting the properties of consonants. Finally, an interdialectal alternation /k-/ ~ /g-/ ~ /h-/ ~ ∅ in demonstratives and related adverbs appears to have involved fortition, contrary to initial expectations. Here we describe the environments in which aspiration is found in Basque and discuss the most likely historical developments that could have given rise to the state of affairs that we find, paying particular attention to what would appear to be unusual or unnatural sound changes. We build on prior scholarship, but this paper also contains some new hypotheses, especially regarding the aspiration in words like ahate ‘duck’.
    [Show full text]
  • The Dynamics Between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern
    International Journal of Language and Linguistics Vol. 6, No. 1, March 2019 doi:10.30845/ijll.v6n1p13 The Dynamics between Unified Basque & Dialects in the Northern Basque Country: A Survey Based on Perceptual Dialectology Jean-Baptiste Coyos Basque Text & Language Study Center IKER - UMR 5478 (Bayonne - France) & Royal Academy of the Basque Language Château Neuf - Place Paul Bert 64100 Bayonne France Abstract Today Unified Basque, a standardised written version of Basque created by the Academy of the Basque Language from the 1960s onwards and which is now widely codified, coexists alongside the Northern Basque Country’s dialects (NBC, France). Understanding the relationship between these different forms of the Basque language is necessary in order to implement an appropriate language policy. In this paper we present the answers to the open-ended questions of a survey and accompanying comments. Based on Perceptual Dialectology, the questionnaire was completed by 40 people working in Basque in the NBC: writers, teachers, journalists, translators and language technicians. The main objective was to gather their opinions regarding Unified Basque and the dialects. The respondents were chosen according to the following criterion: they are all language prescribers, working in the language and providing a model of the Basque language for society.The main results of the survey are as follows: 95% of respondents think that Unified Basque is necessary in the NBC, 92.5% believe that the specificities of the NBC’s linguistic varieties should be preserved, 80% that Unified Basque does not harm the NBC’s dialects and more than half that there is now a form of Unified Basque specific to the NBC.
    [Show full text]
  • The Basques and Announcement of a Publication
    Center for Basque Studies Basque Classics Series, No. 9 Selected Basque Writings: The Basques and Announcement of a Publication Wilhelm von Humboldt With an Introduction by Iñaki Zabaleta Gorrotxategi Translated by Andreas Corcoran Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada This book was published with generous financial support obtained by the Association of Friends of the Center for Basque Studies from the Provincial Government of Bizkaia. Basque Classics Series, No. 9 Series Editors: William A. Douglass, Gregorio Monreal, and Pello Salaburu Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2013 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America Cover and series design © 2013 by Jose Luis Agote Cover painting: “Aurresku ante la Iglesia” [Aurresku in front of Church] by José Arrúe. © Bilboko Arte Ederren Museoa–Museo de Bellas Artes de Bilbao. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Humboldt, Wilhelm, Freiherr von, 1767-1835. Selected basque writings : the Basques and announcement of a publication / Willhelm von Humboldt with an Introduction by Inaki Zabaleta Gorrotxategi ; translated by Andreas Corcoran. pages cm. -- (Basque classics series, no. 9) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: “Classic texts on the Basque people and language by the German man of letters Wilhelm von Humboldt with a new scholarly introduction to his Basque works”-- Provided by publisher. ISBN 978-1-935709-44-2 (pbk.) -- ISBN 978-1-935709-45-9 (cloth) 1. Basques--History. 2. Basques--Social life and customs. 3. Basque language I. Title. GN549.B3H85 2013 305.899’92--dc23 2013036442 Contents Note on Basque Orthography .....................................
    [Show full text]
  • Wellington's Two-Front War: the Peninsular Campaigns, 1808-1814 Joshua L
    Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 Wellington's Two-Front War: The Peninsular Campaigns, 1808-1814 Joshua L. Moon Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES WELLINGTON’S TWO-FRONT WAR: THE PENINSULAR CAMPAIGNS, 1808 - 1814 By JOSHUA L. MOON A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History In partial fulfillment of the Requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded Spring Semester, 2005 The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Joshua L. Moon defended on 7 April 2005. __________________________________ Donald D. Horward Professor Directing Dissertation ____________________________________ Patrick O’Sullivan Outside Committee Member _____________________________ Jonathan Grant Committee Member ______________________________ Edward Wynot Committee Member ______________________________ Joe M. Richardson Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named Committee members ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS No one can write a dissertation alone and I would like to thank a great many people who have made this possible. Foremost, I would like to acknowledge Dr. Donald D. Horward. Not only has he tirelessly directed my studies, but also throughout this process he has inculcated a love for Napoleonic History in me that will last a lifetime. A consummate scholar and teacher, his presence dominates the field. I am immensely proud to have his name on this work and I owe an immeasurable amount of gratitude to him and the Institute of Napoleon and French Revolution at Florida State University.
    [Show full text]