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i CONTENTS l.fjswg Who Killed Guru Tegh Bahadur? 1 Sirdar Kapur Singh, ICS Understanding The Sacrifice of Guru Tegh Bahadar Ji 14 Dr. Kehar Singh sRI gurU qyg bhwdr bwxI dw dwrSnk p`K 19 fw. jgbIr isµG Guru Tegh Bahadur’s Bani- Conceptual Analysis 26 Dr. Gurnam Kaur Relevance of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji For Today’s Indian Plural Society 39 Dr. Mohd. Habib Teachings of Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji: A Perspective 48 Dr. D. P. Singh Travels of Guru Tegh Bahadur 70 Dr. Harpreet Kaur The Making of A Martyr: Guru Tegh Bahadur And His Times 84 Sr. Rupinder Singh Brar gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI bwxI iv`c mn dI pySkwrI 102 fw. AmrdIp kOr, SrndIp kOr ii Guru Tegh Bahadur Dev Ji: An Apostle Of Human Rights And Supreme Sacrifice 111 Dr. Sughandh Kohli Kaang Book Review By Dr. Bhai Harbans Lal 117 By Dr. Hardev Singh Virk 125 Contributors 130 Our Publications 131 ac iii sMpwdkI sw DrqI BeI hirAwvlI ijQY myrw siqguru bYTw Awie ] sw jMq Bey hirAwvly ijnI myrw siqguru dyiKAw jwie ] sMn 2020 SqwbdIAW dw vrHw irhw [ BwvyN smu`cw ivSv ies smyN kronw vrgI mhWmwrI dw swhmxw kr irhw hY pr gurU bKiSS sdkw ies kwl dOrwn vI gurU swihb duAwrw vrosweIAW pMQk sMsQwvW mnu`Kqw dI syvw iv`c hwjr hoeIAW hn Aqy dySW-ivdySW iv`c is`K pMQ dI Swn au~cI hoeI hY [ gurU swihb dy kysrI inSwn swihb ƒ ivdySW dI DrqI 'qy JulwieAw igAw hY [ ies smyN sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI, sRI gurU qyg bhwdr swihb jI, Bgq nwmdyv jI, bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr jI Aqy is`K pMQ dI isrmor sMsQw SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI, sRI AMimRqsr nwl sMbMiDq SqwbdIAW pUry ivSv dI sMgqW duAwrw ijQy prMprwgq rUp iv`c mnweIAW geIAW -
A Report on Visit to Humayun's Tomb
A REPORT ON VISIT TO HUMAYUN’S TOMB Splendid Humayun’s Tomb "Monuments are the grappling-irons that bind one generation to another." Joseph Joubert 136 students of Class –V and 11 staff members visited Humayun’s Tomb situated in New Delhi on 20th September 2014. The magnificent tomb was commissioned by the great Mughal emperor Humayun’s first wife, Hamida Banu Begum in 1562 AD. The first ever garden-tomb of the Indian subcontinent which inspired the construction of the spectacular Taj Mahal also inspired the students to explore more. They learnt that the monument was designed by Mirza Mirak Ghiyath. The Red sand stone and White marble was used in huge quantities for the first time in the construction of this monument. As a part of the ISA Activity the students also learnt about the mathematical 3D shapes used in the architecture of this magnificent monument. The students first visited the tomb and mosque of Isa Khan which is an awesome example of simple to complex use of 3 Dimensional Mathematical shapes. The children were also explained that the shape of the monument is a regular octagon with four long and short sides. The octagonal tomb is surmounted by a double dome which makes a full circle when completed on the other side too. It was indeed amazing to see the finest Mughal garden tomb in India which Isa Khan’s Tomb is known for its architectural styles and gardens. Conservation of Humayun’s Tomb –‘Preserving the past for the future’ The children were also sensitized towards the fact that the structure has undergone tremendous deterioration over the years. -
Behind the Veil:An Analytical Study of Political Domination of Mughal Women Dr
11 Behind The Veil:An Analytical study of political Domination of Mughal women Dr. Rukhsana Iftikhar * Abstract In fifteen and sixteen centuries Indian women were usually banished from public or political activity due to the patriarchal structure of Indian society. But it was evident through non government arenas that women managed the state affairs like male sovereigns. This paper explores the construction of bourgeois ideology as an alternate voice with in patriarchy, the inscription of subaltern female body as a metonymic text of conspiracy and treachery. The narratives suggested the complicity between public and private subaltern conduct and inclination – the only difference in the case of harem or Zannaha, being a great degree of oppression and feminine self –censure. The gradual discarding of the veil (in the case of Razia Sultana and Nur Jahan in Middle Ages it was equivalents to a great achievement in harem of Eastern society). Although a little part, a pinch of salt in flour but this political interest of Mughal women indicates the start of destroying the patriarchy imposed distinction of public and private upon which western proto feminism constructed itself. Mughal rule in India had blessed with many brilliant and important aspects that still are shining in the history. They left great personalities that strengthen the history of Hindustan as compare to the histories of other nations. In these great personalities there is a class who indirectly or sometime directly influenced the Mughal politics. This class is related to the Mughal Harem. The ladies of Royalty enjoyed an exalted position in the Mughal court and politics. -
Influential Women in Early Mughal India Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2017; 3(3): 940-942 Received: 10-01-2017 Dr
International Journal of Applied Research 2017; 3(3): 940-942 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Influential women in early Mughal India Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2017; 3(3): 940-942 www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 10-01-2017 Dr. Bharti Mohan Accepted: 18-02-2017 Abstract Dr. Bharti Mohan India is a patriarchal society. Throughout history, religion, social norms, legal systems and cultural Associate Professor, traditions have both aided and abetted patriarchy in various ways. However, since the ancient times, Department of History, Aditi women have played a vital role in every field. Women were active participants in public and Mahavidyalaya, Delhi administrative fields in historical India. There are many examples of well-governed Hindu kingdoms University, Delhi, India led by female regents. Queens had a lot of clout in the government. The paper will aim to study, discuss and appreciate some of these powerful women of the early Mughal period. We will elucidate about the most influential women in the period from Babur to Akbar. Keywords: Aisan daulat begum, qutlug nigar khanam, maham begum, hamida banu begum, mahchuchak begum, maham anaga Introduction The Mughal period was one of the glorious period of Indian history .The Mughals founded medieval India's largest empire, and their authority was unrivalled in Indian history .India's political system was significantly altered by the advent of Islam. The period of Muslim rule in India is generally divided into two parts-the Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526) and the Mughal period (1526-1707). The Mamluk dynasty was India's first Islamic-based monarchy. -
Temple Destruction and the Great Mughals' Religious
Analisa Journal of Social Science and Religion Website Journal : http://blasemarang.kemenag.go.id/journal/index.php/analisa DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v3i1.595 TEMPLE DESTRUCTION AND THE GREAT MUGHALS’ RELIGIOUS POLICY IN NORTH INDIA: A Case Study of Banaras Region, 1526-1707 Parvez Alam Department of History, ABSTRACT Banaras Hindu University, Banaras also known as Varanasi (at present a district of Uttar Pradesh state, India) Varanasi, India, 221005 [email protected] was a sarkar (district) under Allahabad Subah (province) during the great Mughals period (1526-1707). The great Mughals have immortal position for their contribu- Paper received: 07 February 2018 tions to Indian economic, society and culture, most important in the development of Paper revised: 15 – 23 May 2018 Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb (Hindustani culture). With the establishment of their state in Paper approved: 11 July 2018 Northern India, Mughal emperors had effected changes by their policies. One of them was their religious policy which is a very controversial topic though is very impor- tant to the history of medieval India. There are debates among the historians about it. According to one group, Mughals’ religious policy was very intolerance towards non- Muslims and their holy places, while the opposite group does not agree with it, and say that Mughlas adopted a liberal religious policy which was in favour of non-Mus- lims and their deities. In the context of Banaras we see the second view. As far as the destruction of temples is concerned was not the result of Mughals’ bigotry, but due to the contemporary political and social circumstances. -
Gendered 'Landscape': Jahanara Begum's Patronage, Piety and Self
DISSERTATION Titel der Dissertation ―Gendered ‗Landscapes‘: Jahan Ara Begum‘s (1614-1681) Patronage, Piety and Self-Representation in 17th C Mughal India‖ Band 1 von 1 Verfasser Afshan Bokhari angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092315 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Kunstgeschichte Betreuerin/Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Dr. Ebba Koch TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page 0 Table of Contents 1-2 Curriculum Vitae 3-5 Acknowledgements 6-7 Abstract 8 List of Illustration 9-12 Introduction 13-24 Figures 313-358 Bibliography 359-372 Chapter One: 25-113 The Presence and Paradigm of The „Absent‟ Timurid-Mughal Female 1.1 Recent and Past Historiographies: Ruby Lal, Ignaz Goldziher, Leslie Pierce, Stephen Blake 1.2 Biographical Sketches: Timurid and Mughal Female Precedents: Domesticity and Politics 1.2.1 Timurid Women (14th-15th century) 1.2.2 Mughal Women (16th – 17th century) 1.2.3 Nur Jahan (1577-1645): A Prescient Feminist or Nemesis? 1.2.4 Jahan Ara Begum (1614-1681): Establishing Precedents and Political Propriety 1.2.5 The Body Politic: The Political and Commercial Negotiations of Jahan Ara‘s Well-Being 1.2.6 Imbuing the Poetic Landscape: Jahan Ara‘s Recovery 1.3 Conclusion Chapter Two: 114-191 „Visions‟ of Timurid Legacy: Jahan Ara Begum‟s Piety and „Self- Representation‟ 2.1 Risala-i-Sahibiyāh: Legacy-Building ‗Political‘ Piety and Sufi Realization 2.2 Galvanizing State to Household: Pietistic Imperatives Dynastic Legitimacy 2.3 Sufism, Its Gendered Dimensions and Jahan -
Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: a Historical
ROLE OF PERSIANS AT THE MUGHAL COURT: A HISTORICAL STUDY, DURING 1526 A.D. TO 1707 A.D. PH.D THESIS SUBMITTED BY, MUHAMMAD ZIAUDDIN SUPERVISOR: PROF. DR. MUNIR AHMED BALOCH IN THE AREA STUDY CENTRE FOR MIDDLE EAST & ARAB COUNTRIES UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN QUETTA, PAKISTAN. FOR THE FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY 2005 DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE I, Muhammad Ziauddin, do solemnly declare that the Research Work Titled “Role of Persians at the Mughal Court: A Historical Study During 1526 A.D to 1707 A.D” is hereby submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy and it has not been submitted elsewhere for any Degree. The said research work was carried out by the undersigned under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch, Director, Area Study Centre for Middle East & Arab Countries, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Muhammad Ziauddin CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Mr. Muhammad Ziauddin has worked under my supervision for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. His research work is original. He fulfills all the requirements to submit the accompanying thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Prof. Dr. Munir Ahmed Research Supervisor & Director Area Study Centre For Middle East & Arab Countries University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. Prof. Dr. Mansur Akbar Kundi Dean Faculty of State Sciences University of Balochistan Quetta, Pakistan. d DEDICATED TO THE UNFORGETABLE MEMORIES OF LATE PROF. MUHAMMAD ASLAM BALOCH OF HISTORY DEPARTMENT UNIVERSITY OF BALOCHISTAN, QUETTA PAKISTAN e ACKNOWLEDGMENT First of all I must thank to Almighty Allah, who is so merciful and beneficent to all of us, and without His will we can not do anything; it is He who guide us to the right path, and give us sufficient knowledge and strength to perform our assigned duties. -
Humayun's Tomb
HUMAYUN’S TOMB and its surroundings Humayuns tomb booklet.indd 1 27/09/12 3:39 PM According to traditional belief, the tomb of a saint confers sanctity on the surrounding areas, and therefore many have opted to be buried in the vicinity of a saint’s tomb. The shrines or dargahs of men like Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki (in Mehrauli) and Nasiruddin Mahmud `Roshan Chiragh-e-Dehli’ (in Chiragh Dilli) are surrounded by dozens of graves, of both illustrious and obscure persons. The dargah of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya is a case in point. Around it, within a radius of about a kilometre, are literally hundreds of graves – including those of some of Delhi’s most famous residents. The core of the area is the enclosure of the dargah itself, the burial place of the saint who died in 1325 but has been the object of continuous veneration . The shrine is the heart of a bustling centre of pilgrimage. Most pilgrims visit just the venerated structures in the complex – the tomb of Nizamuddin Auliya and that of his famous disciple Amir Khusro, who is buried nearby, the baoli or step-well, and the large 13th-century mosque which lies to the west of the shrine. There are within the shrine compound itself the tombs and graves of several other famous personalities, which deserve a visit. In the immediate vicinity of the shrine enclosure is the basti. This is a residential complex as old as the shrine itself, housing those associated with the shrine. The houses themselves, being of less solid materials than the tombs or mosques, have been constantly re-built and most are therefore quite modern. -
Hal Schrieve HSTAS 402 March 12, 2015 Gulbadan and Nur Jahan: the Role of Women in the Creation of the Mughal Court and Imperial Policy
Hal Schrieve HSTAS 402 March 12, 2015 Gulbadan and Nur Jahan: The Role of Women in the Creation of the Mughal Court and Imperial Policy In the early Mughal Empire, succession, distribution of land and wealth, and other political decisions were determined in a way that was dependent upon the close personal ties and familial and cultural traditions of the Timurid court. As the Mughal state was consolidated, the apparatus of empire became focused on the symbolic visual center of the Emperor’s person, and his behavior and preferences set a new and often evolving model for his nobles.1 At all times within the Mughal Empire, the binary between “public” and “private” lives of nobles was a fuzzy one. Likewise any line drawn between women and high politics would almost inevitably be eventually crossed—or be revealed, upon moving back, to have been an illusion in the first place. Royal and elite women present in the court, in the tent cities of the early padshahs or the marble and sandstone zananas of Fatepur Sikri, were both on the periphery of “high politics” as remembered by historians and simultaneously deeply enmeshed in the most important business of court as well as the prosperity of the growing state. This can be witnessed in the lives of both Gulbadan Banu Begum and Nur Jahan, who lived at either end of Akbar’s reign and experienced the results of the institutions he created. New Mughal institutions placed women within the court inside a formalized, hierarchical framework which mirrored that imposed upon the aristocracy and reflected Akbar’s recognition of elite women and royal female relatives as one of the many 1 John F Richards, The Mughal Empire (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993), 60-61. -
Mughal Harem Ladies and Their Administrative Rights
International Journal of Humanities & Social Science: Insights & Transformations Vol. 5, Issue 2 – 2020 ISSN: 2581-3587 Mughal Harem Ladies and their Administrative Rights Rajdeep Sinha1, Annapurna Sinha Das2 1Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of History, Visva-Bharati University. 2Ph.D Research Scholar Department of History, Visva-Bharati University. Abstract The role of Mughal royal ladies in politics was remarkable which was neglected by some prominent historians. Our male-centric history is written by historians who gave prominence to the male Mughal rulers although the Mughal women contributed to the Mughal Empire. Women were actively participated in harem and court politics. They have many legal rights and decision making powers. Their ideologies impacted rulers greatly and many of them were the ‘king makers’ who ruled the Mughal world behind the curtains. Objectives: Through this article, I want to discuss some issues like 1) Role of harem women in the history of Mughals. 2) What were the special rights enjoyed by Mughal royal ladies. 3) Their active role in Mughal politics. Keyword: Harem women, Farman, Hukm, Nishan, Parwana. Introduction In the Mughal India, royal women are found enjoying many legal rights and exceptional powers. They had right to issue many official documents such as farman, hukm, nishan, parwanas. According to Ira Mukhoty, most of the women of the Mughal harem were, in fact, not wives at all; they were mothers, like Hamida Banu and Harkha Bai, unmarried sisters, like Jahanara and Roshanara, divorced women, like Khanzada, single daughters, like Zeb-un- Nisa and Zeenat-un-Nisa, aunts like Gulbadan, distant relatives, like Salima Sultan, elderly dependents, etc. -
Akbar the Great Was the Son of Nasiruddin Humayun Whom He Succeeded As Ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605
AAkkbbaarr tthhee GGrreeaatt (1542 - 1605) Polymath INTRODUCTION Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar also known as Akbar the Great was the son of Nasiruddin Humayun whom he succeeded as ruler of the Mughal Empire from 1556 to 1605. Akbar was a polymath: an architect, artisan, artist, armorer, blacksmith, carpenter, construction worker, emperor, engineer, general, inventor, animal trainer, lacemaker, ruler, technologist, theologian, and writer. EARLY LIFE Akbar was born on 15th October 1542, to Emperor Humayun and his recently wedded wife, Hamida Banu Begum. The Rajput Fortress of Umarkot in Sind, where Humayun and Hamida were taking refuge, became the birthplace of this great emperor. In 1540, Humayun was forced into exile by Afghan leader Sher Shah and Akbar spent his childhood in Afghanistan, at his uncle Askari's place. Humayun recaptured Delhi in the year 1555, with the help of his Persian ally Shah Tahmasp. However, a few months after his victory, he met with an accident and died. In 1556, Akbar succeeded the throne, in the midst of a war waged by Sikandar Shah for the Mughal throne. EARLY RULE The first battle fought by Akbar was against Sikandar Shah Suri of Punjab. Akbar the Great (1542 - 1605) Polymath However, when Akbar was busy leading assault against Sikandar Shah, Hemu, a Hindu warrior, launched an attack on Delhi, which was then under the regency of Tardi Beg Khan. Tardi fled from the city and Hemu claimed the capital. On the advice of his general, Bairam, Akbar launched an attack on Delhi and reclaimed the city. On 5th November 1556, he fought the Second Battle of Panipat against General Hemu. -
Translating Wisdom: Hindu-Muslim Intellectual Interactions in Early Modern South Asia
Religion | AsiAn studies NAIR TRANSLATING WISDOM During the height of Muslim power in Mughal South Asia, Hindu and Muslim schol- ars worked collaboratively to translate a large body of Hindu Sanskrit texts into the Persian language. Translating Wisdom reconstructs the intellectual processes that underlay these translations. Using as a case study the 1597 Persian rendition of the Yoga-Vāsis.t.ha—an influential and popular Sanskrit philosophical tale—Shan- kar Nair illustrates how these early modern scholars drew upon their respective tra- ditions to forge a common vocabulary through which to understand one another. These scholars thus achieved, Nair argues, a nuanced cultural exchange significant not only to South Asia’s past but also its present. “An erudite and valuable contribution. Nair’s deep linguistic and philosophical exper- tise illuminates the writings of three important if overlooked seventeenth-century thinkers.” Supriya Gandhi, author of The Emperor Who Never Was: Dara Shukoh in Mughal India “Nair exhibits a breathtaking command of languages, textual traditions, and intellec- tual cultures in this pioneering study of the crisscrossing of Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic cultural jet streams in sixteenth-century India.” Jonardon Ganeri, author of The Lost Age of Reason: Philosophy in Early Modern India 1450–1700 “Shankar Nair examines a pivotal work of Mughal translation and shows how it chan- nels huge vortexes of Islamic and Hindu intellectual culture. A masterwork.” John Stratton Hawley, author of A Storm of Songs: India and the Idea of the Bhakti Movement in Early Modern South Asia in Early Modern Interactions Intellectual Hindu-Muslim “A welcome addition to the history of Hindu and Islamic interactions in early modern India, highlighting the subtleties of translation and the painstaking creation of a vo- cabulary important for both religions.” Francis X.