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Western Banded Snake Eagle 14Û Enkelbandslangarend W

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Western Banded Snake Eagle 14Û Enkelbandslangarend W Accipitridae: vultures, kites, hawks, eagles, buzzards and harriers 201 Western Banded Snake Eagle 14˚ Enkelbandslangarend W. BANDED SNAKE EAGLE Circaetus cinerascens 1 5 The Western Banded Snake Eagle occurs in sub- 18˚ Saharan Africa from Senegal in the west to Ethio- pia in the northeast, south to southern Africa (Brown et al. 1982). It is present in the atlas region along the Okavango and Zambezi rivers and some 22˚ of their tributaries. The Namibian population has 6 been estimated at c. 14 pairs (Brown & Hines 2 1987). Contrary to predictions made by Irwin (1981), the atlas did not reveal the existence of this 26˚ species along the Mazoe or Ruenya rivers in north- eastern Zimbabwe, nor were there any reliable records from the eastern highlands of Zimbabwe. It is a specialist of riparian forest and woodland 3 7 (Brown & Hines 1987); the vegetation analysis 30˚ indicates that its southern African range falls within the Okavango basin and Mopane woodland along the Zambezi drainage. It usually hunts from 4 8 a perch on the lower branches of a shady tree, ren- 34˚ dering it inconspicuous and almost certainly under- 18˚ 22˚ 26˚ recorded. But it is not a shy eagle and, early in the 10˚ 14˚ 30˚ 34˚ breeding season, it makes peculiar, loud cackling calls, reminiscent of the distress calls of the domestic chicken. It is unlikely, however, that many observers attributed these vocalizations to this species. There is some evidence for movements elsewhere in its range (Brown et al. 1982), and Edwards (1985) suggested that Recorded in 83 grid cells, 1.8% it may leave the vicinity of its breeding territories during sum- Total number of records: 296 mer. In general, it appears to be resident in southern Africa, Mean reporting rate for range: 12.6% but reporting rates were lower during summer in Zimbabwe (Zone 5). Few nests have been documented from the region: Steyn (1982b) reported a bird on a nest in the Okavango, ap- parently incubating in December; Edwards (1985) described a small chick in early May from the Zambezi National Park, and breeding displays were observed in May in the Caprivi, with a recently fledged juvenile recorded there in November Reporting rates for vegetation types (Brown & Hines 1987). Egglaying has been recorded in % 048 March and June in the Caprivi (Brown & Clinning in press) and nests at Xaxaba (1923C) and Shakawe (1821B) in the Okavango 7.4 Okavango were active during the dry season (E. Pryce & R.D. Mopane 2.0 Randall pers. comm.; pers. obs), while a fledgling was ob- served at Shakawe in April (Skinner 1996b). It appears that in southern Africa the ranges of this species and the Southern Banded Snake Eagle C. fasciolatus are well separated. It occurs widely alongside the Brown Snake Eagle C. cinereus, which is also a perch hunter. The latter prefers 2 1 5 drier and more open woodland, and 1 perches mostly on the tops of trees and on dead branches. In complex habitat ecotones, such as the Okavango, these 2 2 6 two species co-occur, apparently without 1 much interaction. The Western Banded Snake Eagle is dependent on well-developed riparian 2 3 7 woodland and it is uncommon in the 1 region. In unprotected areas its habitat is locally under threat by the expansion of human populations (Brown & Hines Occurrence reporting rate (%) 2 4 8 1987), while in some protected areas 1 riparian strips are degraded by elephants. J ASONDJ FMAMJ J ASONDJ FMAMJ Models of seasonality for Zones. Number of records (top to bottom, left to right): M. Herremans Occurrence: 131, 0, 0, 0, 164, 1, 0, 0..
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