DOCSLIB.ORG

Raptor Declines in West Africa: Comparisons Between Protected, Buffer and Cultivated Areas

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Raptor Declines in West Africa: Comparisons Between Protected, Buffer and Cultivated Areas Oryx Vol 41 No 3 July 2007 Raptor declines in West Africa: comparisons between protected, buffer and cultivated areas Jean-Marc Thiollay Abstract Since 1970 there has been a dramatic decline were not found outside protected areas. Within the of large raptors and terrestrial birds in West African 1.4 million ha of protected areas in and around south- savannahs. Comparative dry season transect counts east Burkina Faso, six species of eagles and vultures over 4,697 km of driven transects were performed in have estimated populations of c. 100–200 pairs, five spe- 2004–2005 in south-eastern Burkina Faso to assess the cies c. 50–100 pairs, five species have populations of abundance of 41 raptor species and large terrestrial ,50 pairs, and the secretary bird Sagittarius serpentarius species in four National Parks and surrounding hunting was not recorded. No specific reason for the collapse of zones and cultivated areas. Population sizes were esti- large raptors in non-protected areas (which account for mated for larger taxa in protected areas using distance 99% of the area of the countries studied) has been sampling and nest searching. Most large vultures and identified, but the consequences of fast human popula- eagles were generally found only in protected areas, tion growth and habitat changes, overhunting, distur- with fewer individuals in the surrounding buffer zones bances and poisoning may have played a critical role. and nearly none elsewhere. Conversely, the abundance Updating information on the conservation status of of most of the smaller species was not different between these species would be an important first step towards protected and cultivated areas, and three species were their long-term conservation. more abundant in cultivated areas. Helmeted guinea- fowl Numida meleagris, Stanley’s bustard Neotis denhami Keywords Burkina Faso, distribution, population size, and Abyssinian ground hornbill Bucorvus abyssinicus protected areas, raptors, savannah, West Africa. Introduction National Parks across the south-eastern border of Bur- kina Faso. Although it was not possible to assess other Diurnal raptors (Falconiforms) are large predators that components of population viability, such as breeding are widespread and diversified in most habitats but and mortality rates, documenting the quantitative and sensitive to pollutants and disturbances and therefore geographical scale of population collapse and fragmen- good indicators of ecosystem health and biodiversity. tation may give an insight into the future and the Using large-scale comparative roadside counts in West vulnerability of raptor populations. These data will help Africa over .30 years I have documented the severe to define a general conservation strategy for raptors in decline of several species (Thiollay, 2001, 2006a,b). this region, and also indicate the need to review the Eagles and vultures have almost disappeared from conservation status of some species that were consid- non-protected areas but maintain significant popula- ered widespread or common until recently but may tions in National Parks. soon become threatened. The first objective of the present study was to assess the relative conservation value of protected areas for large raptors in central West Africa compared to the Study area non-protected countryside. The second objective was to The area surveyed was in south-east Burkina Faso from estimate the breeding population size of these species, as Ouagadougou south to the borders of Ghana and Benin an indicator of their long-term viability, within the and east to Niger (Fig. 1). The protected areas it encom- passed were: (1) the Nazinga game ranch, a 93,000 ha hunting reserve; (2) the 76,000 ha Arli National Park Jean-Marc Thiollay Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CERSP, 55 rue de along the Benin border and the contiguous 275,000 ha Buffon, 75005 Paris, France. E-mail [email protected] Pendjari National Park (referred to here as Arli-Pendjari); Received 22 August 2005. Revision requested 8 June 2006. (3) the 957,000 ha W National Park across the borders of Accepted 24 October 2006. Burkina Faso, Niger and Benin. The surrounding, little 322 ª 2007 FFI, Oryx, 41(3), 322–329 doi:10.1017/S0030605307000809 Printed in the United Kingdom Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 27 Sep 2021 at 16:16:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307000809 Raptor declines in West Africa 323 Fig. 1 Study area in Burkina Faso and across its south-eastern border, showing villages and protected areas. The simplified roads shown on the map were used as the main transects outside protected areas. inhabited buffer zones included, respectively: (1) the cultivation of cotton, with heavy pesticide use, is heavily poached 155,000 ha Kabore´ Tambi National spreading at the expense of traditional crops. Park, north of Nazinga; (2) the 600,000 ha Singou, Arli, Pama and Madjoari hunting areas, north and west of Methods Arli; (3) the .200,000 ha hunting areas north (Tapoa- Census techniques Djerma) and south-west (Kondio-Kourtiagou) of W National Park. In Benin only the Pendjari National Park, Transect counts were performed in the mid dry season and not the .300,000 ha hunting areas south of this and (late December to mid February) of 2004 and 2005, i.e. W National Parks, were surveyed. Latitudinally, the when most raptors are breeding. The counts were used study area ranged between 11°N (Pendjari) and 13°N to calculate an abundance index and estimate density (south of Niamey, Niger), i.e. all within the Sudan (Bibby et al., 2000). Transects were road segments cross- vegetation zone. ing a uniform habitat type and long enough (.30 km) The natural vegetation of these areas is an open to include a sufficient number of records to offset the 10–20 m high savannah woodland dominated by partly de- stochastic variation of bird sightings. They were driven ciduous trees (Burkea, Crossopteryx, Piliostigma, Isoberlinia, slowly (,50 km h-1) by car, with two non-driving Combretum, Pterocarpus, Afzelia). Gallery forests along observers, with stops to search for raptors at lookouts permanent or seasonal streams include large trees (Khaya, and to identify distant birds, in fine weather from after Kigelia, Terminalia, Anogeissus) with a denser understorey sunrise to before sunset. Most transects were driven (Vitex, Cola, Prosopis). Locally baobabs (Adansonia) are twice in the same year, and were used as single counts in common in grasslands, Borassus palms in floodplains, which the maximum number of individuals of each and Mitragyna in seasonally inundated zones. At the species recorded in any one passage was retained. When northern edge of the area thorny trees (Acacia, Balanites) the same transect was repeated in different seasons become frequent. The grass cover (Hyparrhenia, Andro- it was considered as two separate counts. All birds, pogon, Loudetiopsis, Pennisetum) usually reaches 1.2-1.8 m perched or flying, detected within eyesight range on during the rainy season (April-September) and is burnt either side, even during stops, were counted, using in the dry season (October-March). 10 * 42 binoculars. Age, position (using a geographical Outside protected or hunting areas the countryside positioning system), grouping, behaviour and distance is inhabited and cultivated, with only remnants of to the track of perched birds (estimated by eye after degraded woodlands. Traditionally fields of millet, training sessions) were recorded. In all 3,714 individual sorghum, maize, groundnut or yam are dotted with raptors were counted over 4,697 km of transects. large trees (Butyrospermum, Parkia, Tamarindus, Bombax, Because the objective was to assess the relative con- Acacia). During the dry season the stubble is grazed servation value of protected areas, the transects were by cattle. Because of land scarcity, fallow areas are divided into three categories: (1) National Parks (Arli, decreasing in size and duration laid to fallow. Intensive Pendjari, W) or equivalent reserve (Nazinga); (2) buffer ª 2007 FFI, Oryx, 41(3), 322–329 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 27 Sep 2021 at 16:16:35, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605307000809 324 J.-M. Thiollay areas, i.e. peripheral zones around protected areas that Density was also estimated using all 89 (1–12 per are little disturbed, 10-50 km wide, devoted to sport species) occupied vulture and eagle nests found in hunting, with few isolated fields and villages; (3) all protected areas (there were insufficient records else- other areas, cultivated and inhabited. where) and 70 (1–14 per species) additional pairs of During counts our average speed tended to be higher adults far from these nests. These were recorded within on roads outside than inside protected areas. Moreover, the maximum ESW (500 m) on either side of the transects. the latter, designed for wildlife viewing, tended to Locations from different days were excluded when they follow gallery forests along rivers and open grasslands were ,2 km from each other This density was extrap- and pools, i.e. usually the richest areas for raptors. These olated to the total area of the protected areas. factors could have resulted in an overestimate of the abundance of some species in protected areas, or of population size when extrapolated to entire parks. Results Conversely, the detection of raptors may have been Number of species higher in cultivated areas, which are more open than natural woodlands. The behaviour and detectability of Overall, 37 species were recorded in two or more study raptors change with time of day but the three habitat areas (Table 1). Four additional species were seen only categories were surveyed throughout the day and there once (palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis, African was no overall difference between them in the daily cuckoo hawk Aviceda cuculoides, short-toed snake eagle distribution of counts.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Eagle Hill, Kenya: Changes Over 60 Years
    Scopus 34: 24–30, January 2015 Eagle Hill, Kenya: changes over 60 years Simon Thomsett Summary Eagle Hill, the study site of the late Leslie Brown, was first surveyed over 60 years ago in 1948. The demise of its eagle population was near-complete less than 50 years later, but significantly, the majority of these losses occurred in the space of a few years in the late 1970s. Unfortunately, human densities and land use changes are poor- ly known, and thus poor correlation can be made between that and eagle declines. Tolerant local attitudes and land use practices certainly played a significant role in protecting the eagles while human populations began to grow. But at a certain point it would seem that changed human attitudes and population density quickly tipped the balance against eagles. Introduction Raptors are useful in qualifying habitat and biodiversity health as they occupy high trophic levels (Sergio et al. 2005), and changes in their density reflect changes in the trophic levels that support them. In Africa, we know that raptors occur in greater diversity and abundance in protected areas such as the Matapos Hills, Zimbabwe (Macdonald & Gargett 1984; Hartley 1993, 1996, 2002 a & b), and Sabi Sand Reserve, South Africa (Simmons 1994). Although critically important, few draw a direct cor- relation between human effects on the environment and raptor diversity and density. The variables to consider are numerous and the conclusions unworkable due to dif- ferent holding-capacities, latitude, land fertility, seasonality, human attitudes, and different tolerances among raptor species to human disturbance. Although the concept of environmental effects caused by humans leading to rap- tor decline is attractive and is used to justify raptor conservation, there is a need for caution in qualifying habitat ‘health’ in association with the quantity of its raptor community.
    [Show full text]
  • In Search of the Southern Banded Snake Eagle
    www.forestryexplained.co.za RAPTOR REFUGIA In search of the Southern Banded Snake Eagle Forestry Explained: Our Conservation Legacy Forestry land: a man-made bird sanctuary Since the environmental awakening in the 1970’s, forestry-owned land has gained the reputation of being “green deserts”. Artificial mono-cultures, responsible for a sterile environment where nothing thrives except the tree species of choice. It is a reputation that has stuck, with conservation bodies, environmental organisations, biologists and large proportion of the general public sharing the sentiment that forestry- owned land is nothing more than a biodiversity wasteland – but is it true? SURPRISING FINDINGS “The perception of many lay-birder’s is that plantations hold a low level of avian diversity,” explains Dr Melissa Whitecross, Birdlife South Africa’s Threatened Species project manager: Raptors & Large Terrestrial Birds, “it is a perception which could do with some rebranding”. Melissa speaks with experience, after being surprised by the bird diversity found within northern KwaZulu-Natal’s plantation matrix owned by Sappi, Mondi, SiyaQhubeka (SQF) and a number of private timber producers. 257 bird species were recorded, including birds the survey team classified as “real highlights”: the Ayre’s Hawk-Eagle, Grey Waxbill, Neergard’s Sunbird, African Emerald Cuckoo, African Finfoot, Half-collared Kingfisher, Crowned Eagle and the bird that got them searching the plantations in the first place – Southern Banded Snake Eagle. All photos courtesy of Birdlife South
    [Show full text]
  • Bird Checklists of the World Country Or Region: Ghana
    Avibase Page 1of 24 Col Location Date Start time Duration Distance Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World 1 Country or region: Ghana 2 Number of species: 773 3 Number of endemics: 0 4 Number of breeding endemics: 0 5 Number of globally threatened species: 26 6 Number of extinct species: 0 7 Number of introduced species: 1 8 Date last reviewed: 2019-11-10 9 10 Recommended citation: Lepage, D. 2021. Checklist of the birds of Ghana. Avibase, the world bird database. Retrieved from .https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?lang=EN&region=gh [26/09/2021]. Make your observations count! Submit your data to ebird.
    [Show full text]
  • GHANA MEGA Rockfowl & Upper Guinea Specials Th St 29 November to 21 December 2011 (23 Days)
    GHANA MEGA Rockfowl & Upper Guinea Specials th st 29 November to 21 December 2011 (23 days) White-necked Rockfowl by Adam Riley Trip Report compiled by Tour Leader David Hoddinott RBT Ghana Mega Trip Report December 2011 2 Trip Summary Our record breaking trip total of 505 species in 23 days reflects the immense birding potential of this fabulous African nation. Whilst the focus of the tour was certainly the rich assemblage of Upper Guinea specialties, we did not neglect the interesting diversity of mammals. Participants were treated to an astonishing 9 Upper Guinea endemics and an array of near-endemics and rare, elusive, localized and stunning species. These included the secretive and rarely seen White-breasted Guineafowl, Ahanta Francolin, Hartlaub’s Duck, Black Stork, mantling Black Heron, Dwarf Bittern, Bat Hawk, Beaudouin’s Snake Eagle, Congo Serpent Eagle, the scarce Long-tailed Hawk, splendid Fox Kestrel, African Finfoot, Nkulengu Rail, African Crake, Forbes’s Plover, a vagrant American Golden Plover, the mesmerising Egyptian Plover, vagrant Buff-breasted Sandpiper, Four-banded Sandgrouse, Black-collared Lovebird, Great Blue Turaco, Black-throated Coucal, accipiter like Thick- billed and splendid Yellow-throated Cuckoos, Olive and Dusky Long-tailed Cuckoos (amongst 16 cuckoo species!), Fraser’s and Akun Eagle-Owls, Rufous Fishing Owl, Red-chested Owlet, Black- shouldered, Plain and Standard-winged Nightjars, Black Spinetail, Bates’s Swift, Narina Trogon, Blue-bellied Roller, Chocolate-backed and White-bellied Kingfishers, Blue-moustached,
    [Show full text]
  • Ghana Included in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
    IDENTIFICATION GUIDE The Species of Ghana Included in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) YEAR 2018 IDENTIFICATION GUIDE The CITES Species of Ghana Born Free USA thanks the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for funding this guide and the Ghana authorities for their support. See the last section for a list of useful contacts, including the organizations displayed above. PHOTOS: MICHAEL HEYNS, BROCKEN INAGLORY, GEORGE CHERNILEVSKY, ALEX CHERNIKH, HANS HILLEWAERT, DAVID D’O, JAKOB FAHR TABLE OF CONTENTS How to use this guide ..........................................1 CHORDATA / ELASMOBRANCHII What is CITES? ..............................................3 / Carcharhiniformes ........................................101 What is the IUCN Red List? .....................................10 / Lamniformes .............................................101 How to read this guide ........................................13 / Orectolobiformes .........................................102 What the IUCN colors mean ....................................15 / Pristiformes ..............................................103 Steps for CITES permits .......................................17 Presentation of shark and ray species listed in CITES in West Africa ........19 CHORDATA / ACTINOPTERI / Syngnathiformes ..........................................103 CHORDATA / MAMMALIA / Artiodactyla ..............................................51 ARTHROPODA / ARACHNIDA / Carnivora ................................................53
    [Show full text]
  • Quantifying the Global Legal Trade in Live CITES-Listed Raptors and Owls
    Electronic Supplementary Material (Panter et al. 2019) Electronic Supplementary Material for: Quantifying the global legal trade in live CITES-listed raptors and owls for commercial purposes over a 40-year period Published in 2019 in Avocetta 43(1) :23-36; doi: https://doi.org/10.30456/AVO.2019104 Authors: Connor T. Panter1,*, Eleanor D. Atkinson1, Rachel L. White1 1 School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom. * Corresponding author: [email protected] List of contents: ESM 1 - Appendix A. CITES source categories with associated definitions. ESM 2 - Appendix B. CITES Trade Purposes categories with associated definitions. ESM 3 - Appendix C. CITES Importer and Exporter countries with total reported imported and exported individuals of raptors and owls. ESM 4 - Appendix D. Raptor and owl exporter countries supplying the Japanese trade in live birds for commercial use. ESM 5 - Appendix E. Percentages of number of traded species within global IUCN Red List categories and population trends. ESM 6. Imported raptor species, number of imported individuals and percentage of total imported raptor individuals. ESM 7. Exported raptor species, number of exported individuals and percentage of total exported raptor individuals. ESM 8. Imported owl species, number of imported individuals and percentage of total imported owl individuals. ESM 9. Exported owl species, number of exported individuals and percentage of total exported owl individuals. 1 Electronic Supplementary Material (Panter et al. 2019) ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL (ESM) ESM 1 - Appendix A. CITES source categories with associated definitions. *The CITES Trade Database does not provide information regarding whether birds declared as “wild- caught” were derived from legal or illegal activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Wave Moult of the Primaries in Accipitrid Raptors, and Its Use in Ageing Immatures
    Chancellor, R. D. & B.-U. Meyburg eds. 2004 Raptors Worldwide WWGBP/MME Wave Moult of the Primaries in Accipitrid raptors, and its use in ageing immatures William S. Clark ABSTRACT Stresemann & Stresemann (1966) described wave moult in the primary remiges ('Staffelmauser' in German; also translated as 'step-wise moult') for some families of birds but not for Acccipitrid raptors, even though many of the species in this family (especially the larger ones) show it. Primaries of Accipitrid raptors are replaced from Pl (inner) sequentially outward. Waves are formed when not all of the ten primaries are replaced in any annual moult cycle. In the next annual cycle, moult begins anew at Pl as well as continuing with the next feather from where it left off in the last cycle. Two or three, occasionally four, wave fronts of new primaries can be seen in the primaries of some raptors, especially larger ones, e.g., eagles. Knowledge and understanding of wave moult can ascertain the ages of immature raptors in those species that take three or four years to attain adult plumage, as these species typically do not replace all of the primaries in any moult cycle. Juvenile eagles show all primaries the same age. Second plumage eagles show two ages of primaries, newer inner ones and older retained juvenile outer ones. Third plumage eagles show two waves, with the first wave proceeding to P8, P9, or PIO, and the second to P3, P4, P5, or P6. Fourth plumage eagles usually show new outer PlO from the first wave, new P5 to P7 from the second wave, and new Pl to P3 from the most recent wave.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birds of Southern Bénin, January-February 2009, with Notes on Vegetation and Larger Mammals
    The birds of southern Bénin, January-February 2009, with notes on vegetation and larger mammals Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire & Robert J. Dowsett Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Report 65 (2009) Dowsett-Lemaire F. & Dowsett R.J. 2009. The birds of southern Bénin, January- February 2009, with notes on vegetation and larger mammals . Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 65: 48 pp. E-mail : [email protected] Birds of southern Bénin -1- Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 65 (2009) The birds of southern Bénin, January-February 2009, with notes on vegetation and larger mammals by Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire & Robert J. Dowsett Résumé. Ce rapport détaille les observations de quelque 335 espèces d’oiseaux réalisées au cours d’un séjour de 6 semaines effectué au sud du Bénin, du 20 janvier au 2 mars 2009. Nous avons visité les trois forêts semi- décidues principales du pays (Niaouli, Lama, et Pobè) et la forêt marécageuse de Lokoli, le cordon littoral et la Forêt Classée de Ouari Maro (Bétérou) dans le centre. La composition floristique des principales zones d’étude est décrite. La plus grande des forêts est de loin la Forêt Classée de la Lama ( c. 3800 ha), un mélange de forêt dense sèche (dominée par Diospyros mespiliformis, Dia lium guineense et Mimusops andongensis ) et de forêt claire de transition (à Anogeissus leiocarpus et Lonchocarpus sericeus ). La forêt de Niaouli a été en partie reconstituée à l’aide de plantations de Senna siamea , et la forêt de plateau (env. 60 ha) régénère bien autour d’un petit noyau naturel dominé par Antiaris toxicaria et Ceiba pentandra ; la forêt de bas-fond, plus petite, est assez dégradée et perturbée par les plantations et les habitants.
    [Show full text]
  • Amendments to the List of Species on Annex 1 to the Raptors Mou
    Memorandum of Understanding Distribution: General on the Conservation of UNEP/CMS/Raptors/TAG3/Doc.4.1a Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia 12 November 2018 Third Meeting of the Technical Advisory Group | Sempach, Swithzerland, 12-14 December 2018 AMENDMENTS TO THE LIST OF SPECIES ON ANNEX 1 TO THE RAPTORS MOU Prepared by Coordinating Unit of the Raptors MOU Introduction 1. As part of Activity 1, Task 1.1a, of the TAG WorkPlan, TAG was asked to consider whether there are further possible candidate species that should be proposed to be listed on Annex 1 to the Raptors MOU. As highlighted in the relevant document to MOS2 (UNEP/CMS/Raptors/MOS2/13/ Rev.1)1, species can be proposed on the basis of: (1) updates to taxonomy and nomenclature to keep pace with current understanding; and, (2) enhanced understanding of their movements, which suggests they can be considered to be a ‘migratory species’ according to the CMS definition used by the Raptors MOU. 2. Since MOS2, there have been no taxonomic / nomenclature changes that result in the need for any proposed additions to, or removals from, Annex 1. 3. Since MOS2, working via the online WorkSpace, TAG members have already assessed a number of species, which were considered potential candidates for Annex 1 on the basis of their movements. It was concluded that only Northern Boobook (Ninox japonica) meets the CMS definition of a ‘migratory species’ on the basis of current knowledge. Annex 1 to this document repeats the information posted on the online Workspace regarding Northern Boobook.
    [Show full text]
  • The Birds of Shai Hills Resource Reserve, Ghana
    The birds of Shai Hills Resource Reserve, Ghana Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire & Robert J. Dowsett Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Report 83 (2013) Dowsett-Lemaire F. & Dowsett R.J. 2013. The birds of Shai Hills Resource Re serve, Ghana. Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 83: 12 pp. E-mail : [email protected] Birds of Shai Hills R.R., Ghana -1- Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 83 (2013) The birds of Shai Hills Resource Reserve, Ghana by Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire & Robert J. Dowsett 1. Introduction The Shai Hills Resource Reserve (some 49 km ²) is located in the north-east sector of the Accra Plains. It includes an extensive system of inselbergs, surrounded by sparsely-wooded grassland. The granite hills rise 100-200 m above the plain and are forested with a patchwork of dry, mostly deciduous, thicket or forest. The reserve is en - tirely fenced, although the fence is broken in places. The reserve suffers from an invasion by exotic Neem Azadirachta indica , which forms thickets around the base of the hills, spreading into the grassland as well. A drivable track provides access in the form of a loop around the main range of hills. We first visited the reserve on 30 March-1 April and 3 April 2005, at the start of the rains. Since our initial report on the avifauna produced in 2005, a number of modifications (many additions and a few deletions) can be made to the checklist of the birds. We revisited the area in 2008 on 28-29 February-1 March (camping near the Bat Cave, 5 °56'N, 0 °04'E), 19-20 March (camping in the southern thickets, 5 °53’N, 0 °03’E) and 5-6 April (western side), then briefly on 11-12 January 2010 (northern camp).
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Banded Snake Eagle Project Report
    TERRESTRIAL BIRD CONSERVATION PROGRAMME Southern Banded Snake Eagle Project Report Photo: Hugh Chittenden Principle Investigator: Dr Melissa Whitecross Survey Period: 23 October to 4 November 2018 Report by BirdLife South Africa November 2018 Table of Contents Background ............................................................................................................................................................. 3 Survey Team ........................................................................................................................................................... 3 Survey Route ........................................................................................................................................................... 4 Project summary by region ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Mtunzini .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 Port Durnford ..................................................................................................................................................... 6 Kwambonambi .................................................................................................................................................... 7 Mtubatuba, Dukuduku and Nyalazi .................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Accipitridae Species Tree
    Accipitridae I: Hawks, Kites, Eagles Pearl Kite, Gampsonyx swainsonii ?Scissor-tailed Kite, Chelictinia riocourii Elaninae Black-winged Kite, Elanus caeruleus ?Black-shouldered Kite, Elanus axillaris ?Letter-winged Kite, Elanus scriptus White-tailed Kite, Elanus leucurus African Harrier-Hawk, Polyboroides typus ?Madagascan Harrier-Hawk, Polyboroides radiatus Gypaetinae Palm-nut Vulture, Gypohierax angolensis Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus Bearded Vulture / Lammergeier, Gypaetus barbatus Madagascan Serpent-Eagle, Eutriorchis astur Hook-billed Kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus Gray-headed Kite, Leptodon cayanensis ?White-collared Kite, Leptodon forbesi Swallow-tailed Kite, Elanoides forficatus European Honey-Buzzard, Pernis apivorus Perninae Philippine Honey-Buzzard, Pernis steerei Oriental Honey-Buzzard / Crested Honey-Buzzard, Pernis ptilorhynchus Barred Honey-Buzzard, Pernis celebensis Black-breasted Buzzard, Hamirostra melanosternon Square-tailed Kite, Lophoictinia isura Long-tailed Honey-Buzzard, Henicopernis longicauda Black Honey-Buzzard, Henicopernis infuscatus ?Black Baza, Aviceda leuphotes ?African Cuckoo-Hawk, Aviceda cuculoides ?Madagascan Cuckoo-Hawk, Aviceda madagascariensis ?Jerdon’s Baza, Aviceda jerdoni Pacific Baza, Aviceda subcristata Red-headed Vulture, Sarcogyps calvus White-headed Vulture, Trigonoceps occipitalis Cinereous Vulture, Aegypius monachus Lappet-faced Vulture, Torgos tracheliotos Gypinae Hooded Vulture, Necrosyrtes monachus White-backed Vulture, Gyps africanus White-rumped Vulture, Gyps bengalensis Himalayan
    [Show full text]