DOCSLIB.ORG

State of the World's Forests 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
State of the World's Forests 2016 2016 STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS STATE STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS 2016 FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE: LAND-USE FAO CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES COVER PHOTO ©FAO/Adi Wiratmo INDONESIA. Terraced rice fields on the island of Bali. In order to make the most of the land and prevent erosion, this terracing system maintains the ecosystem while providing a livelihood for local farmers. Recommended citation: FAO. 2016. State of the World’s Forests 2016. Forests and agriculture: land-use challenges and opportunities. Rome. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. ISBN 978-92-5-109208-8 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product. Except where otherwise indicated, material may be copied, downloaded and printed for private study, research and teaching purposes, or for use in non-commercial products or services, provided that appropriate acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright holder is given and that FAO’s endorsement of users’ views, products or services is not implied in any way. All requests for translation and adaptation rights, and for resale and other commercial use rights should be made via www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request or addressed to [email protected]. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. © FAO 2016 ISSN 1020-5705 2016 STATE OF THE WORLD’S FORESTS FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE: LAND-USE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome, 2016 CONTENTS FOREWORD vi CHAPTER 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS viii MAKING ROOM FOR FORESTS ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ix AND FOOD SECURITY 51 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY x Key messages 52 KEY MESSAGES xiv 4.1 Reducing deforestation and improving agriculture and food security 54 CHAPTER 1 4.2 Country case studies 56 4.3 Common themes and lessons learned: INTRODUCTION 1 how to improve food security and increase agricultural production without reducing CHAPTER 2 the forest area 79 TRENDS IN LAND-USE CHANGE 7 Key messages 8 CHAPTER 5 2.1 Introduction 10 TOWARDS BETTER GOVERNANCE 2.2 A global history of forest conversion 10 OF LAND USE FOR FORESTS 2.3 Twenty-first century land-use change dynamics 12 AND AGRICULTURE 87 2.4 Drivers of conversion from forest to agriculture 17 2.5 Drivers of conversion from agricultural 5.1 Key conclusions 88 land to forest 22 5.2 Policy implications 91 CHAPTER 3 ANNEX THE GOVERNANCE AND DEFINITIONS AND METHODOLOGY 95 MANAGEMENT OF Definitions 96 LAND-USE CHANGE 25 Methodology 98 Key messages 26 3.1 Introduction 28 REFERENCES 104 3.2 Policies for governing land-use change between forest and agriculture 29 3.3 Legal frameworks for land-use change from forest to agriculture: complexities and challenges 35 3.4 Investments in agriculture and forests and their impacts on land use 39 3.5 Institutional mechanisms for governing land-use change 45 | iv | NOTES BORIA VOLOREIUM, SIT AUT QUIS DOLORITI CONECTUS, SEQUE The proportion of undernourished people in the total population is the indicator known as prevalence of undernourishment (PoU). See Annexes 2 TABLES,and 3 of this reportFIGURES for further details. Ecullentem facerrum quam,& quatet occusBOXES acepro modit quibus autat laut omnihitias sitat. TABLES 2.8 Net changes in agricultural 3.10 Total private forest and forest area, by country/territory, plantation investment in 2.1 Countries with net gains in 2000–2010 18 developing countries, 2 011 44 agricultural area and net losses in 2.9 Estimate of (A) proportion 3 .11 Ministry with main forest area, 2000–2010 16 of total area of land-use change responsibility for forest 3.1 Examples of coordination associated with various proximate policy, 2008 44 between sectors, as evident in drivers of deforestation, and (B) A.1 Countries classified sectoral policies 34 absolute net forest area change according to dominant associated with proximate drivers climatic domain 100 3.2 Examples of reasons for of deforestation, by region, allowing forest conversion and 2000–2010 21 related conditions 36 BOXES 2.10 Proportion of deforestation 3.3 Comparison of country attributed to various drivers in capacities for forest area change 1.1 SDGs and targets that refer seven South American countries, explicitly to agriculture and forests 5 monitoring with the quality of 1990–2005 21 reported data on drivers derived 3.1 Importance of law from the REDD+ readiness reports 3.1 Percentage of 60 national enforcement in preventing illegal of 45 countries 46 policy documents (from 27 forest conversion 38 countries) addressing land-use 4.1 Increases in forest area and change between forest and 3.2 Example of legal provisions improvements in food security, agriculture, by policy type 30 on forest conversion, and 1990–2015 55 implementation challenges, 3.2 Factors contributing to forest in Papua New Guinea 38 A.1 Number of policy documents loss, as stated (single mention) in analysed and contents of the forest policies of seven countries 3.3 Indonesia’s One Map 102 policy databases exhibiting decreases in forest area initiative 46 and increases in agricultural area A.2 Countries used for the 3.4 Brazil’s Rural Environmental in 2000–2010 30 analyses presented in figures Registry 46 3.1–3.5 103 3.3 Priorities listed in 4.1 Key factors contributing to 34 agriculture and forest policies positive trends in food security FIGURES in 18 countries 32 and forest cover in Chile 57 3.4 Benefits of forests, as 2.1 Land area by major land-use 4.2 Key factors contributing to mentioned in agriculture policies class, 2010 13 positive trends in food security (ten countries) 32 and forest cover in Costa Rica 61 2.2 Net annual average change 3.5 Strategies for food in forest and agricultural land, by 4.3 Key factors contributing to production in agriculture policies climatic domain, 2000–2010 13 positive trends in food security (nine countries) 32 and forest cover in the Gambia 63 2.3 Net annual average forest 3.6 Changes in management area change, by climatic domain 4.4 Key factors contributing to rights to publicly owned forests, (000 ha per year) 13 positive trends in food security 1990–2010 34 and forest cover in Georgia 67 2.4 Percentage of net forest change 3.7 Typical stages of a process and rural population change, 4.5 Key factors contributing to for declassifying a forest area by climatic domain, 2000–2010 15 positive trends in food security before permits for conversion and forest cover in Ghana 69 2.5 Net annual average change may be allocated 36 in agricultural and forest area in 4.6 Key factors contributing to 3.8 Relationship between countries grouped by income positive trends in food security investment in agriculture, change category, 2000–2010 15 and forest cover in Tunisia 73 in forest area, and poverty 41 2.6 Net annual average change 4.7 Key factors contributing to 3.9 Public expenditure on forests, in agricultural and forest area in positive trends in food security forest growth rates, and the forest subregions, 2000–2010 16 and forest cover in Viet Nam 77 sector’s contribution to national 2.7 Net annual average change gross domestic product 41 4.8 Integrated policy for forests, in agricultural and forest area in food security and sustainable subregions, 2000–2010 16 livelihoods – lessons from the Republic of Korea 78 | v | FOREWORD State of the World’s Forests 2016 could not be better However, agriculture is still the major driver of timed, as FAO is gearing up to fulfil its key role deforestation globally, and agricultural, forestry in helping countries develop national plans, and land policies are often at odds. policies and programmes to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The 2030 State of the World’s Forests 2016 shows that Agenda recognizes that we can no longer look at some countries have been able to reconcile food, livelihoods and the management of natural the aspirations of the different sectors, resources separately. It calls for a coherent and increasing the agricultural productivity and integrated approach to sustainability across all food security of their populations while also agricultural sectors and food systems. halting and even reversing deforestation. The report presents case studies for seven such This report explores the challenges and countries, and others have made similar opportunities represented by the complex transitions. The challenge today is to interrelationship between forests, agriculture encourage such positive trends in countries – and sustainable development. It demonstrates especially low-income countries – in which that the sustainable management of both food insecurity is still rife and where forests forests and agriculture, and their integration in are still being lost. land-use plans, is essential for achieving the SDGs, ensuring food security and tackling Integrated land-use planning provides an climate change. essential strategic framework for balancing land uses. Importantly, such planning We know that forests and trees support processes must be participatory – because sustainable agriculture by, for example, it is farmers and other rural people who stabilizing soils and climate, regulating water must ultimately put the plans into practice, flows, giving shade and shelter, and providing a and will do so only if they meet their needs habitat for pollinators and the natural predators and interests.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Net Zero by 2050 a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050
    Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector Net Zero by 2050 Interactive iea.li/nzeroadmap Net Zero by 2050 Data iea.li/nzedata INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the IEA member IEA association full spectrum countries: countries: of energy issues including oil, gas and Australia Brazil coal supply and Austria China demand, renewable Belgium India energy technologies, Canada Indonesia electricity markets, Czech Republic Morocco energy efficiency, Denmark Singapore access to energy, Estonia South Africa demand side Finland Thailand management and France much more. Through Germany its work, the IEA Greece advocates policies Hungary that will enhance the Ireland reliability, affordability Italy and sustainability of Japan energy in its Korea 30 member Luxembourg countries, Mexico 8 association Netherlands countries and New Zealand beyond. Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Please note that this publication is subject to Switzerland specific restrictions that limit Turkey its use and distribution. The United Kingdom terms and conditions are available online at United States www.iea.org/t&c/ This publication and any The European map included herein are without prejudice to the Commission also status of or sovereignty over participates in the any territory, to the work of the IEA delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org Foreword We are approaching a decisive moment for international efforts to tackle the climate crisis – a great challenge of our times.
    [Show full text]
  • Farmland Investments and Water Rights: the Legal Regimes at Stake
    Farmland Investments and Water Rights: The legal regimes at stake Makane Moïse Mbengue Susanna Waltman May 2015 www.iisd.org/gsi www.iisd.org © 2015 The International Institute for Sustainable Development Published by the International Institute for Sustainable Development. International Institute for Sustainable Development The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change and energy, and management of natural and social capital, as well as the enabling role of communication technologies in these areas. We report on international negotiations and disseminate knowledge gained through collaborative projects, resulting in more rigorous research, capacity building in developing countries, better networks spanning the North and the South, and better global connections among researchers, practitioners, citizens and policy-makers. IISD’s vision is better living for all—sustainably; its mission is to champion innovation, enabling societies to live sustainably. IISD is registered as a charitable organization in Canada and has 501(c)(3) status in the United States. IISD receives core operating support from the Government of Canada, provided through the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), from the Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and from the Province of Manitoba. The Institute receives project funding from numerous governments inside and outside Canada, United Nations agencies,
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland and Rangeland Productivity Advisory Panel
    l-'" of nc/:\!IOIOO _.. _­ ... u"' "'"'" ... _ -'-- Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland w, in'... ' .....7 and Rangeland Productivity August 1982 NTIS order #PB83-125013 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82-600596 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402 Foreword This Nation’s impressive agricultural success is the product of many factors: abundant resources of land and water, a favorable climate, and a history of resource- ful farmers and technological innovation, We meet not only our own needs but supply a substantial portion of the agricultural products used elsewhere in the world. As demand increases, so must agricultural productivity, Part of the necessary growth may come from farming additional acreage. But most of the increase will depend on intensifying production with improved agricultural technologies. The question is, however, whether farmland and rangeland resources can sustain such inten- sive use. Land is a renewable resource, though one that is highly susceptible to degrada- tion by erosion, salinization, compaction, ground water depletion, and other proc- esses. When such processes are not adequately managed, land productivity can be mined like a nonrenewable resource. But this need not occur. For most agricul- tural land, various conservation options are available, Traditionally, however, farm- ers and ranchers have viewed many of the conservation technologies as uneconom- ical. Must conservation and production always be opposed, or can technology be used to help meet both goals? This report describes the major processes degrading land productivity, assesses whether productivity is sustainable using current agricultural technologies, reviews a range of new technologies with potentials to maintain productivity and profitability simultaneously, and presents a series of options for congressional consideration.
    [Show full text]
  • How Is Food Produced?
    Supplementary Notes: (PJ Shlachtman): Food Resources How is Food Produced? What Plants and Animals Feed the World? • 15 plant and 8 animal species supply 90% of our food • wheat, rice and corn provide ~50% of the calories people consume; all three are annuals • 2/3 of the world's people live primarily on grains (rice, wheat and corn) The Two Major Types of Food Production • Industrialized agriculture (high-input agriculture) o uses large amts. of fuel energy, water, commercial fertilizers & pesticides • Plantation agriculture (cash crops) • Traditional subsistence agriculture • Traditional intensive agriculture The Green Revolution (1950-1970) Increased yields per unit of area of cropland Involves three steps 1. developing and planting monocultures of key crops 2. lavishing fertilizer, pesticides and water on crops to produce high yields 3. increasing the intensity and frequency of cropping A second green revolution (1967+) began when fast-growing dwarf varieties of rice and wheat were introduced into developing countries Case Study: Food Production in the U.S. • Production doubled since 1940 • Agribusiness – replacing smaller family farms w/ large corporate farms. • Each US farmer feeds about 140 people How Are Livestock Produced? • 10% of the world's land is suitable for producing crops • 20% is used for grazing cattle and sheep • Developed countries consume >50% of the world's grain • Poor developing countries eat mostly grain and live low on the food chain Traditional Agriculture • Interplanting - simultaneously grow several crops on the same plot of land • Common interplanting strategies: 1. Polyvarietal cultivation 2. Intercropping 3. Agroforestry (alley cropping) 4. Polyculture 1 World Food Problems 1950-1990: • amount of food traded in the world market quadrupled • population growth is outstripping food production • Factors leading to the slowdown in the growth of per capita grain production: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 Quantifying Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade
    3 QUANTIFYING ILLEGAL LOGGING AND RELATED TIMBER TRADE 3 QUANTIFYING ILLEGAL LOGGING AND RELATED TIMBER TRADE Chapter 3 Quantifying Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade Lead author: Jianbang Gan Contributing authors: Paolo Omar Cerutti, Mauro Masiero, Davide Pettenella, Nicola Andrighetto and Tim Dawson CONTENTS 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Species, Markets and Trade Patterns of Wood Products 38 3.2.1 Species Rarity, Value and Illegality 38 3.2.2 Domestic, Regional and Global Wood Products Markets and Supply Chains 38 3.2.3 Global Trade Patterns of Wood Products 40 3.2.4 Major Producers and Importers of Tropical Timber 41 3.2.5 Financial Flows Associated with Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade 42 3.3 Existing Estimates on Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade 43 3.3.1 Estimation Methods 43 3.3.2 Existing Estimates and their Comparisons 43 3.4 Following the Trade Data 46 3.4.1 Recent Trends in International Trade Flows of Illegal Wood Products 46 3.4.2 New Developments in Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade 51 3.5 Conclusions 52 References 54 Appendices 56 Appendix 3.1 Methods for Estimating Illegal Logging and Related Timber Trade 56 Appendix 3.2 Country Codes Used in Figure 3.4 58 37 3 QUANTIFYING ILLEGAL LOGGING AND RELATED TIMBER TRADE 3.1. Introduction This phenomenon coupled with illegal activities can create a vicious cycle among value, rarity (scarcity) and Understanding the magnitude of illegal logging and re- illegality (see Figure 3.1). Many rare and endangered tree lated timber trade as well as illegal trade flows is criti- species have higher economic values than others because cal to addressing the problem.
    [Show full text]
  • Tennis Courts, One Large Multi‐Purpose Indoor Facility, and Over 9,000 Acres of Open Space Will Also Be Needed
    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The contribution of the following individuals in preparing this document is gratefully acknowledged: City Council Robert Cashell, Mayor Pierre Hascheff, At‐Large Dan Gustin, Ward One Sharon Zadra, Ward Two Jessica Sferrazza, Ward Three Dwight Dortch, Ward Four David Aiazzi, Ward Five City of Reno Charles McNeely, City Manager Susan Schlerf, Assistant City Manager Julee Conway, Director of Parks, Recreation & Community Services John MacIntyre, Project Manager Jaime Schroeder, Senior Management Analyst Mary Beth Anderson, Interim Community Services Manager Nick Anthony, Legislative Relations Program Manager John Aramini, Recreation & Park Commissioner Angel Bachand, Program Assistant Liz Boen, Senior Management Analyst Tait Ecklund, Management Analyst James Graham, Economic Development Program Manager Napoleon Haney, Special Assistant to the City Manager Jessica Jones, Economic Development Program Manager Sven Leff, Recreation Supervisor Mark Lewis, Redevelopment Administrator Jeff Mann, Park Maintenance Manager Cadence Matijevich, Special Events Program Manager Billy Sibley, Open Space & Trails Coordinator Johnathan Skinner, Recreation Manager Suzanna Stigar, Recreation Supervisor Joe Wilson, Recreation Supervisor Terry Zeller, Park Development Planner University of Nevada, Reno Cary Groth, Athletics Director Keith Hackett, Associate Athletics Director Scott Turek, Development Director Washoe County School District Rick Harris, Deputy Superintendent 2 “The most livable of Nevada cities; City Manager’s Office the focus of culture, commerce and Charles McNeely tourism in Northern Nevada.” August 1, 2008 Dear Community Park & Recreation Advocate; Great Cities are characterized by their parks, trails and natural areas. These areas help define the public spaces; the commons where all can gather to seek solace, find adventure, experience harmony and re’create their souls. The City of Reno has actively led the community in enhancing the livability of the City over the past several years.
    [Show full text]
  • National Forest Policy
    NATIONAL FOREST POLICY 1988 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS NEW DELHI No. 3-1/86-FP Ministry of Environment and Forests (Department of Environment, Forests & Wildlife) Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi - 110003. Dated the 7th December, 1988. RESOLUTION National Forest Policy, 1988 1. PREAMBLE 1.1. In Resolution No.13/52/F, dated the 12th May, 1952, the Government of India in the erstwhile Ministry of Food and Agriculture enunciated a Forest Policy to be followed in the management of State Forests in the country. However, over the years,* forests in the country have suffered serious depletion. This is attributable to relentless pressures arising from ever-increasing demand for fuel- wood, fodder and timber; inadequacy of protection measures; diversion of forest lands to non-forest uses without ensuring compensatory afforestation and essential environmental safeguards; and the tendency to look upon forests as revenue earning resource. The need to review the situation and to evolve, for the future, a new strategy of forest conservation has become imperative. Conservation includes preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, restoration, and enhancement of the natural environment. It has thus become necessary to review and revise the National Forest Policy. 2. BASIC OBJECTIVES 2.1 The basic objectives that should govern the National Forest Policy - are the following: • Maintenance of environmental stability through preservation and, where necessary, restoration of the ecological balance that has been adversely disturbed by serious depletion of the forests of the country. • Conserving the natural heritage of the country by preserving the remaining natural forests with the vast variety of flora and fauna, which represent the remarkable biological diversity and genetic resources of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Wilson County, NC Agricultural Development Plan
    Wilson County Agricultural Development Plan Sandy Maddox, Ed. D. December 2017 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................................... 6 A Need for Action .......................................................................................................................................... 9 Overview of Wilson County ........................................................................................................................ 12 Wilson County Demographics ................................................................................................................. 13 Economy.................................................................................................................................................. 15 Cost of Services ....................................................................................................................................... 18 Infrastructure .......................................................................................................................................... 18 Education ................................................................................................................................................ 19 Natural Attributes ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Human Activities
    4 Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Human Activities CO-CHAIRS D. Kupfer (Germany, Fed. Rep.) R. Karimanzira (Zimbabwe) CONTENTS AGRICULTURE, FORESTRY, AND OTHER HUMAN ACTIVITIES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 77 4.1 INTRODUCTION 85 4.2 FOREST RESPONSE STRATEGIES 87 4.2.1 Special Issues on Boreal Forests 90 4.2.1.1 Introduction 90 4.2.1.2 Carbon Sinks of the Boreal Region 90 4.2.1.3 Consequences of Climate Change on Emissions 90 4.2.1.4 Possibilities to Refix Carbon Dioxide: A Case Study 91 4.2.1.5 Measures and Policy Options 91 4.2.1.5.1 Forest Protection 92 4.2.1.5.2 Forest Management 92 4.2.1.5.3 End Uses and Biomass Conversion 92 4.2.2 Special Issues on Temperate Forests 92 4.2.2.1 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Temperate Forests 92 4.2.2.2 Global Warming: Impacts and Effects on Temperate Forests 93 4.2.2.3 Costs of Forestry Countermeasures 93 4.2.2.4 Constraints on Forestry Measures 94 4.2.3 Special Issues on Tropical Forests 94 4.2.3.1 Introduction to Tropical Deforestation and Climatic Concerns 94 4.2.3.2 Forest Carbon Pools and Forest Cover Statistics 94 4.2.3.3 Estimates of Current Rates of Forest Loss 94 4.2.3.4 Patterns and Causes of Deforestation 95 4.2.3.5 Estimates of Current Emissions from Forest Land Clearing 97 4.2.3.6 Estimates of Future Forest Loss and Emissions 98 4.2.3.7 Strategies to Reduce Emissions: Types of Response Options 99 4.2.3.8 Policy Options 103 75 76 IPCC RESPONSE STRATEGIES WORKING GROUP REPORTS 4.3 AGRICULTURE RESPONSE STRATEGIES 105 4.3.1 Summary of Agricultural Emissions of Greenhouse Gases 105 4.3.2 Measures and
    [Show full text]
  • Increase Food Production Without Expanding Agricultural Land
    COURSE 2 Increase Food Production without Expanding Agricultural Land In addition to the demand-reduction measures addressed in Course 1, the world must boost the output of food on existing agricultural land. To approach the goal of net-zero expansion of agricultural land, improvements in crop and livestock productivity must exceed historical rates of yield gains. Chapter 10 assesses the land-use challenge, based on recent trend lines. Chapters 11–16 discuss possible ways to increase food production per hectare while adapting to climate change. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 10. Assessing the Challenge of Limiting Agricultural Land Expansion .............................147 Chapter 11. Menu Item: Increase Livestock and Pasture Productivity ........................................167 Chapter 12. Menu Item: Improve Crop Breeding to Boost Yields ..............................................179 Chapter 13. Menu Item: Improve Soil and Water Management ...............................................195 Chapter 14. Menu Item: Plant Existing Cropland More Frequently ........................................... 205 Chapter 15. Adapt to Climate Change ........................................................................... 209 Chapter 16. How Much Could Boosting Crop and Livestock Productivity Contribute to Closing the Land and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Gaps? .....................................................221 Creating a Sustainable Food Future 145 146 WRI.org CHAPTER 10 ASSESSING THE CHALLENGE OF LIMITING AGRICULTURAL LAND EXPANSION How hard will it be to stop net expansion of agricultural land? This chapter evaluates projections by other researchers of changes in land use and explains why we consider the most optimistic projections to be too optimistic. We discuss estimates of “yield gaps,” which attempt to measure the potential of farmers to increase yields given current crop varieties. Finally, we examine conflicting data about recent land-cover change and agricultural expansion to determine what they imply for the future.
    [Show full text]
  • The Causes and Consequences of Agricultural Expansion in Matopiba
    WORKING PAPER THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURAL EXPANSION IN MATOPIBA ARTHUR BRAGANÇA JULY 2016 THEME AGRICULTURE KEYWORDS AGRICULTURE, DEVELOPMENT, AGRICULTURAL FRONTIER The Land Use Initiative (INPUT – Iniciativa para o Uso da Terra) is a dedicated team of specialists who work at the forefront of how to increase environmental protection and food production. INPUT engages stakeholders in Brazil’s public and private sec¬tors and maps the challenges for a better management of its natural resources. Research conducted under INPUT is generously sup¬ported by the Children’s Investment Fund Foundation (CIFF) through a grant to the Climate Policy Initiative. www.inputbrasil.org 3 The Causes and Consequences of Agricultural Expansion in Matopiba∗ Arthur Bragançay CPI July 2016 Abstract This paper examines the causes and consequences of the agricultural expansion in Matopiba (Brazil) over the past two decades. It documents that agricultural expansion in this region is concentrated in municipalities in the Cerrado biome. The estimates indicate that since the late 1990s agricultural output is increasing faster in municipal- ities in this biome when compared to municipalities outside the biome. Agricultural expansion led to increases in GDP per capita. The increase in GDP per capita is a re- sult of direct effects on the agricultural sector as well as indirect effects on services sector. The estimates also suggest that municipalities in the biome experienced larger gains in the access to durable consumer goods such as TV and refrigerator and in ba- sic infrastructure such as access to electric power. However, the results do not indicate differential changes in migration and human capital investments between Cerrado and non-Cerrado municipalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Press Release (.Pdf), 222.76 Kb
    PRESS RELEASE _______________________________________________________________________ Waiblingen, September 19, 2017 STIHL develops future technology and records double-digit growth Triple-digit unit sales growth in cordless segment boosts turnover growth World firsts: STIHL TS 440 cut-off machine and robotic mower VIKING iMow TeaM STIHL sets new standards with electronic fuel injection in gasoline chainsaws The turnover of the STIHL Group in the current year increased by 11.9 percent to EUR 2.7 billion in the period from January to August. Had foreign exchange rates remained unchanged, growth would have been 10.7 percent. “This double-digit plus has upped the pace of our projected growth. In cordless products in particular we have achieved an exceptionally strong increase in unit sales”, explained STIHL executive board chairman Dr. Bertram Kandziora at the company’s autumn press conference in Wai- blingen. “We have the capacity to continue growing strongly and want to consolidate our technology leadership”, stressed Dr. Kandziora. STIHL is currently researching and developing products not only in the areas of battery technology and connected prod- ucts, but also wants to set new standards in gasoline products: “At present we are working on the world’s first chainsaw with electronically controlled fuel injection”, said the executive board chairman. Further world firsts are the STIHL TS 440 cut-off ma- chine with integrated Quickstop wheel brake and the intelligently interconnected robotic mower VIKING iMow TeaM. Worldwide growth – increased demand for gasoline and cordless products The U.S. market and Western Europe were the main growth engines for the STIHL Group in the first eight months of this year.
    [Show full text]