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Pharmacological and Other Bioactivities of the Genus Polygonum - a Review

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Pharmacological and Other Bioactivities of the Genus Polygonum - a Review Dong et al Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research October 2014; 13 (10): 1749-1759 ISSN: 1596-5996 (print); 1596-9827 (electronic) © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved. Available online at http://www.tjpr.org http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v13i10.27 Review Article Pharmacological and other Bioactivities of the Genus Polygonum - A Review Xiaoxv Dong1, Jing Fu1, Xingbin Yin1, Xuechun Li1, Bo Wang2, Sali Cao1, Jin Zhang1, Hui Zhang1, Yang Zhao1 and Jian Ni* 1School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, 2Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China *For correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: 010-84738607 Received: 6 June 2014 Revised accepted: 14 September 2014 Abstract The genus Polygonum encompasses approximately 300 species widely distributed around the world, among which 120 Polygonum species grow in China. Among the rich species, 81 of them are widely used in traditional Chinese and folk medicines. In recent years, several studies have found that the genus Polygonum posseses a variety of biological activities including antioxidation, antimicrobial, anti- tumor, anti-obesity, etc. However, there are still not enough systemic data on the chemical constituents and their pharmacological effects; hence, it would be useful to review current literature for available pharmacological activites of the genus and as well as its active ingredients. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies have provided strong evidence for the therapeutic potential of the genus Polygonum. This review collates and examines information on the pharmacological effects of the genus Polygonum as well as its chemical constituents. Keywords: Polygonum, Chemical constituents, Pharmacological properties, Flavonoids, Anthraquinones Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research is indexed by Science Citation Index (SciSearch), Scopus, International Pharmaceutical Abstract, Chemical Abstracts, Embase, Index Copernicus, EBSCO, African Index Medicus, JournalSeek, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), African Journal Online, Bioline International, Open-J-Gate and Pharmacy Abstracts INTRODUCTION the mechanisms between the chemical constituents and the pharmacological effects. Polygonum is a medicinal large genus of The primary objectives of this review are to Polygonaceae, it falls into about 300 species summarize: the pharmacological effects and the widely distributed around the world. The genus main chemical constituents, and their structures. Polygonum contains many medicinal plants, such as Polygonum multiforum, Polygonum Antioxidant effect cuspidatum, Polygonum bistorta, Polygonum aviculare, Polygonum tinctorium, etc [1]. Among Most of the genus Polygonum have antioxidant the rich species, parts of the plant are recorded and clears the body of excess free radicals [1]. in traditional Chinese medicines and folk 5,6-dihydropyranobenzopyronean 5,6-dihydro- medicines. Additionally, many chemical pyranobenzopyrone (Fig. 1) isolated from constituents have been identified such as Polygonum amplexicaule had a strong ability to flavonoids, anthraquinones, stilbenes, glycolipids scavenge oxygen free radicals [3]. Similarly, hydropiperoside B, vanicode A and vanicode E and terpenes [2]. For its enormous social and (Fig. 1) isolated from Polygonum hydropiper L economic implications, it is urgent to understand also exhibited antioxidant activity [4]. Trop J Pharm Res, October 2014; 13(10): 1749 Dong et al Additionally, flavonoids and flavonoid glucoside viviparum (PV) extracts could inhibit inflammation also exhibited high antioxidant activity. Among induced by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 these, 2’’-O-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl) quercitrin (galloyl quercitrin) (Fig.1) showed the strongest RAW264.7 macrophages, and the mechanisms antioxidant activity [5-7]. Polygonum aviculare L. were related to might its haem oxygenase-1 extracts strongly exhibited antioxidant effects by induction and activation of the Nrf2 pathway [22]. free radical scavenging assays, superoxide Polygonum viscosum extracts possessed radical scavenging assays, lipid peroxidation moderate anti-inflammatory activity on raw paw assays and hydroxyl radical induced DNA strand edema induced by carrageenan [23]. Quercetin- scission assays [8]. Polygonum minus extracts 3-O-β-D-glucuronide (Fig 1) separated from exhibited gastro protective activities. The Polygonum perfoliatum significantly suppressed mechanisms were attributed to the synthesis of ear edema induced by dimethyl benzene in mice antioxidant and PGE2 [9]. Three compounds [24]. Two compounds (5-glutinen-3-one, including gallic acid, catechin, and 2,3,5,4’- friedelanol) from Polygonum bistorta significantly tetrahydroxystilbene2-O-β-D-glucoside (Fig. 1) largely suppressed the inflammatory response isolated from Polygonum multiflorum showed [25]. strong antioxidant activity [10]. In addition, the stilbene glycoside from Polygonum multiflorum Antibacterial and antifungal effect also exhibited strong antioxidant activity by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase A fraction isolated from Polygonum cuspidatum (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) possessed antibacterial effect against [11]. What is more, the stilbene glycoside (Fig.1) Streptococcus mutans, indicating the fraction also exerted its antioxidant activity by inhibiting might be useful for controlling dental biofilms and the A/R-mediated elevation of MDA content [12]. improving the cariostatic properties of fluoride Resveratrol and its liposomal isolated from without increasing its exposure [26]. In addition, Polygonum cuspidatum could protect the the ethyl acetate fraction (polydatin, resveratrol, dopaminergic neurons, attributing their radical anthraglycoside B, emodin) the ethyl acetate scavenging ability and antioxidant effects which fraction composed of polydatin, resveratrol, could be attributed their radical scavenging ability anthraglycoside B, and emodin (Fig. 1) also and antioxidant effects [13,14]. The methanol exhibited a significantly antibacterial effect and ethyl acetate extracts of Polygonum against three of the five common foodborne tinctorium also exhibited higher antioxidant bacteria which were Bacillus cereus, Listeria activity [15]. Polygonum maritimum L. extracts monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus presented a remarkable antioxidant scavenging [27,28]. Through By bioassay-guided separation effects on DPPH radical [16]. Similarly, the and analysis of antibacterial activity, the essential MEOH extract of Polygonum sachalinensis had oils isolated from Polygonum bistorta inhibit antioxidant effects by free radical-scavenging Paenibacillus larvae, Melissococcus plutonius activities [17]. and Bacillus subtilis [29]. Polygonum punctatum extracts from the Brazilian medicine plant Anti-inflammatory effect possessed antifungal effect. The sesquiterpene dialdehyde polygodial (Fig. 1) was the main The inhibitory effect of ethanol extract of active constituent [30]. The chloroform extract of Polygonum cuspidatum (PCE) on mouse ear Polygonum aviculare isolated from Polygonum inflammation induced by 12-O- aviculare had a significant antibacterial effect tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, tested. The results showed PCE significantly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, reduced the ear edema in a dose-dependent Salmonella paratyphi, Shigella flexner, manner [18]. Additionally, the mRNA expressions Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subitilis, of TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein Streptococcus pyogenes, Aspergillus flavus, significantly decreased after treatment with the Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger [31]. In extract of Polygonum cuspidatum (containing 20 addition, the gingival index significantly % resveratrol) [19]. Similarly, well-organized decreased after treatment with Polygonum bands of collagen, fibroblasts and hair follicle aviculare extracts, indicating they could be useful increased, while the number of inflammatory for the therapy of gingivitis induced by bacteria. cells reduced after wound healing rats were The results showed total flavonoids were the treated with the extract from Polygonum effective part of its antibacterial activity [32,33]. cuspidatum [20]. Furthermore, Polygonum Polygonum orientale extracts also exhibited cuspidatum extracts significantly inhibited FCA- antibacterial effect, suggesting the extracts might induced joint swelling within3 days in FCA- be useful for controlling bacterial ring rot of induced adjuvant arthritis model [21]. Polygonum potato disease [34]. Polygonum capitatum Trop J Pharm Res, October 2014; 13(10): 1750 Dong et al extracts possessed bacteriostatic and carcinogenesis [46]. The ethyl acetate extract bactericidal properties by evaluated in vitro [35]. and tryptanthrin (50 mg/kg) from Polygonum Tryptanthrin and Kaempferol isolated from tinctorium Lour. exhibited anticancer activity on Polygonum tinctorium L significantly decreased intestinal tumors induced by azoxymethane the numbers of Helicobacter pylori colonies in (AOM) [47]. vivo and in vitro, indicating they could be indicated for anti-H. pylori therapy [36]. Antiviral effect Polygosumic acid (Fig. 1) from Polygonum viscosum could inhibit the growth of penicillin- Both ethanol extract and water extract of resistant Escherichia coli (MIC = 0.05 mg/ml) and Polygonum cuspidatum
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