PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science Review Article Abstract Introduction

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, THERAPEUTIC USES, BENEFITS AND SIDE EFFECTS OF BISTORTA VIVIPARA: A REVIEW

Amandeep Paul*, Antul Kumar and Nirmaljit Kaur

Department of Botany, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, Punjab, India *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received: January, 2018 – Accepted: May, 2018

Abstract Bistorta vivipara is a perennial herb belongs to the family Polygonaceae. It is highly distributed in Iceland, high elevation mountains regions and also grown in Alpine meadows, fields and Tibetan plateaus. It is commonly known as Alpine bistort, Serpent grass, Polygonum viviparam and viviparous knotweed. It originates from short, thickened rhizomes which is the rich source of starch. The best time to study this plant lasts from late June to early September. This herb contains a lot of medicinal values to treat dysentery, gastric problems, urinary tract disorders as well as pharyngitis. The root parts are highly used to cure piles, wounds, ulcers, vomiting and biliousness. It is a rich source of chemical constituents like volatile oils, flavonoids, gallic acid, tannins and saponins. It also has many bioactive effects viz; antibacterial, antioxidant, antitumor and antiarthritic properties. In this review paper the medicinal properties, side effects, chemical constituents of Bistorta vivipara has been explored. The whole plant parts are used to cure diseases including roots too.

Key words: Antibacterial, biliousnous, dysentery, flavonoids, gallic acid, Polygonum viviparam

Introduction September. This plant is highly known for its medicinal uses. The root or rhizome part istorata vivipara is generally is a rich source of starch and it is used to considered as an Alpine species, treat a number of disorders such as B are mainly found in high latitude bronchitis, piles, ulcers, wounds, vomiting regions. It is a perennial herb belongs to the and biliousness. Along with these it is also family Polygonaceae (Sanchez et al. 2009). used to several other diseases like dysentery, It is extensively distributed in mountain gastrointestinal disorders and pharyngitis. regions, Alps, Pyrenees and the Tibetan This plant having a large number of plateaus. It is commonly known as bistort chemical constituent’s volatile oils, alpine, viviparous knotweed and serpent. It flavonoids, gallic acid, saponins and tannins originates from short and thickened rhizome. (Peng et al., 2013). In addition Bistorta The stem is 10-30cm in length and vivipara is also used to perform bioactive terminates with narrow, dense, single effects viz; anticancerous, antibacterial, flowering spike. It is simple, erect, smooth antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic and bears single few leaves. The best survey and antioxidant. This plant is also known as period starts from late June to early blood flow rectifier. It is used to cure Paul et. al. | CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, THERAPEUTIC USES 180

PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______internal as well as external bleeding. It is crevices along the rocky shores. Sometimes highly astringent in nature that helps to it is also grown near the other shrub species prevent hemorrhages from lungs and like Alnus species. These herbs prefer Alnus stomach. Bistort roots are styptic and used to species because it provides unique cure fever, sore throats and ulcers (Lee et al. microclimate for their growth. This plant 2012). grown in great number in meadows, fields, Iceland and along the river banks and roads. Basic Information: These plants are highly grown under higher General Name: Bistort altitudes and also prefer moist soil, rich in Botanical name: Bistorta vivipara, silicic acid. This plant has a circumpolar Polygonum bistorta distribution. It is found from Peninsula and Hindi name: Amli, Kutrya Britain in the west, through the Pyrenees, Chinese name: Quan Shen Alps, Turkey, Central Europe, Russia and Other names: Common bistort, east in Northern China, Japan and Canada. snake weed, poor man’s cabbage, Description: snakeroot, oderwort, Bistorta vivipara is a perennial herb, which meadow bistort, can grow up to 1 meter. The roots are fleshy dragonwort, and cylindrical in shape. The leaves are easterman giants, green in colour on top while grey-green easter mangiants, underneath. The shape of the leaves is oval passion dock, sweet and pointed at the end. The basal leaves dock, patience dock, have a cylindrical petiole and lanceolate pudding grass. blade which is pointed at its tip. These are 2- Classification: 10 cm in length as well as long and stiff. Kingdom: Plantae The seeds of this plant are shiny and dark Order: Caryophyllales brown in colour and triangular in shape. Family: Polygonaceae Bistort blooms in the month of June and Genus: Bistorta July. The taste of its leaves is sour while Species: Vivipara roots or rhizomes are bitter and are astringent. The roots are the rich source of Basic plant information: starch which is highly used as a food. The Life cycle: Perennial flowering stem of this plant is short and Origin: Native approximately 15cm in length. The single Status: State threatened spike of flower is of 2-10 cm with small Habitat: Part shade, coniferous pinkish or white flowers. swamp, wooded shorelines, alpine Floral characters: meadows The flowers are radially symmetrical. There Bloom season: June-August are five sepals, petals or tepals in a single Plant height: 3-12 inches flower. The petals and sepals are fused and forming a tube or cup like structure. The Habitat and Distribution: number of stamen varies from 5-8 in Bistort is mainly found in wet areas, lakes, different-different species with purple beaches and at a lesser extent in bedrock anthers and 3 fused carpels. The lower ones

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______are replaced by bulbils. The colour of flower capitatum, i- P. jucundum, j- P. viscosum, k- is white in initial stages but it transforms P. hydropiper, l- P. hydropiper f. into pinkish or dark red colour at maturity. purpurascenes, m- P. minus, n- P. Flowers of bistorta plant are with punctatum, o- P. bellardii. corollaceous perianth, in a cylindrical spike. Flowering time starts from June until Edible parts of Bistort: autumn. Sr. Part Effects Bistort combines with: No. used Anemone chinensis Ash Bark 1. Leaves It is directly used as raw or Chrysenthemum L. Coptis cooked. These produces a Japanese honeysuckle Silkworm pleasant tart taste after Uncaria rhynchophylla Wild turmeric cooked. 2. Seeds These are also used as raw Nutrients in Bistorta: or cooked. These are small Flavonoids, Phlobaphene, Starch, Vitamin in size and shiny, used as A, Gallic acid, Polyphenols , Tannic acid pickle in Nepal. Seeds are and Vitamin C. highly rich in starch content. Types: A- Stilbene type, B- Flavonoid type, 3. Roots These are also used as raw C- Drimane sesquiterpenoid, D- Phenol or cooked form. Roots are type, E-Coumarin and isocoumarin types, F- the rich source of starch Lignan type, G- Chromone type, H- and pleasant in taste, small Alkaloid type, I- Sterol type, J- in size. They taste become Anthraquinone type, K- Xanthone type, L- best after roasting. Fatty alcohol acetate type, M- Naphthalene 4. Bulbils It is used as raw only, and type, N-Ester type. from lower part of flowering stem. Species: a- P. multiflorum, b- P. cuspidatum, c- P. aviculare, d- P. amphibium, e- P. persicaria, f- P. hyrcanicum, g- P. amplexicaule, h- P.

Bistorta vivipara collection at Keylong Valley

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Sr. No. Compounds Name Types Species Tissues References

1. 2,3,5,4’-Tetrahydroxystilbene- A a Tubers, Cheung et al (2014) 2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside roots 2. (E)-2,3,4’,5- A a Roots Kim et al (2008) Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-β-D- (6”-galloyl)-glucopyranoside 3 (E)-2,3,4’,5- A a Roots Kim et al (2008) Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-β-D- (2”-galloyl)-glucoside 4. (E)-2,3,5,4’- A a Roots Li et al (2013a) Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-(4”- O-α-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D- glucopyranoside 5. (E)-2,3,5,4’- A a Roots Li et al (2013a) Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-(6”- O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D- glucopyranoside 6. (E)-2,3,5,4’- A a Roots Li et al (2013a) Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β- D-glucopyranosyl-4’-O-α-D- glucopyranoside 7. (E)-2,3,5,4’- A a Roots Li et al (2013a) Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β- D-glucopyranosyl-5’-O-α-D- glucopyranoside 8. (E)-2,3,5,4’- A a Roots Li et al (2013a) Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-(2”- O-β-D-fructofuranosyl)β-D- glucopyranoside 9. Polygonumoside A A A Roots Yan et al (2014)

10. Polygonumoside B A a Roots Yan et al (2014)

11. Polygonumoside C A a Roots Yan et al (2014)

12. Polygonumoside D A a Roots Yan et al (2014)

13. Polyflavanostilbene A A b Rhizom Li et al (2013b) es 14. (Z)-2,3,4’,5- A a Roots Kim et al (2008)

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16. Mearsetin 3-O-β-D- B c Herbs Granica et al (2013) glucuronide

17. Querctin-3-O-β-D- B i Herbs Lin et al (2009) galactopyranoside

18. 8-Methoxyquercetin B i Herbs Lin et al (2009)

19. Apigenin B i,b Herbs(i Lin et al (2009) ), roots (ii) 20. Luteolin B i Herbs Lin et al (2009)

21. Kaempferol B h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c)

22. Quercetin-3-O-(6”-galloyl)-β- B j Whole Datta et al (2000) D-galactoside plant 23. 5,3’,4’,5’-Tetramethoxy-6,7- B e Herbs Lajter et al (2013a) methylenedioxyflavone 24. 3,5,3’,4’,5’-Pentamethoxy-6,7- B e Herbs Lajter et al (2013a) methylenedioxyflavone 25. (+) Catechin B f,g,b Aerial Moradi- Afrapoli et parts, al (2012a) roots 26. (-) Gallocatechin B f Aerial Moradi- Afrapoli et parts al (2012a) 27. Amplexicine B g Aerial Tantry et al (2012) parts 28. Quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3”,5”- B f Aerial Moradi- Afrapoli et diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) parts al (2012a) 29. Quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3”-acetyl- B f Aerial Moradi- Afrapoli et arabinofuranoside) parts al (2012a) 30. Quercetin-3-O-α-L- B f Aerial Moradi- Afrapoli et arabinofuranoside (avicularin) parts al (2012a) 31. Myricetin-3-O-αL-(3”,5”- B f Aerial Moradi- Afrapoli et diacetyl-arabinofuranoside) parts al (2012a) 32. Myricetin-3-O-αL- B f Aerial Moradi- Afrapoli et arabinofuranoside parts al (2012a) 33. Quercetin-3-O-(2”-O-galloyl)- B h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c) β-D-glucopyranoside

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______34. Quercetin-3-O-(3”-O-galloyl)- B h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c) β-D-glucopyranoside 35. Quercetin-3-O-(2”-O-galloyl)- B h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c) α-L-rhamnopyranoside

36. Quercetin-3-O-(3”-O-galloyl)- B h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c) α-L-rhamnopyranoside 37. Quercitrin B h,b Herbs, Zhang et al (2012c) roots 38. Kaempferol-3-O-α-L- B h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c) rhamnopyranoside 39. Polygodial C k,1,m,n Whole Asakawa et al plant, (2012) leaves, stem 40. Isopolygodial C k,1,m,n Whole Asakawa et al plant, (2012) leaves, stem 41. Drimenol C k1,k3,l, Whole Asakawa et al m,n plant, (2012) leaves, 42. Warburganal C k3 Leaves Asakawa et al (2012) 43. Drimenin C k1,k3,l Whole Asakawa et al plant, (2012) leaves 44. Isodrimenin C k1,k3,l Whole Asakawa et al plant, (2012) leaves 45. Cinnamolide C k3,m,n Leaves, Asakawa et al stem (2012) 46. Confertifolin C k3,l Whole Asakawa et al plant, (2012) leaves 47. Isodrimeninol C k3 Leaves Asakawa et al (2012) 48. Polygonumate C k2 Whole Asakawa et al plant (2012) 49. 7-Ketocoisodrimenin C k2 Whole Asakawa et al plant (2012) 50. Futronolide C k2 Whole Asakawa et al plant (2012) 51. Winterin C k2 Whole Asakawa et al plant (2012)

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______52. Dendocarbin L C k2 Whole Asakawa et al plant (2012) 53. 7β-Hydroxyiso-angeloyloxy-7- C k2 Whole Asakawa et al epi-futronolide plant (2012) 54. Changweikagnic acid A C k2 Whole Asakawa et al plant (2012) 55. Chlorogenic acid D g,b Aerial Tantry et al (2012) parts, roots 56. Caffeic acid D g Aerial Tantry et al (2012) parts 57. Gallic acid D g, b Aerial Tantry et al (2012) parts, roots 58. p-Hydroxybenzaldehyde D i Herbs Lin et al (2009)

59. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid D g Rhizom Xiang et al (2012) es 60. p-Hydroxybenzoic ethanol D g Rhizom Xiang et al (2012) es 61. Vanillin D g Rhizom Xiang et al (2012) es 62. Isovanillic acid D g Rhizom Xiang et al (2012) es 63. 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-benzoic acid- D g Rhizom Xiang et al (2012) butyl ester es 64. 4-Hydroxy-3- D g Rhizom Xiang et al (2012) methoxycinnamic acid es

65. 1-O-β-D-(6’-O-galloyl)- D h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c) glucopyranosyl-3-methoxy— hydroxybenzene 66. Ellagic acid D h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c)

67. Polygonolide E k3 Leaves Asakawa et al (2012) 68. 5,6- E g Aerial Tantry et al (2012) Dihydropyranobenzopyrone parts

69. Scopletin E g Aerial Tantry et al (2012) parts, rhizom es 70. (+)-Lyoniresinol-3a-O-[α-L- F o Aerial Abd El-Kader et al rhamnopyranosyl-(1”-6”)]-β- parts (2013a,b)

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______D-glucopyranoside 71. (+)-Isolariciresinol-3a-O-[α-L- F o Aerial Abd El-Kader et al rhamnopyranosyl-(1”-2”)]-α- parts (2013a,b) L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1”-6”)]- β-D-glucopyranoside 72. 3,5,7-Trihydroxychromone G i Herbs Lin et al (2009)

73. 5,7-Dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4- G h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c) one

74. (S)-2-(2’-hydroxypropyl)-5- G a Roots Zhao et al (2014) methyl-7-hydroxychromone-7- O-α-L-fucopyranosyl(1-2)-β- D-glucopyranoside 75. N-trans-ccaffeoyl-tyramine H f Aerial Moradi-Afrapoli et parts al (2012b) 76. Hirsutine H h Herbs Zhang et al (2012c)

77. β-Sitosterol-3-O-acetate I o Aerial Abd El-Kader et al parts (2013a,b) 78. β-Sitosterol I i,a Herbs, Lin et al (2009) roots 79. β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-D- I a Roots Xu et al (2006) glucoside

80. Physcion J a Roots Kim et al (2008) 81. Emodin J a Roots Kim et al (2008)

82. Emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside J a Roots Kim et al (2008)

83. Physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside J a Roots Kim et al (2008) 84. 1,8-Dihydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy- K o Aerial Abd El-Kader et al xanthone-5-O-[α-L- parts (2013a,b) rhamnopyranosyl-(1”-2’)]-β- D-glucopyranoside 85. 17-Hydroxypentacosanyl L o Aerial Abd El-Kader et al acetate parts (2013a,b) 86. Torachrysone-8-O-β-D- M a Roots Kim et al (2008) glucoside

87. Diisobutyl phthalate N g Rhizom Xiang et al (2012) es

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______raditional uses of Bistorta vivipara: leucorrhea and menstrual pain in women. This is also used to reduce bleeding during T For External Bleeding: The herb is menstrual periods and also relieves pain. usually applied to reduce or prevent internal The young leaves can be used as salad or as well as external bleeding from the human cooked as spinach because these are the rich body. We can prevent bleeding by making a source of Vitamin A and C. these two paste of its leaves and applied to the injured vitamins are highly responsible to cure part. This is a herbal remedy to cure ulcers, urinary tract diseases. gastritis, enteritis and also for irritable bowel syndrome. For Irritable Bowel Syndrome: This syndrome mainly affecting the large For Gum Diseases: By taking 2 tablespoon intestine and causes a lot of other problems rootstock powders in a cup of water and boil like abdominal pain, cramping, bloating, for 10-15 minutes to form liquid. Use it as a diarrhea or constipation. To cure these mouthwash against gum problems. It is also problems the bistorta herb act as a herbal used to cure inflammations of mouth. remedy and its active ingredients viz; flavonoids, tannins, flobafen, starch and For Wounds: In this we can use a herb as calcium play very important role. The high both paste as well as liquid form. For amount of these ingredients is present in preparing liquid solution, take 2-3 rootstock part of the herb. tablespoon of rootstock in powder form and boil it for 10 minutes. After forming a Anti-Inflammatory: This herb is also well solution we can directly apply it on wounds. known for treating inflammatory diseases of But in paste form the rootstocks are crushed mouth and throat. The tannins and with pestle mortar and adding few drops of flavonoids are the main constituents for water into it and applied at the wound curing disease like inflammatory, bacterial regions to cure the infection or disease. and viral diseases.

For Sore Throat: For treating this disease, For Diarrhea: To cure this disease, Bistorta take 1 tablespoon rootstock and half cup of herb may be combined with other herbs like water and boil it for 5-8 minutes. Take a Agrimony (Agrimonia eupatoria), Spotted mouthful at one time and half cup in a day. Geranium (Geranium maculatum) or It is also used as a lukewarm to gargle. English Oak (Quercus robur). Although bistorta herb is known for curing many other For Small Pox: Leaves are used to cure this diseases like bleeding, snake bites but it is disease, by preparing decoction of leaves highly well known as herbal medicine for and applied on the whole body. This is curing diarrhea. This herb has a large applied 3 times in a day with the help of amount of tannins which has a strong cotton. This herb shows high value of astringent and antibacterial property to cure antibacterial and antiviral in leaves. diarrhea.

For Urinary Tract Disorders: This plant is For Skin Diseases: Bistorta is a good herb best used to cure urinary tract diseases such to cure skin diseases like skin infection, skin as cystitis and incontinence. A decoction is eruptions, measles and burns. It also reduces prepared from the leaves to reduce blood flow from wounds and cuts. We can

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______prepare a paste or lotion for fast relief. This and nasal polyps. The dried rootstock, in the lotion is used to cure ulcers by applying form of extract is used to cure bleeding from directly on the skin. This herb is used to both internal as well as external body parts. treat Diabetes. For Purulent Otorrhea: This disease is For Hemorrhoids: Bistorta vivipara is also known as ear drainage which causes known as natural blood flow rectifier. It is inflammation in external or middle ear. This highly useful to cure bleeding disorders. It is may be serious or purulent. It is also mainly used to cure hemorrhages in lungs or associated with symptoms like fever, pain, stomach because it is highly astringent in hearing loss and ear bleeding. Bistorta nature. It also used to reduce nasal bleeds vivipara roots are used to cure this disease.

Bioactivities and Therapeutic Uses:

Sr. Therapeutic Chemical Plant Bioactivity References No effects drug species 1. Cardiovascul Resveratrol Polygonum It interacts with multiple Tang et al ar System cuspidatum, targets of cardiovascular 2014 grapes, disease model to induce a peanuts and reduction in cardiovascular berries risk parameters. Resveratrol also induces endothelial hyperpermeability by hyperglycemia, which Tian et al causes atherosclerosis in 2013 diabetes. It improves high-glucose- Polydatin P. induced hyperpermeability Ding et al cuspidatum through caveolae pathway. 2014

Polydatin attenuates cardiac hypertrophy through modulation of cardiac TSG calcium handling and Xu et al (2,3,4,5- P. calcineurin-NFAT signaling 2014a Tetrahydro multiflorum pathway. xy- stilbene-2- TSG shows an inhibitory o-β-D- effect against angiotensin II, Yao et al glucoside) induced proliferation of 2013 vascular smooth muscle cell.

TSG treatment is used to

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______cure atherosclerosis by inducing key proteins such as calreticulin, vimentin, HSP 70, lipocortin 1, Apo A-1. Lim et al Emodin Downregulated the activity 2014 P. of intracellular ROS and multiflorum suppressing Src-MEK 1/2- ERK 1/2 signaling pathway. Liu et al Physcion 2016 Inhibits toxic tension after P. suppressing PKSδ- Chen et al Catechin-3- cuspidatum mediated, inhibitor of 2012 O-gallate myosin phosphatase.

P. Increases the level of HTGL cuspidatum and lipolysis of triglyceride. Xiao et al Ellagic 2013 acid and Shows inhibitory effect Corilagin against neuraminidase (NA) Moradi- activity with IC50 value of Afrapoli et Cinnamoyl P. chinese 129.8, 44.8 and 21.3 al 2012b -phenethyl μmol/lt. Maheswara amides n and Confertifoli P. It shows anti-diarrheal Ignacimuth n hyrcanicum activity. u 2014

P. It shows anti-trypanosomal hydropiper activity.

Essential oil of this herb used to cure dengue fever

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______2. Anti- Trans- P. TPc shows antiproliferative Storniolo et cancerous piceid cuspidatum effects in Caco-2 cells of al 2014 activity (TPc) and grapes intestinal epithelial.

It inhibits signal transducer Kuang et al Methoxyst P. and activator of 2014 y-pandrone cuspidatum transcription 3 and nuclear factor-κB signaling. Ji et al Resveratrol It inhibits invasion and 2013 P. metastasis of colorectal cuspidatum cancer cells via MALAT1- mediated Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. Lajter et al Aqueous 2013b and organic 27 species shows anti- compound Fallopia, proliferative effect against Polygonum, HeLA, A431 and MCF7 Rumex, cells. Persicaria and Oxyria n-hexane, sps. chloroform and 50% P.hydropipe Shows inhibitory effect methanol r, R.alpines, against substantial cell R.aquaticus, growth and cell R.scutatus, proliferation. Hwangbo 3,5dihydro R. et al 2012 xy- benzyl thyrsiflorus

Reynoutria Inhibitory effect against japonica topoisomerase I than (Polygonum camptotherin. cuspidatum) It also shows inhibition Smolarz et Flavonoid against DNA topoisomerase al 2008 glucuronid II than the positive control es of etoposide. Wang et al P. 2014b Davidiin amphibium It shows antileukemic and activity. Ellagitanin Mohd P. Ghazali et cuspidatum It possesses antitumor al 2014 Myricetin- activity and reducing 3-O-5”- hepatocellular tumor growth

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______acetyl-α- of EZH2. Xie et al arabino- P. minus 2014 furanoside It exhibit marked cytotoxicity in HeLa and Resveratrol HepG-2 cells. -4-O-D-(2’ galloyl)- P. Zhang et al glucopyran cuspidatum 2014 o It exhibit anti-hepatocellular side carcinoma viability by inducing apoptosis via JNK Seya et al Polydatin and ERK pathway. 2014

P. cuspidatum It inhibits growth of lung 8-Methyl- cancer cells by inducing tryptanthrin apoptosis and arresting cell cycle. P. tinctorium It induces differentiation of P19CL6 embryonal carcinoma cells.

3. Antioxidant Polydatin P. It shows protection against Zhang et al activity cuspidatum carbon-tetrachloride, 2012a induced injury in mice.

Tetrahydro It helps to scavenging ROS Zhang et al xy-stilbene P. and hydroxyl peroxide 2012b multiflorum scavenging. EtoAc Nugraho et It shows maximum al 2014 P. aviculare scavenging activity for peroxynitrite by releasing Xanthone flavonoids. Abd El- and lignin Kader et al glycosides P. bellardii It proved significant 2013a antioxidant potential by 5,6- DPPH scavenging activity Tantry et al dihydro- test. 2012 pyranobenz Polygonum

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______o-pyrone, amplexicaul It also exhibit antioxidant amplexicin e activity in a DPPH radical Lv et al e scavenging assay. 2014 Polysaccha ride P.multifloru It shows strongest m antioxidant activity against free radicals, lipid oxidation and protein glycation. Flavonoids It exhibit antioxidant P. aviculare activity after cobining with other drugs like myricetin, myricitrin and desmanthin1. 4. On Nervous Resveratrol P. Reverses the effect of Liu et al system cuspidatum chronic mild stress, serum 2014 corticosterone level, BDNF expression in rats. Liu et al It attenuates oxidative 2012a damage and ameliorates cognitive impairment in Myricetin- brain. George et 3-O-5”- P. minus al 2014 acetyl-α- It possesses antioxidant, arabino- anticholinesterase activity furanoside and also shows Lee et al Hexane P.multifloru neuroprotective properties. 2014 m It helps to improves tissue Zhang et al Tetrahydro functioning. 2013 xy-stilbene P. glucoside multiflorum It attenuates neuroinflammation through Jo et al 8-hydroxy- inhibition of microglia 2013 calamenene activation. P.ellipticum Steele et al Resveratrol It improves the cell death of 2013 and hexane RGC-5 cells. P.cuspidatu m and It activate Nrf2, GSH and P.multifloru Cys-Gly booster. GSH m cleave to cysteine-glycine in order to maintain 5. Other intracellular GSH level. Cheung et activities 2,3,5,4- γ-glutamyl cysteine ligase al 2014 tetrahydrox enzyme is used to control

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______y-stilbene- the synthesis of GSH. 2-O-β-D- P. gluco- multiflorum It inhibits tyrosinase, Sun et al pyranoside downregulated the 2013 expression of melanogenic Udani et al proteins and reduction of 2014 Physta TRP1 complex formation. It also promotes hair growth. Kim et al P. minus 2013 n-hexane, and It is more effective than ethyl Eurycoma placebo and enhancing acetate, n- longifolia sexual performance. butanol and Bothon et water P. It inhibits pancreatic lipase al 2013 cuspidatum activity and adipogenesis. Semi- It also shows antiobesity alcoholic effect. Wang et al component 2013b s P. It exhibit α-glucosidase Proanthory senegalensis inhibitors effect and -anidines antioxidant in nature. Moradi- Afrapoli et P.multifloru al 2012a m It inhibits α-amylase and α- Phenols glucosidae activity and also reduces postprandial hyperglycemia.

P.hyrcanicu It also inhibits the activity m of α-glucosidase.

ide Effects and Toxicity: liver and responsible for liver failure (Ma et Although all varieties of polygonaceae al 2014). The mechanism of its toxicity is S family are harmless but sometimes it unknown yet, but some researchers observed causes some reactions like irritation of the that an idiosyncratic reaction occurs, which digestive tract, constipation, nausea and is responsible for forming genetic vomiting. This plant is highly beneficial polymorphism of CYP1A2. The inhibitor when taken in small or proper proportion but emodin stimulates its activity by stilbene it cause problems if we take this in high glucoside and inhibits the mRNA expression quantity. Polygonum multiflorum is the of UGT1A8 (Ma et al 2013). The other species which induces some toxic effects in variety P. cuspidatum increases the brain

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PLANTICA – Journal of Plant Science ISSN: 2456 – 9259 (The Official Publication of Association of Plant Science Researchers) Plantica, Vol. 2 (3), 2018: 180 – 199 www.jpsr.in ______concentration of carbamazepine (CBZ) and activities. Pharm. Boil., 51 (8): CBZE after inhibiting the activities of 1026-1034. CYP3A and MRP2 (Chi et al 2012). Asakawa, Y., Ludwiczuk, A., Harinantenaina, L., et al., (2012). Conclusion Distribution of drimane

t has been shown that medicinal plants sesquiterpenoids and tocopherols in are the good alternatives for many liverworts, ferns and higher plants: I diseases and harmful conditions. They Polygonaceae, Canellaceae and are more effective, less expensive and cause Winteraceae species. Nat. Prod. less or no side effects. Moreover they can be Commun., 7(6): 685-692. used by anyone without any prescription. Bothon, F.T., Debiton, E., Avlessi, F., et al., Bistorta vivipara plant is highly useful to (2013). In vitro biological effects of cure various harmful diseases like two anti-diabetic medicinal plants inflammation, infection, cancer, diarrhea etc. used in Benin as folk medicine. Approximate 70 chemical compounds BMC Complement . Altern. Med., including flavonoids, stilbenes, emodin, 13: 51. counmarins and ligans have been isolated Chen, K.T., Zhou, W.L., Liu, J.W., et al from this plant. There is no enough data (2012). Active neuraminidase about its chemical constituents and its uses, constituents of Polygonum so there is a need to investigate the various cuspidatum against influenza A pharmacological uses and expand its (H1N1) influenza virus. Zhongguo constituents at a high level. So, everyone Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 37 (20): 3068- can aware about its pharmaceutical benefits. 3073. The genus Bistorta also contains Cheung, F.W., Leung, A.W., Liu, W.K., biologically active substances and this is the Che, C.T., (2014). Tyrosinase reserve of medical remedies of a various inhibitory activity of a glucosylated directions of action. The each part of this hydroystilbene in mouse melan-a plant is used as medicine either it is of above melanocytes. J. Nat. Prod., 77(6): ground or below ground. The testing of all 1270-1274. the organs may become the goal of their Chi, Y. C., Lin, S.P., Hou, Y.C., (2012). A further study. new herb drug interaction of polygonum cuspidatum, a References resveratrol-rich nutraceutical, with

Abd El- Kader, A. M., Ahmed, A.S., carbamazepine in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Nafady, A.M.., and Ibraheim, Z.Z. Pharmacol., 263(3): 315-322. (2013a). Xanthone and lignan Datta, B.K., Datta, S.K., Sarker, S.D., glycosides from the aerial parts of (2000). Quercetin-3-O-(6”- galloyl) - Polygonum bellardi all growing in beta-D-galactoside from Polygonum Egypt. Pharmacogn. Mag., 9 (34): viscosum (Polygonaceae). Biochem. 135-143. Syst. Ecol., 28 (8): 805-807. Abd El- Kader, A. M., El-Readi, M.Z., Ding, W., Dong, M., Deng, J., et al., (2014). Ahmed, A.S., Nafady, A.M.., and Polydatin attenuates cardiac Ibraheim, Z.Z. (2013b). Polyphenols hypertrophy through modulation of 2+ from the aerial parts of Polygonum cardiac Ca handling and bellardi and their biological calcineurin- NFAT signaling

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