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Mexican Americans, Colonization, and Race a Dissertation

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Mexican Americans, Colonization, and Race a Dissertation UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles “The Border Crossed Us!”: Mexican Americans, Colonization, and Race A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Casandra Danielle Salgado 2019 © Copyright by Casandra Danielle Salgado 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION “The Border Crossed Us!”: Mexican Americans, Colonization, and Race by Casandra Danielle Salgado Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology University of California, Los Angeles, 2019 Professor Vilma Ortiz, Chair Among historians and social scientists, it is clear that Nuevomexicanos are a sub-population within the broader ethnoracial category of Mexican in the United States. Yet Nuevomexicanos continue to dis-identify with the “Mexican” category based on the colonial Spanish narrative in New Mexico. Why is this the case? Nuevomexicanos are the descendants of Mexican Americans who resided in New Mexico following the U.S.-Mexico War in 1848. Yet unlike other Mexican Americans, Nuevomexicanos often claim ancestral ties to Spanish settlers of New Mexico and do not have recent immigrant connections to Mexico. This distinction is important because it shapes how Nuevomexicanos view themselves ethnically and nationally in relation to other Mexican- origin people. Moreover, Spanish identification has waned in popularity over time, particularly for its false claim to being white; minimization of Mexican and mestizo roots; and valorization of colonization, that is, Indigenous subjugation. Nevertheless, Spanish identification can remain ii salient within a context where Nuevomexicanos are declining in demographic dominance to Anglo and Mexican newcomers. Given contentious debates regarding Spanish identification, why and how does Spanishness continue to be of relevance to Nuevomexicanos? To address this question, I analyze distinct aspects of Nuevomexicano group membership to offer critical insight into the maintenance and evolution of Spanish identification; Nuevomexicanos’ perceptions of unity and distance with other Mexican-origin people; and how race and racism operate for Mexican Americans, as a group. Overall, the Nuevomexicano case extends our understanding of how colonization and its persistence in the southwestern United States continues to be central to Mexican Americans’ racialized status. This means that both a colonization and racialization lens is critical to theorizing Mexican Americans’ and other Latinos’ positioning within the American racial and political landscape. iii The dissertation of Casandra Danielle Salgado is approved. Laura Gomez Phillip B. Gonzales Ruben Hernandez-Leon Vilma Ortiz, Committee Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2019 iv DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my family and their unconditional support, and to the research participants that generously shared their stories. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract of the dissertation..............................................................................................................ii Dedication........................................................................................................................................v List of Tables.................................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements......................................................................................................................viii Vita..................................................................................................................................................xi Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................1 Chapter 2: Mexican American identification: Regional Differentiation and Mexican Dissociation in New Mexico……………………………………………………………………….26 Chapter 3: Mexican Americans and Racial Frames: Intersecting Colonial and Color-blind Ideologies in New Mexico…………………………………………………………...59 Chapter 4: “My people are not from Mexico”: Mexican Americans’ Attitudes toward Mexican Immigrants and Immigration in New Mexico…………….........................................83 Chapter 5: Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………..119 Appendix: Tables…………………………………………………………………………….....132 References……………………………………………………………………………………....137 vi LIST OF TABLES Appendix: Tables Table 1. Percentage Distribution of Ethnic-Labeling Preferences among Nuevomexicanos......132 Table 2. Percentage Distribution of Ancestry Claims among Nuevomexicanos.........................133 Table 3. Percentage Distribution of Conceptions of Nationality among Nuevomexicanos........134 Table 4: Percentage Distribution of Race-Minimizing and Counter Frameworks among Nuevomexicanos...........................................................................................................135 Table 5. Percentage Distribution of Immigration Attitudes by Ancestry Claims among Nuevomexicanos...........................................................................................................136 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS There is no question that success in academia is a collective project. I am fortunate for the guidance of thoughtful and caring mentors. My sincerest gratitude goes out to my main advisor, Vilma Ortiz. I thank Vilma for believing in me from day one, and guidance through each stage of my academic career with kindness, intellectual rigor, and practical advice. I am also grateful to Phillip (Felipe) Gonzales whose generosity, patience, and unwavering support has been central to my intellectual growth. I thank Felipe for welcoming me to Albuquerque and offering invaluable academic guidance. To Vilma and Felipe, thank you for being wonderful role models. My deepest thanks also extend to Laura Gomez who constantly pushes me to situate my work within a broader comparative and historical context. I thank Laura for her precision and enthusiasm in supporting my writing and research. I am equally grateful to Ruben Hernandez- Leon for helping me think through my ideas-in-progress and invaluable insight. Early in my academic career, I benefitted from the guidance of Daniel Solorzano and Lisa Garcia Bedolla who helped me find a sense of belonging in academia. I thank Danny and Lisa for their commitment to building pipelines for students of color into the academy. To the members of UCLA’s Race and Immigration Research Group, I greatly appreciate your feedback on various drafts and presentations of my work. I am particularly grateful to the veterans of research group for their ongoing encouragement and intellectual support—Karina Chavarria, Aaron Crawford, Deisy Del Real, Laura Enriquez, Rocio Garcia, Susila Gurusami, Celia Lacayo, Laura Orrico, Carla Salazar Gonzalez, Ariana Valle, Irene Vega, and Sylvia Zamora. I also thank the many colleagues who have provided helpful comments—Leisy Abrego, Amada Armenta, Jessica Collett, Julie Dowling, Cecilia Menjivar, Abigail Saguy, Christina Sue, and Eddie Telles. viii I greatly appreciate the Sociology Department’s administrative and facilities staff who made research and teaching possible. I also thank UCLA’s Chicano Studies Research Center, Institute of American Cultures, and Graduate Division for their generous research support. In Albuquerque, I met many people that helped me create a home away from home. I am grateful for the friendships that enabled me to take a mental break from fieldwork—Rebecca Beals, Ryeora Choe, Erin Coleman, Jenna Dole, Kiri Mathsen, and Jon Williams. I appreciate Diana Fosse, Shoshana Handel, and Pat Olguin who kept an eye out for my safety. I am grateful to Holly Brause for her research assistance and thought-provoking conversations regarding fieldwork. I am also thankful for the valuable insight and suggestions of Megan Healy, Nancy Lopez, Margaret Montoya, Gabriel Sanchez, and Michael Trujillo. A special thank you to the people who went the extra mile to connect me with research participants. I also dedicate this dissertation, in part, to my research participants who shared their stories. Without your voice and generosity, this study would not have been possible. I cherish the years of friendship and encouragement of my cohort mates Rebecca DiBennardo, Ashley Gromis, Nicole Iturriaga, Miriam Martinez, and Anne White. I look forward to more laughs and memories at our writing retreats. I am grateful to Phi Hong Su and our ongoing check-ins that help me keep sane. I appreciate Rahim for entertaining my questions and jokes. I value friendships and conversations with Christina Chica, Josefina Morales Flores, Neil Gong, Jay Johnson, Chris Rea, Nada Ramadan, Amber Villalobos, Gary Yeritsian, and Amy Zhou. I am also grateful to Marta Bornstein, Kelly Connelly, Daisy Camacho-Thompson, and Helga Zambrano for sharing their talents and solidarity in the ups and downs of academia. I am indebted to my closest girlfriends, whose patience, laughter, and empathy has sustained me over the years. Briana Cardenas, Ariana Del Rio, Jennifer Guerrero, and Valerie ix Lizarraga—thank you for accepting me unconditionally since first grade. Mayra Betancourt, Vanessa Diaz, Carolina Jauregui, and Maxine Velasquez—thank you for your honesty and continued support even to a fault. Above all, I am grateful for the countless sleepovers, milestones, and scandalous times we have shared. I look forward to a lifetime of friendship. There are no words to express the deep gratitude I have for my family. I owe all my success to them. My mother has taught me
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