Und Atemgasanalyse Von Apnoetauchern

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Und Atemgasanalyse Von Apnoetauchern Aus der Abteilung für Rehabilitative und Präventive Sportmedizin der Medizinischen Universitätsklinik der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg Leistungsphysiologische- und Atemgasanalyse von Apnoetauchern INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des Medizinischen Doktorgrades der Medizinischen Fakultät der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau vorgelegt 2010 von Jule Metzger, geboren in Freiburg im Breisgau Dekan der Klinik: Prof. Dr. med. Christoph Peters 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. med. Kai Röcker 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. med. Stephan Sorichter Jahr der Promotion: 2010 Ich widme diese Arbeit meiner Familie. I. Inhaltsverzeichnis I. Inhaltsverzeichnis .......................................................................... 1 II. Abkürzungsverzeichnis ................................................................. 3 1 Einleitung........................................................................................ 5 2 Hintergrund..................................................................................... 7 2.1 Tauchen........................................................................................................7 2.2 Apnoetauchen...............................................................................................8 2.3 Flaschentauchen...........................................................................................9 2.4 Atemphysiologie..........................................................................................10 2.4.1 Anatomie der Lunge.............................................................................10 2.4.2 Physiologie des Gasaustausches ........................................................11 2.4.2.1 In Ruhe .........................................................................................11 2.4.2.2 Bei Belastung................................................................................11 2.4.2.3 In der Tiefe....................................................................................14 2.4.3 Der Tauchreflex ...................................................................................15 2.4.4 Atemantrieb..........................................................................................16 3 Fragestellungen............................................................................ 18 4 Material und Methoden ................................................................ 19 4.1 Probandenkollektiv......................................................................................19 4.2 Belastungslabor ..........................................................................................19 4.3 Versuchsaufbau ..........................................................................................19 4.4 Ergometer ...................................................................................................20 4.5 Respiratorisches Massenspektrometer.......................................................20 4.5.1 Gasmengenmessung...........................................................................20 4.5.2 Gaskonzentrationsmessung ................................................................21 4.5.3 Breath-by-Breath-Analyse....................................................................23 4.6 Laktatkonzentration im Blut.........................................................................24 4.7 Respiratorische Messwerte.........................................................................24 4.7.1 Atemfrequenz, Atemzugvolumen, Atemzeitvolumen............................24 4.7.2 O2-Aufnahme und CO 2-Abgabe ...........................................................25 4.7.3 Endtidale O 2- und CO 2- Konzentrationen.............................................25 4.7.4 FCO 2-Bestimmung in der Atemmittellage ............................................26 4.7.5 Alveoläre Ventilation ( VA) und Totraumventilation ( VD)........................27 4.7.6 Verhältnis von Totraumvolumen zu Atemzugvolumen (V D/V T).............28 4.7.7 Maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme ( VO2 max)...........................................28 1 4.7.8 Respiratorische anaerobe Schwelle (VT).............................................29 4.8 Statistische Methoden und verwendete Computersoftware ........................30 5 Ergebnisse.................................................................................... 33 5.1 Metabolische Messwerte.............................................................................34 5.1.1 Maximale Blutlaktatkonzentration ........................................................34 5.1.2 Relative maximale Leistung .................................................................34 5.1.3 Die individuelle anaerobe Schwelle .....................................................35 5.1.4 Laktatschwelle .....................................................................................36 5.2 Atemgasanalyse..........................................................................................36 5.2.1 Relative O ₂-Aufnahme und CO ₂-Abgabe.............................................36 5.2.2 Endtidale Sauerstoff- und Kohlenstoffdioxidfraktion.............................38 5.2.3 Atemfrequenz und Atemminutenvolumen ............................................40 5.2.4 Totraumvolumen und Atemzugvolumen ..............................................41 5.2.5 Die Atemäquivalente von O 2 und CO 2 am Kreuzungspunkt.................42 5.2.6 FCO 2 in Ruhe und bei Belastung.........................................................43 6 Diskussion .................................................................................... 45 6.1 Vergleich der Leistungsfähigkeit .................................................................45 6.1.1 Eigene Ergebnisse...............................................................................46 6.2 Pulmonaler Gasaustausch ..........................................................................47 6.2.1 Eigene Ergebnisse...............................................................................48 6.2.1.1 Atemfrequenz ...............................................................................48 6.2.1.2 Atemäquivalente von O 2 und CO 2.................................................49 6.2.1.3 Der Quotient aus Totraumventilation und Atemzugvolumen.........49 6.2.1.4 FCO 2.............................................................................................50 6.3 Schlussfolgerung.........................................................................................51 7 Zusammenfassung....................................................................... 53 8 Literaturverzeichnis ..................................................................... 54 9 Lebenslauf .................................................................................... 63 10 Danksagung................................... Fehler! Textmarke nicht definiert. 2 II. Abkürzungsverzeichnis A. Arteria AG Arbeitsgemeinschaft ATr „Respiratory Anaerobic Threshold“ ATP Adenosintriphosphat BMI „Body Mass Index“ BTPS body temperature, pressure, saturated °C Celsius cm Zentimeter CO 2 Kohlenstoffdioxid DPG Disphosphoglycerat EQCO 2 Atemäquivalent von Kohlenstoffdioxid EQO 2 Atemäquivalent von Sauerstoff FCO 2 Kohlenstoffdioxidfraktion FET CO 2 endtidale Kohlenstoffdioxidkonzentration FET O2 endtidale Sauerstoffkonzentration FO 2 Sauerstofffraktion fr Atemfrequenz FRC funktionelle Residualkapazität g Gramm IAS individuelle anaerobe Schwelle Jhd Jahrhundert kg Kilogramm KG Körpergewicht l Liter m Meter m2 Quadratmeter max. maximal mbar Millibar mg Milligramm min Minute ml Milliliter mm Millimeter mmHg Millimeter-Quecksilbersäule mmol Millimol ms Millisekunde 3 N Anzahl N. Nervus N2 Stickstoff O2 Sauerstoff PaCO 2 arterieller Partialdruck des Kohlenstoffdioxids PaO 2 arterieller Partialdruck des Sauerstoffs PCO 2 Partialdruck des Kohlenstoffdioxids PET O2 endtidaler Partialdruck des Sauerstoffs pH negativer dekadischer Logarithmus der Protonenkonzentration PiO 2 inspiratorischer Partialdruck des Sauerstoffs PO 2 Partialdruck des Sauerstoffs Q Perfusion RCP „Respiratory Compensation Point“ s Sekunde s. siehe SD Standardabweichung STPD „standard temperature, pressure, dry“ VA alveoläre Ventilation VCO 2 Kohlenstoffdioxidabgabe VD Totraumvolumen VD Totraumventilation VE Atemzeitvolumen VEGF „Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor“ vgl vergleiche VO2 Sauerstoffaufnahme VO2max maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme VT Atemzugvolumen VT „ventilatory Threshold“ = ventilatorische Schwelle µl Mikroliter µm Mikrometer 4 Einleitung 1 Einleitung Unter Tauchen versteht man definitionsgemäß das Eindringen eines Körpers in Flüssigkeit. Doch seit Menschengedenken, ist es mit dem Wunsch behaftet, die Geheimnisse der Unterwasserwelt zu entdecken und ihr ihre Schätze abzutrotzen. Seit Jahrtausenden versuchen Gelehrte und Erfinder Tauchgeräte zu entwickeln, die es möglich machen, immer noch tiefer und noch länger unter Wasser zu bleiben (s. Kapitel 2.1). Ozeane und Meere bedecken ca. 71% der Erdoberfläche und nur ein Bruchteil dessen ist trotz der langen Zeit der wissenschaftlichen Weiterentwicklung bisher erfahrbar [Patricia Soler , 2000]. Das Gerätetauchen ist die heutzutage bekannteste und häufigste Form, die Unterwasserwelt zu erforschen. Seit den 60er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts wurde es zunehmend populärer und die jährliche Anzahl von neu ausgestellten Tauchzertifikaten hat sich in den letzten 20 Jahren verdreifacht. Für manche ist es jedoch ein besonderer Reiz nur mit der eigenen Luft diese Welt zu entdecken; ohne lästiges Tauchgerät
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