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A Study on the Enamel Erosion Caused by Energy Drinks

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A Study on the Enamel Erosion Caused by Energy Drinks J Dent Hyg Sci Vol. 14, No. 4, 2014, pp.597-609❙ http://dx.doi.org/10.17135/jdhs.2014.14.4.597❙ RESEARCH ARTICLE A Study on the Enamel Erosion Caused by Energy Drinks Moon-Jin Jeong, Soon-Jeong Jeong1, Jung-Hui Son2, Sung-Kyun Chung3, A-Reum Kim4, Eun-Ju Kang5, Eun-Ju Kim5, Hye-In Kim5, Ko-Eun Jang5, Min-Hee Cho5, Ye-Ji Cheon5, Hyo-Jung Choi5 and Do-Seon Lim4,5† Department of Oral Histology and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, 1Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 626-790, 2Department of Dental Hygiene, Daewon University College, Jecheon 390-702, 3Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Shinhan University, Uijeongbu 480-701, 4Department of Dental Hygiene, Graduate School of Public Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 461-713, 5Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, Seongnam 461-713, Korea 시판되는 에너지음료의 법랑질 침식효과에 대한 연구 정문진ㆍ정순정1ㆍ손정희2ㆍ정성균3ㆍ김아름4ㆍ강은주5ㆍ김은주5ㆍ김혜인5ㆍ장고은5ㆍ조민희5ㆍ천예지5ㆍ최효정5ㆍ임도선4,5† 조선대학교 치과대학 구강조직발생학교실, 1영산대학교 보건의료대학 치위생학과, 2대원대학교 치위생과, 3신한대학교 보건과학대학 치위생학과, 4을지대학교 보건대학원 치위생학과, 5을지대학교 보건과학대학 치위생학과 To find out the effect of commercially available energy drinks on tooth enamel erosion, analyzed pH, buffering capacity, and the content of some of the inorganic components selecting 4 energy drinks that has high affinity of the products currently being sold. In addition, by observing the degree of erosion before and after immersion in energy drink by surface microhardness and scanning electron microscope (SEM) the results were as follows: Acidity of energy drink ʻBurn Intenseʼ was the lowest as 2.78±0.01 highest on distilled water as 6.475±0.01. ʻBurn Intenseʼ buffering capacity was 3.48±0.155 at pH 5.5, 1.88±0.15 at pH 7.0 which is the highest, and ʻHot6ʼ was 1.71±0.37, 1.23±0.35 on each of it showing the lowest points. Ca content on energy drink was the highest at ʻVolt Energyʼ as (77.21±2.70 mg/kg), the lowest at ʻHot6ʼ as (0.98±0.05 mg/kg). P content was the highest on ʻHot6ʼ(1.34±0.05 mg/kg) and detected at ʻRed Bullʼ. Enamel surface hardness variation of the energy drinks before and after immersion showed rapid decrease at ʻRed Bullʼ (66.65±35.60), and ʻVolt Energyʼ (61.96±31.42), ʻBurn Intenseʼ (58.53±24.84), ʻHot6ʼ (53.99±60.26) was in order. Distilled water, the control group, showed significant difference with the experimental group (p＜0.05). But there was no significant difference between energy drinks. At SEM observation and analysis, ʻBurn Intenseʼ was the most severe demineralization, ʻVolt Energyʼ, ʻHot6ʼ, ʻRed Bullʼ, distilled water was in order. In the above results, taken together there were no statistically differences between energy drinks but significant difference in comparison with distilled water. In addition, at SEM observation and analysis all energy drink caused dental erosion, especially ʻBurn Intenseʼ, has the lowest acidity, was serious. Thus, it is believed to provide a variety of oral health education and information about energy drinks that can affect the erosion of the teeth so public have the right to be recognized and reasonable dental care. Key Words: Buffering capacity, Energy drink, Erosion, pH, Scanning electron microscope Received: November 13, 2014, Revised: December 1, 2014, Accepted: December 1, 2014 ISSN 1598-4478 (Print) / ISSN 2233-7679 (Online) †Correspondence to: Do-Seon Lim Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, 553, Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam 461-713, Korea Tel: +82-31-740-7229, Fax: +82-31-740-7352, E-mail: [email protected] Copyright © 2014 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. J Dent Hyg Sci Vol. 14, No. 4, 2014 Introduction On a study about acidic drinks, When often drinks high acid beverage, erosion may cause on enamel17), Attin et Dental erosion and dental caries are typical disease al.18) reported that the enamel loss observed in the causing dental hard tissue damage. Recently, tooth erosion Coca-Cola and orange juice. Birkhed19) said about sport increases have been reported due to the influence of a lot beverage, Brunton and Hussain20) reported tea and herb of acidic drinks. Dental caries means the loss of the tooth tea, and Sim et al.21) reported fermented milk cause dental hard tissue by inorganic acid produced by the oral erosion. Snchez et al.22) said lower pH beverage you drink, bacteria1). Dental erosion means the loss of the irreversible aspect of dental erosion increase. Muller and Gortner23) dental hard tissue due to the chemical action of the acid reported aspect of enamel demineralization may appear without the involvement of bacteria2). differently depending on the pH of the beverage and kinds Dental erosion begins due to the demineralization of the of acid of beverage. Maupome et al.10) said the biggest enamel surface. When abrasion action is added, loss of factor that reduce the strength of the tooth surface when dental hard tissue accelerates and after the dentin is beverage applied to the primary and permanent teeth, if exposed, more severe hemorrhoids get loss. When teeth composition of long-time storage and frequent oral intake weakened by erosion, attrition and abrasion can cause of drinks appear. Also on a study about degree of acidic serious damage if the combination of action2). Dental beverages, concentration of the carbohydrate, Ca and P erosion, caused by frequent contact between the corrosive concentrations, potential of demineralization, product of acid and tooth surface, can be divided to exogenous and the acid, and termination about oral microorganism, endogenous factors by contact path3). Grenby et al.11) reported acid affects more on erosion than Endogenous factors, gastric reflux to stomach through caries and proper pH gives more effect on the erosion than esophagus to cause tooth erosion4-6), could cause serious pH in beverage. Not only was that the fruity or damage when gastric it contacts on tooth because of low carbonate-containing mineral in the water-induced salivary buffering capacity and flow. On exogenous fac- erosion24). tors, frequent intake of acidic foods and drinks7-11), acid On the otherwise, Johansson et al.25) said the longer the oral hygiene products12), and long-term use of acidic retention time of the drink the larger dental erosion drugs13) are the typical examples. In addition, when wo- increases especially carbonated drinks such as cola is rkers of battery factory exposed to sulfuric acid or workers associated on dental erosion. Ahn et al.26) reported when of galvanizing factory exposed to hydracid chloride, primary teeth specimens immersed in acidic beverages dental erosion occurs14). measured by surface micro-hardness reduction in the Among many factors that may cause dental erosion, hourly, surface microhardness decreased like 16.90% after acidic food and beverage is emerging as a new and impor- five minutes, 25.11% after ten minutes, and 41.62% after tant concern. In some advanced industrialized countries, 60 minutes. And among them, the reduction of flavored since dental erosion problem has emerged, it is argued that carbonated beverage was the largest. Also, Lussi et al.7) when acidic beverage consumption has steadily increased, observed surface hardness of personsʼ premolar immersed dental erosion will be more problematic clinically. But for 20 minutes to beverage, when compare a before and various acidic beverage was developed to continue, being after beverage treatment, after the treatment dental erosion able to access more easily, so consumption is increasing caused especially on a drink with a fruit acid. Venables et day by day. Also, it is a big problem that major consumer al.8) and Hooper et al.9) reported the type of beverage that groups are children and adolescents15). It is well known is consumed gives the biggest effect on enamel loss as a that most of the beverage on the market is acid. In Korea, result of attaching the removable device on human tooth on a study of Choi and Shin16), measuring pH of various enamel erosion effect of the drink. In addition, Ahn et al.27) commercial beverage, which is 158 kinds, Most of beve- said on a study of erosion of the enamel surface species of rage, except milk products, showed lower than pH 4.0. soft drinks, the four types of soft drink except for the milk 598 Moon-Jin Jeong, et al：A Study on the Enamel Erosion Caused by Energy Drinks products, caused demineralization of the tooth surface and concern. But most of the studies have been limited to intensified in accordance with the time of exposure. high-caffeine beverage intake that targets a specific layer Additionally, energy drink which has strong recognize as a of empirical research on youth and energy drinks erode healthy drink due to ads, sparkling water with low acidity, tooth situation is almost incomplete. drinks containing citric acid known to be effective in Therefore, this study was conducted for the purpose of relieving fatigue, and orange juice is reported has a analysis and investigation on the effect of these energy connection with dental erosion24,28,29). drinks on enamel erosion. First of all selects four kinds of Recently, this is a situation that changes in diet and the energy drinks commercially available on domestic, analy- consumption of various types of signs demand for food ze acidity, buffering capacity, and the content of the main increases as per the processing technology improves the inorganic component and measure the surface hardness standard of living and food development.
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