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Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Spirulina

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Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Spirulina Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2005, 6, 373-379 373 Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Spirulina Zakir Khan, Pratiksha Bhadouria and P.S. Bisen* Department of Biotechnology, J.C. Bose Institute of Life Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi 284128, U.P., India Abstract: Spirulina, a filamentous cyanobacterium, possesses diverse biological activities and nutritional significance due to high concentration of natural nutrients, having bio-modulatory and immuno-modulatory functions. Different Spirulina preparations influence immune system viz. increase phagocytic activity of macrophages, stimulating the production of antibodies and cytokines, increase accumulation of NK cells into tissue and activation and mobilization of T and B cells. Spirulina have also shown to perform regulatory role on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by exhibiting glucose and lipid profile correcting activity in experimental animals and in diabetic patients. Preparations have been found to be active against several enveloped viruses including herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza virus and HIV. They are capable to inhibit carcinogenesis due to anti-oxidant properties that protect tissues and also reduce toxicity of liver, kidney and testes. Key Words: Spirulina platensis, Ca-Sp, Sulpholipid, Cyanovirin-N, Phycocyanin, Beta-carotene, HIV, Immunomodulatory. INTRODUCTION different purposes like weight loss,fitness, bodybuilding and wellness. Spirulina, a planktonic blue green alga, is a traditional food of some Mexican and African people. They are one of NUTRITIONAL VALUE the oldest forms of life growing in warm water alkaline vol- canic lakes on earth for the last 3.5 billion years or so. The The Spirulina species contain significant amount of valu- cellular structure of this alga is spiral shape and similar to able proteins, indispensable amino acids, vitamins, beta- that of a simple prokaryote. The most commonly used spe- carotene, mineral substances, essential fatty acids, polysac- cies of Spirulina for nutritional supplements are Spirulina charides, glycolipids and sulpholipids etc [6-9, 45, 67]. The platensis (S. platensis) and Spirulina maxima. This alga has addition of Spirulina to the diet can give a wide range of a long history of use as a food and can grow in many places vital nutrients. Certain features are common to all edible around the world [8]. The alga possesses an amazing ability Spirulina. They are accepted as functional food, which are to thrive in conditions much too harsh for other algae. Habi- defined as products derived from natural sources, whose tats with sufficient Spirulina growth include the Pacific consumption is likely to benefit human health and enhance Ocean near Japan and Hawaii, large fresh water lakes, in- performance. Spirulina contains high level of various B vi- cluding Lake Chad in Africa, Klamath Lake of North Amer- tamins, and minerals including calcium, iron, magnesium, ica, Lake Texcoco in Mexico, and Lake Titikaka in South manganese, potassium and zinc [6, 13]. They also act as a America. It has a soft cell wall made of complex sugars and suitable matrix for biotechnological incorporation of new protein [2]. Increasing interest is being shown in S. platensis food trace element preparation. It is a good source essential by commercial firms because of its global market potential. fatty acid , gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) [9, 45]. 10 gm of Several species contain very rich unusual nutritional profile Spirulina contains over 100mg of GLA [44, 57]. Protein and the bioavailability of various nutrients is very high. contents of Spirulina are very good. It contains up to 70% Moreover, Spirulina species exhibit anti-viral, anti-bacterial, protein of dry weight [11] which is ten times more than soy- anti-fungal, anti-parasite activities. Spirulina preparations bean and three times to that of beef protein. It provides full contribute to preservation of resident intestinal microbial compliment of nine essential amino acids [7]. Spirulina is flora, especially Lactobacillus and Bifidus that’s why it re- also known to contain high percentage of glycolipids and duces potential problems from opportunistic pathogens like sulpholipids [30]. It contains 5-8% lipid, from which 40% E. coli, and Candida albicans [46]. are glycolipids and 2-5% are sulpholipids which is of great therapeutic value. Spirulina contains high amount of Millions of people eat Spirulina cultivated in scientifi- cally designed algal farms. Current world production of S. bioavailable vitamin B12 and this is particularly important for platensis for human consumption is more than one thousands vegetarians who often find it hard to get this nutrient in their metric tons annually. The USA leads world production fol- diet [10, 67]. Pigment content including chlorophyll and lowed by Thailand, India, Japan and China. Several multina- beta-carotene and vitamin E level is also high [14]. Pig- tional companies cash the nutritive and therapeutic value of ments, called phycobilins, include phycocyanin and allophy- Spirulina and is marketed as different trademarks in the form cocyanin [13, 20, 39]. Phycobilins are similar in structure to bile pigments such as bilirubin. In Spirulina cell, phycobilins of powder or tablets (Table 1). They are being used for are attached to proteins; the phycobilin-protein complex called phycobiliprotein [4, 49]. Studies have shown that the *Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Biotechnology, nutrients of Spirulina are readily absorbed by the body and J.C. Bose Institute of Life Sciences, Bundelkhand University, Jhansi help to bring nutrient status up to normal level. This is espe- 284128, U.P., India; E-mail: [email protected] cially true for minerals such as zinc and iron and vitamins 1389-2010/05 $50.00+.00 © 2005 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd. 374 Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2005, Vol. 6, No. 5 Khan et al. Table 1. Some Well Known Companies Marketing Spirulina Name Industry/ Trading company Product name Lithose Food MAF Group Company Parrys Spirulina Netherland Cyanotech Corporation Spirulina Pacifica 73-4460 Queen Kaahumanu, Hwy, suit 102, Kailua, Hawaii 96740 Kats Herbs Spirulina Tablet (200 mg, 500mg) 3206, N. Wisconsin,Racine, WI 53402 Spirulina Powder Jiangsu Cibainian Nutrition Food Co. Ltd. New World Center, B Tower Spirulina Powder (Mod. No. 100, 112, 114) 40 floor, No.88, Zhujiang Road, Spirulina Tablet (Mod. No. 101, 108, 111, 113, 115) Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China Spirulina Energy Drink (200 ml pet bottle) Axem Agro, Food Pvt. Ltd. Spirulina Energy Drink (Powder form in sachet pack) House 197, Road-1, New DOHS, Spirulina Tablet (60’s pet bottle) Mohakhali, Dhaka-1206 Spirulina-Garlic Coplet (60’s pet bottle) Organic Spirulina powder Evolutionary Health Org. Ltd. Organic Spirulina Tablet P.O. Box 8036 Premium Spirulina powder New Polymouth, New Zealand Premium Spirulina Tablet IMPAG Cosmetic & Pharmaceutical Industry, Spirucom Prits-Remy Str. 25, 63071, Offenbach, Germany Nan Pao Pvt. Ltd. Spirulina Tablet (200mg, 500mg) Taiwan Spirulina Powder Source Naturals Rainbow light Division of Health Genetics Corp. Hawaiian Spirulina 9429 Harding Avenue, Unit 12, Surfside, FL33154, USA Nature’s Way Chinese Species 149 Valleyview Drive, China Earthrise Nutritionals Inc. Spirulina Green Super Food For Life (Trading Company) Spirulina Gold Glenny’s Spirulina Sunrise Bar (Trading Company) Nutrex Spirulina Pacifica GNC Fingerprinted Spirulina (Trading Company) Quindao Binhua Industry Co. Ltd. Spirulina Tablet (Trading Company) Spirulina Powder Biz Dimention Co. Ltd. Spirulina Capsule (Trading Company) Spirulina Powder The Wolfe Clinic Spirulina Microclusters (Trading Company) [25]. In rats, Spirulina appears to be effective in improv- WHO has described Spirulina as one of the greatest super ingthe iron status during pregnancy and lactation [29]. Due foods on earth and NASA considers it as an excellent com- to easy bioavailability of nutrients including minerals, it may pact food for space travel, as small amount can provide a be a good choice for women during pregnancy and lactation. wide range of nutrients. It is also beneficial for malnourished children [61]. The Nutritional and Therapeutic Potential of Spirulina Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 2005, Vol. 6, No. 5 375 Spirulina used for the production of nutritional supple- Polysaccharides and phycocyanin from Spirulina in- ments is either grown in outdoor tanks or harvested from big creased immunity in mice by enhancing bone marrow repro- bioreactors. Nutrient content depends on the location and duction, thymus growth, and spleen [16, 19, 53, 55, 69]. It environment in which the alga grows. Harvesting procedures was reported that Spirulina up-regulates key cells and organs may also influence the content of vitamins and antioxidants. of the immune system improving their ability to function in Percentage of specific components of Spirulina can be in- spite of stress from environmental toxins and infectious creased or decreased according to need by growing under agents. Studies on animal models documented that phyco- regulated growth conditions. cyanin of Spirulina stimulates hematopoiesis, especially erythropoiesis by inducing erythropoetin hormone (EPO). BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF SPIRULINA There is also evidence (Fig. 1-3) that c-phycocyanin and polysaccharides of Spirulina enhance white blood cell pro- There is no doubt that Spirulina is a highly acknowl- duction [54, 55]. The percentage of phagocytic macrophages edged nutritious
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