Productive Citizenship and Mental Health in Adolescent Literature

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Productive Citizenship and Mental Health in Adolescent Literature Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 6-17-2021 11:30 AM Capital Distress: Productive Citizenship and Mental Health in Adolescent Literature Jeremy TL Johnston, The University of Western Ontario Supervisor: Green-Barteet, Miranda, The University of Western Ontario A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in English © Jeremy TL Johnston 2021 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Children's and Young Adult Literature Commons Recommended Citation Johnston, Jeremy TL, "Capital Distress: Productive Citizenship and Mental Health in Adolescent Literature" (2021). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 7876. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/7876 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Abstract This dissertation explores the complexities of adolescent mental health under neoliberal capitalism in twentieth- and twenty-first-century U.S. fiction about and for adolescents. Drawn on research that defines youth citizenship as responsibilities-based in nature, this project outlines the ways contemporary young adult (YA) novels of mental distress reveal an inextricable link between adolescent mental health and the conditions of what I term productive citizenship. Constituting my theorization of productive citizenship are three distinct tenets adolescents must adhere to: (1) displaying the motivation to achieve specific goals; (2) showing a propensity for self-reliance and individuality; and (3) accepting the translation of political concerns into personal, psychological issues and resolving those issues through individual treatments. Should an adolescent refuse or be unable to uphold any of these tenets, they become a risk to society and must be tamed. I contend that contemporary YA novels of mental distress detail this taming process. My introduction reviews the relevant research to this discussion, which includes but is not limited to Marxist and Youth criticism, as well as contemporary YA scholarship. Chapter one considers how the history of productive citizenship threads together with the literary roots of adolescent mental distress in novels by J.D. Salinger, Joanne Greenberg, John Neufeld, and Virginia Hamilton. In Chapter two, I interpret therapeutic treatment as a contemporary disciplinary practice of femininity in novels by Julie Halpern, Laurie Halse Anderson, and Meg Haston, while in chapter three I examine how masculine silence informs adolescent mental health in novels by Stephen Chobksy, Michael Thomas Ford, and Adib Khorram. Lastly, chapter four explores the use of psychiatric spaces in novels by Ned Vizzini and Francisco X. Stork to argue how the depiction of these facilities undermines the neoliberal definitions of “health” by replicating the living conditions of a pre-industrial society. Collectively, these novels inevitably urge the ii acceptance of broader political concerns as individual issues by centring the symptoms of distress rather than its root causes. As a result, the model of young adulthood encouraged within the neoliberal capitalism of many recent YA novels of mental distress is productive citizenship. Keywords Productive citizenship; capitalism; mental health; U.S. literature; adolescent; young adult; mental distress; mental illness; gender; therapy; therapeutic treatment; neoliberalism; Marx; J.D. Salinger; Joanne Greenberg; John Neufeld; Virginia Hamilton; Julie Halpern; Laurie Halse Anderson; Meg Haston; Stephen Chboksy; Michael Thomas Ford; Adib Khorram; Francisco X. Stork; Ned Vizzini iii Summary for Lay Audience This dissertation is about adolescent mental health in the contemporary United States, and how teenagers struggling with mental illness or mental distress are pressured to be active contributors to society. They are pressured, for instance, by parents, therapists, medical professionals, family, and friends, to work through their mental health issues, as they have a responsibility to become productive adults in the workforce. As a result of this pressure, the mental health support these teenagers receive is designed with specific outcomes in mind. This support is considered successful when the teenagers receiving it display three important characteristics: (1) the motivation to achieve specific goals; (2) a sense of independence and a self-reliant attitude; and (3) the acceptance that they need personal therapy or medication to treat their mental health concerns. On the surface, these outcomes appear to be noble and positive. However, these outcomes focus solely on how individual adolescents respond to distress. These treatments, therefore, are not designed to address the external factors causing adolescent mental distress. By considering a range of contemporary young adult (YA) novels, I examine the mental health treatments offered to characters with mental illness or who experience mental distress. By examining the cultural narratives and stories written about this issue, I glean insight into what is considered a “happy ending” for adolescents with mental illness. I specifically explore how the mental health treatments designed to secure these happy endings are constructed differently depending on an adolescent’s gender. Ultimately, however, all of the adolescent protagonists I discuss are inevitably encouraged to become what I call productive citizens. In other words, they must display the characteristics that illustrate their potential to be productive workers in society. At the same time, they must accept the sole responsibility for their mental health, while the broader social, political, and economic iv pressures they face, which contribute to their distress, remain unchanged. Thus, this dissertation considers the relationship between adolescent mental health and the system of neoliberal capitalism, and how the mental health treatments available within that system are insufficient in truly addressing the root causes of our current mental health crisis. v Acknowledgments There is no way for me to capture my eternal gratitude to my supervisor, Miranda Green-Barteet. From the first day we met to the final review of this project, you have been nothing but supportive, thoughtful, and encouraging. Your influence, your character, and your patience have made me a better academic and a better person. Thank you for being the best mentor and guide that I could ask for on this journey. A special thanks goes to my examination committee, Kate Stanley, Joel Faflak, Paulette Rothbauer, and Derritt Mason, for offering your insights, your time, and for allowing me to defend my thesis during a global pandemic. I extend this special thanks to my second reader, Thy Phu, for all of your invaluable feedback and for treating me like a colleague. To other faculty and staff members of the Western English department: M.J. Kidnie, Michelle Hartley, Gabrielle Ceraldi, Alyssa MacLean, Matthew Rowlinson, Donna Pennee, Josh Schuster, Manina Jones, Stephen Bruhm, Stephen Adams, Leanne Trask, Beth McIntosh, and Vivian Foglton: thank you for your support, your advice, your letters, and your commitment to supporting graduate students. To my fellow English colleagues: Christine Campana, Jeffrey Swim, Tim Golub, Sarah Blanchette, Kris Abramoff, Andrew Sargent, Chinelo Ezenwa, Ariana Potichnyj, Melanie Byron, Colton Sherman, Adam Debosscher, Rajarshi Banerjee, Sheetala Bhat, Amala Poli, Anmol Dutta, Stuart Cheyne, Blake Robertson, Joo Ae Bae, Erin Akerman, Taylor Kraayenbrink, Cameron Riddle, Diana Samu-Visser, Thomas Sorensen, Lisa Templin, Jackie Reed, Courtney Church, Ian Hynd, Mohammad Sharifi, Caroline Diezyn, Adam Bowes, Julia Garcia, and the countless others: thank you for your friendship and for vi allowing me the privilege to share in your graduate journey. Your research matters. Your voice matters. And I’m so proud of you all. I would also like to thank my SOGS colleagues: kirstyn, Becky, Yousuf, Effie, Heidi, Jessica, and Raquel: thank you for your friendship and support, particularly in this final year. To my cherished friends: Chris, James, Sage, Nicole, Camilla, Michelle, Risa, Jeremy, Jord, Emily, Adam, Charlotte, Ben, Erind, Anisa, and several others: thank you for listening to my tangents, for supporting my scholarship, and for believing in me. Thank you to my future in-laws: Dave, Danise, Dave, Marina, Brett, Nash, Ab, and Martha. Your love and support have meant the world to me. Thank you to my immediate family who made me who I am today: Alissa, Jason, Paige, Noah, Simba and Nala, Mom, and Dad. You’ve been with me since I refused to pick up a book, and now I’m writing about them. I love you all so much and thank you from the bottom of my heart. And finally, this dissertation would never have happened without the love and support from my fiancé and best friend: Danica Facca. I met you on the first day of my Ph.D. program and your mind and your character blew me away. There is no one I would rather talk with, think with, and this dissertation exists because of who you are. You make me a better scholar, a better human, and I cannot thank you enough for supporting me and this idea of mine to the end of the line. Now it is your turn, and I will do everything I can to be the partner you were to me as you write your own project.
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