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An Architectural Redevelopment of Union Station, Toronto

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An Architectural Redevelopment of Union Station, Toronto AN ARCHITECTURAL REDEVELOPMENT OF UNION STATION, TORONTO by Leslie Parker Submitted in partial hlfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture (First Professional) at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia Aprü 2001 O Copyright by Leslie Parker, 2001 National Library Bibliothèque nationale m*l of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services sewices bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellingîon OttawaON KlAON4 OttawaON KlAW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence ailowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Caaada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in rnicroform, vendre des copies de cette îhèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de rnicrofiche/film7de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts hmit Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Dedication To my parents, for their constant help and support throughout my university education. Contents List of Illustrations ....................................................................................................... vi Abstract ................... ... ............................................................... .... ................................ x Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 History and Place of Train Stations in the Urban Fabric ............................ 1 Union Station and its Place in the Urban Environment of Toronto ............ 6 The Modem Station and The Ancient Bath ........................................... Il Spatial Sequences ..................................................................................... 13 Union Station - The Building ................................................................... 15 Design Strategies .................... .. ............................................................................ 19 Urban Strategy ................... .... ............................................................ 19 Building Strategy ...................................................................................... 21 Design ......................................................................................................................... 23 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 32 References .................................................................................................................. 33 List of Illustrations Except as noted, al1 drawings and photographs are by the author. 1. Early types of station plan, by Cesar Daly. From Meeks 1978. 2. Types of train stations. From Holland 197 1. 3. Hauptbahnhof, Leipzig ( 1907- 15). William Lossow and Max Hans Kuhne, architects. From Meeks 1978. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid. 6. Hauptbahnhof, Dresden (1 892-98). C. F. Muller, architect. From Meeks 1978. 7. Waterloo International Station, London (1994). Nicholas Grimshaw and Partners, architects. From Sheppards 1 996. 8. Tracks at Grand Central Station, New York (1 9 12). From Nevins 1982. 9. Grand Central Terminal, New York (198 1). From Nevins 1982. 10. Hauptbahnhof, Hamburg ( 1903-06). Heinrich Reinhardt and Georg Sossenguth, architects. From Meeks 1978. 11. Ibid. 12. Slependen Station, Oslo ( 1993). Arne Henrikson, architect. From Cerver 1997. 13. Aerial photo of Union Station. From Toronto Land Information Services 1998. 14. Union Station: existing ground floor plan. 15. View of east wing of Union Station from Front Street. 16. Ticket Hall, Pennsylvania Station, New York (1906- 10). McKim, Mead, and White, architects. From Meeks 1978. 17. York Street - existing section. I8. Bay Street - existing section. 19. Intenor of Union Station train shed (1929-30). From Richardson 1972. 20. Approach to Union Station train sheds. 2 1. View of the temporary York Street bridge (1925-29). From McMann. 22. South entry to York Street underpass. 23. VIA Departures Hall at Union Station. 24. Thermae of Diocletian, restored perspective. From Yegul 1992. 25. Thermae of Caracalla, restored perspective. From Yegul 1992. 26. Thermae of Caracalla, restored perspective of frigidarium. From Yegul 1992. 27. Great Hall at Union Station. 28. Spatial sequence model by Luigi Moretti. From Moretti 1974. 29. Union Station: spatial sequence model of existing station. 30. Stansted Airport, London (1 990). Norman Foster, architect. From Cerver 1997. 3 1. Union Station. From Meeks 1978. 32. Great Hall, Union Station. 33. GO Transit concourse. 34. GO Transit concourse. 35. Union subway station concourse. 36. Union subway station platform. 37. Metal canopy covering moat between Union subway station and GO Transit. 38. GO Transit circulation study: evening peak flow. From Roger du Toit Architects Limited. 39. GO Transit circulation study: moming peak flow. From Roger du Toit Architects Limited. 40. Aerial photo of existing development around Union Station. From Toronto Land Information Services 1998. 4 1. Projected 20-year developrnent around Union Station. 42. Staircase as civic space: Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome (1384). From Rudofsky 1964. 43. Bridge as civic space: Joirst of the Mariners berween Pont Notre-Dame and Pont au Change. by Raguent. From Rudofsky 1964. 44. Front Street entry to proposed pedestrian bridge, Union Station. 45. Train sheds at Stazjone Centrale, Milan (1 9 13-30). Ulisse Stacchini, architect. From Meeks 1978. 46. Union Station: Mode1 of proposed development. 47. Ibid. 48. Ibid. 49. Union Station: Plan of existing ground level. 50. Union Station: Plan of proposed ground level. 5 1 . Union Station: Plan of existing upper level. 52. Union Station: Plan of proposed upper level. 53. Union Station: Key plan. 54. Union Station: Section A, existing. 55. Union Station: Section A, proposed. 56. Union Station: Section B, existing. 57. Union Station: Section B, proposed. 58. Union Station: Section C, existing. 59. Union Station: Section C, proposed. 60. Union Station: Section D, existing. 6 1. Union Station: Section D, proposed. 62. Bay Street: Proposed section. 63. York Street: Proposed section. Abstract How can the existing Union Station, a gateway and transit centre for the city of Toronto, be altered to recognize the routes of traveler and pedestrian and the potential for new waterfront development to the south of the station? The site for this project is the existing Union Station in Toronto, Ontario. It is an old building that has served as a landrnark for Toronto for the past century. Union Station currently houses VIA Rail, GO Transit, Union subway station, shops and offices. Be- cause of changing spatial and programmatic requirements over the last eighty years, the different programs at Union Station do not connect well together. The station suffers from poor circulation, poor quality of space, and poor transition between spaces. Also, the train tracks that service Union Station have created a barrier to the Toronto water- front. In recent years the city has expressed an interest in renovating the station as part of a larger waterfront redevelopment scheme which is associated with Toronto's 2008 01- ympic bid. This thesis proposes to renovate and add to Union Station in a way that integrates it into the urban fabric so that it serves as a bridge to the waterfront rather than a banier. It ais0 attempts to clan@ traveler and pedestrian routes through the station and places of con- nection between different routes. Acknowledgements 1 would like to thank Stephen Parcell and Christine Macy for their guidance throughout this thesis. 1 also would Like to thank Chung Lee and Terry Kim for their rnuch appreciated help with presentation work. Introduction How can the existing Union Station, a gateway and transit centre for the city of Toronto, be attered to recognize the routes of traveler and pedestrian and the potential for new waterfiont developrnent to the south of the station? History and Place of Train Stations in the Urban Fabric Since train stations were first introduced as a building type in the l83O's, architects and engineers have been trying to firid ways of dealing with station houses, train sheds, train mcks and the disruption they introduce into the city. Train stations are necessary for 2C TI0 UD.0 O*SWI~~3.- YD.0 y' +on. .ioro cai.iuinou mmLIIN no mm- witu *.O w~m 5w sr. rmco. imn ..cuw,~wa the life of the city but also cause huge ruptures in the urban fabric. Today, train 41. on. SiM no sYCD stations, especially existing riv ,om-iri~ ~rnums S~TIO* -7-0 .17,4iYC P*js...C14) a.*mm ones with tracks already in the Fig. 1. Early iypcs of station plan. by Cesar Daly downtown core, are invaluable to large cities as public transit cores, and as centres for transcontinental transportation that bring passengers into the city core. Cesar Daly, editor of the Revue Generale de l'Architecture, made the first attempt in 1 846 to reduce to order the proliferating chaos of station types. He clairned there were only four, if stations were classified according to the arrangements for entering
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