United Nations S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1)

Security Council Provisional Sixty-ninth year 7161st meeting Monday, 28 April 2014, 3 p.m. New York

President: Mr. Sarki/Mr. Wali ...... (Nigeria)

Members: Argentina ...... Mr. Dalo Australia ...... Mr. Nankervis Chad ...... Mr. Mangaral Chile ...... Mr. Barros China ...... Mr. Zhao Yong France ...... Mr. Bertoux Jordan ...... Mr. Omaish Lithuania ...... Luxembourg ...... Ms. Lucas Republic of Korea ...... Ms. Paik Ji-ah Russian Federation ...... Mr. Iliichev Rwanda ...... Ms. Uwizera United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . . . . Mr. Baki United States of America ...... Mr. DeLaurentis

Agenda Maintenance of international peace and security Security sector reform: challenges and opportunities Report of the Secretary-General on Securing States and societies: strengthening the United Nations comprehensive support to security sector reform (S/2013/480) Letter dated 1 April 2014 from the Permanent Representative of Nigeria to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General (S/2014/238)

This record contains the text of speeches delivered in English and of the interpretation of speeches delivered in the other languages. The final text will be printed in the Official Records of the Security Council. Corrections should be submitted to the original languages only. They should be incorporated in a copy of the record and sent under the signature of a member of the delegation concerned to the Chief of the Verbatim Reporting Service, room U-506. 14-31349 (E) S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) Maintenance of international peace and security 28/04/2014

The meeting was resumed at 3.10 p.m. On the other hand, the norms and principles that have been developed by the United Nations and elaborated The President: In accordance with rule 37 of the in the Secretary-General’s reports and United Nations Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the documents provide a general framework that should be representatives of Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Cyprus, taken into account in security sector reform. Rule of law Denmark, Finland, Georgia, Greece Hungary, Iceland, and human rights standards are of particular importance Ireland, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, in that regard. While governments have the central role Sweden and the United Republic of Tanzania to to play, SSR activities must be extended to include the participate in this meeting. broader population and ensure the needs of all citizens in an inclusive manner. In addition, collaboration I wish to remind all speakers to limit their with all relevant stakeholders, including regional and statements to no more than four minutes in order to subregional organizations, domestic stakeholders and enable the Council to carry out its work expeditiously. civil society is essential to preventing duplication and Delegations with lengthy statements are kindly to making optimal use of scarce resources. requested to circulate the texts in writing and to deliver a condensed version when speaking in the Chamber. Needless to say, it is necessary to sufficiently address the root causes of conflicts, the solutions of I now give the floor to the representative of Turkey. which lie at the very heart of communities and groups Mr. Eler (Turkey): We thank the Nigerian in terms of their aspirations and legitimate wishes. presidency for organizing an open debate on this Political reconciliation among the parties to a conflict important issue, and welcome the first-ever stand-alone through mediation, negotiation and facilitation as draft resolution on security sector reform (SSR). the main instruments is among the primary methods to be employed in the peacebuilding endeavour. One of the most important questions on post- Mainstreaming gender issues and ensuring women’s conflict peacebuilding relates to the ways and means participation in security sector reform, as well as the to ensure the viability of peace. Security sector more general peace processes and conflict resolution, reform lies at the core of this debate. A mismanaged peacekeeping, peacebuilding, recovery and mediation and dysfunctional security sector can significantly efforts is of utmost importance. challenge sustainable development, stability and peace. On the other hand, a comprehensive, coherent Turkey prioritizes security sector reform activities and coordinated approach to security sector reform as part of its global engagement for peace. Turkish will help form functional, effective and economically peacekeepers continue to serve in various United viable States. As such, approaching security sector Nations, NATO and European Union missions across reform as part of a comprehensive and inclusive the globe, including in Afghanistan, Africa, the peacebuilding strategy and coupling our efforts with Balkans and the Middle-East, where they contribute to the broader framework of strengthening the rule of law the training of security personnel as well as capacity- is of utmost importance. Also, support to the security and institution-building of military and security forces. sector, especially in terms of resources, training and In the same vein, Turkey has robust security institutional capacity-building, should continue after cooperation, particularly with Afghanistan, Somalia the termination of peacekeeping operations, if needed. and other countries in Africa, the Middle East and The role of the Peacebuilding Commission, the Central Asia on a wide range of issues, from providing Peacebuilding Support Office and the Peacebuilding technical assistance and strengthening civilian and law Fund in security sector reform is crucial in assisting enforcement institutions to providing training courses national authorities to define and implement a credible to law enforcement officials. Bilateral agreements have security reform strategy. Every society has its own been signed with a large number of countries including particular structures, needs and experiences with Iraq, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, South conflict. The experience of the past 20 years has shown Sudan, Somalia, Mongolia, Libya, Côte D’Ivoire and that one-size-fits-all approaches do not produce viable many countries in South-Eastern Europe, Central Asia results. It should be the primary responsibility of and Africa, on various aspects of support to security the host country to define the shape and direction of reform. security sector reform.

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Training is prioritized by Turkey. Between 1997 Today’s debate is an integral part of a broader and 2013, more than 20,000 foreign law enforcement ongoing discussion about the interlinkages between officials from 54 countries — mainly in Africa, the peace and security, on the one hand, and the Middle East and Central Asia — benefitted from prosperity of people on the other, as well as about various professional and vocational training courses the complementarities between conflict prevention, held by the Turkish National Police. The Police peacekeeping and peacebuilding activities and their Vocational Training Centre in Sivas, which has trained respective impacts at different stages of conflict more than 1,500 Afghan National Police cadets since resolution while supporting building the institutional 2011, is only one example. Likewise, hundreds of police capacities of States emerging from conflicts. officer candidates from various countries have attended Security sector reform is imperative in the context graduate or undergraduate studies at the Turkish Police of United Nations peacekeeping and peacebuilding. In Academy. The Turkish International Academy Against that context, Egypt emphasizes that national ownership Drugs and Organized Crime, established in cooperation is not only a prerequisite for SSR but also the backbone with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, of any viable SSR programme. The challenge is not has been playing an important role in boosting regional to conceptualize national ownership but rather to efforts to combat drug trafficking and organized crime operationalize it in such a manner that fully guarantees through its training and capacity-building programmes that SSR remains a demand-driven process. The for countries in need. relevance of SSR to the actual needs of each country Solutions in the field of security sector reform in post-conflict situations is solely dependent on can be viable only if they are applied within a the ability of that country to be fully engaged in the comprehensive framework of peacebuilding, design, implementation and monitoring of all SSR comprising several elements in the humanitarian, activities. National ownership and international support development, democratization and governance fields. considerations should not be seen as competing with Turkey employs this comprehensive, multidimensional each other. and synchronized approach in places such as Somalia, Egypt believes that security sector reform is not a South-Eastern Europe and Afghanistan, enriching its goal to be pursued in isolation from addressing other efforts in the security area to include humanitarian societal challenges to peace and security in countries aid, local development, the construction of basic emerging from conflicts, such as youth unemployment, infrastructure, education, health and support to peace organized crime, poverty eradication and the lack of processes. adequate education and health services. However, there Let me conclude by thanking the Nigerian are no easy answers or responses to the complexity of presidency, Member States and all relevant United all those challenges. No one size fits all. We need to Nations bodies that engage in conducting and enhancing avoid expanding SSR to encompass every challenge the important practice of security sector reform. in one single process, in order to attain the desirable results and deliverables. The President: I give the floor to the representative of Egypt. Moreover, Egypt underlines that international support to security sector reform must be anchored in Mr. Mahmoud (Egypt): I wish to pay tribute broader national institution-building efforts that aim to the Nigerian presidency of the Security Council to address the social and economic causes of conflicts for organizing this important debate on the issue of and the complex security environments to be found in security sector reform (SSR), which is of significant countries emerging from conflicts. importance to all countries, especially those emerging from conflict. Today’s debate in the Security Council While acknowledging the Security Council’s is adequately justified, as 24 out of 47 resolutions mandate in the domain of peace and security, we need adopted by the Security Council in 2013 made explicit to bear in mind its limited membership. Hence, Egypt reference to SSR, and 14 peacekeeping and special believes that the development of a United Nations political missions are currently mandated to provide strategy for SSR must take place in the General SSR support to host Governments. Assembly, in order to ensure that its formulation, including its scope, mandate and constraints, is carried

14-31349 3/19 S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) Maintenance of international peace and security 28/04/2014 out through an inclusive intergovernmental process peacekeeping, and it must be considered across the that guarantees the full participation of the wider entire peacebuilding continuum. membership of the United Nations in such an important SSR challenges occur in a wide variety of settings, debate, taking into account the primary responsibility from fragile and conflict-affected States with ineffective and the sovereign right of any concerned country to security sectors, through to States emerging from determine its national priorities in that regard. conflict and seeking United Nations support for the In conclusion, we also believe that the Peacebuilding next phase of their development. However, considerable Commission is in a better position to coordinate the scope still remains for the Council to coordinate more activities of the different organs and agencies of the effectively with, and to learn from, regional and United United Nations in that regard, particularly in light of Nations country team partners in order to ensure that the experience that the Commission has gained through assistance is tailored to specific national needs and its engagement with the countries on its agenda. realities, and that gains can be sustained beyond the life of a given mission. The Peacebuilding Commission, The President: I now give the floor to the with its country-specific configurations, has particular representative of New Zealand. competence in that regard, so the Council needs to find Mr. McLay (New Zealand): New Zealand thanks new and better ways of working in close partnership Nigeria for its continued leadership on the issue of with the Commission. security sector reform (SSR), a commitment that is all SSR is often a complex, politically charged process the more important because most Council-mandated that entails significant risk; however, in some situations, SSR activities take place on the African continent. it can represent the single most important investment Nigeria’s perspective—indeed, the experience of all that international partners can make in a country’s African States—must therefore be prominent in any future. New Zealand is an active contributor to SSR, SSR setting. particularly in the justice sector, both bilaterally and New Zealand welcomes today’s proposed adoption through United Nations missions. That experience has of the first-ever stand-alone draft resolution on SSR. The taught us valuable lessons about managing the difficult draft resolution underlines the considerable progress transition from providing SSR programmes through we have made since the Council’s first open debate peacekeeping missions to longer-term assistance on the issue in 2007 (see S/PV.5632). It is progress through bilateral support, as was the case with our that has required acknowledgment of the nature and policing assistance to Timor-Leste after the withdrawal significance of the SSR challenge; it is progress that of the United Nations mission in 2012. has required development of a more comprehensive, For us, that Timor-Leste experience also coherent and coordinated normative framework; and underscored the importance of national ownership as it is progress that has required practical operational a prerequisite for successful SSR. Indeed, the United tools for the United Nations effective work in that Nations discussions on SSR rightly acknowledge that area. The engagement of local actors, the importance the success of SSR processes depends on the sustained of close cooperation with regional organizations, the political will of the country concerned. New Zealand need for the involvement of all stakeholders, including therefore agrees with Egypt that a core objective must women, and the key, underpinning need for a rule of be to assist national political leadership of SSR, and law environment are all rightly stressed in today’s draft bringing international technical assistance to the resolution. national, regional and subregional level, where local SSR is a long-term process — hence the progerss actors can apply it to their unique local situation. New that the draft resolution records — one that requires Zealand therefore joins Turkey and Egypt in urging that both concerted commitment from national authorities the Council avoid a one-size-fits-all approach. Instead, and sustained engagement by international partners. it should focus on enabling national authorities to The Security Council has a critical role to play in laying undertake their own, inclusive SSR processes. the foundations for those efforts; but other bilateral and Recent history demonstrates that no one has a United Nations partners also play very important roles. monopoly of wisdom on managing SSR processes. It is therefore vital that the Council is able to coordinate Particularly, we have learned that what works at one more effectively with those actors. SSR extends beyond time, in one place, will not always work at a later time.

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If SSR fails and there is a return to violence, then by an approach that negates the legitimacy of local the loss of investment by the host country and by the stakeholders. wider international community can be huge. We must In that regard, Malaysia concurs with the all therefore approach the SSR challenge openly and recommendations contained in the Secretary-General’s inclusively, while constantly reviewing whether the report that national ownership of SSR processes must process is working and adapting our efforts accordingly. be inclusive so as to increase the confidence in, and With that commitment, and working with those legitimacy of, security institutions. It is essential that who have practical, on-the-ground regional experience, SSR be led by the legitimate authorities of the respective we can certainly make the progress on security sector Member States, in consultation with all the relevant reform that is recorded in today’s draft resolution. stakeholders, including all levels of Government, security sector institutions, civil society and non-State The President: I now give the floor to the actors. Apart from lending credibility to the SSR representative of Malaysia. process, the involvement of national stakeholders in Mr. Haniff (Malaysia): First and foremost, I negotiations on SSR will also play a pivotal role in wish to commend you, Mr. President, for convening ensuring that related SSR provisions are better tailored this important meeting on “Security sector reform: to respond to specific national circumstances and challenges and opportunities”, and for preparing the challenges. concept note (S/2014/238, annex) that forms the basis While the importance of national ownership reigns of today’s debate. I also wish to thank the Secretary- above all, Malaysia is well aware that SSR will require General for his comprehensive briefing. financial resources. We have seen such SSR initiatives Malaysia would like to associate itself with the under the Peacebuilding Commission. In that regard, statement to be delivered by the representative of Iran the training of personnel, the development of skills, on behalf of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries. the formulation of legal frameworks and the building of national security infrastructure require substantial My delegation takes note of the Secretary General’s funding. Sufficient funding must therefore be made report (S/2013/480) on strengthening the United available to ensure successful SSR efforts. Nations comprehensive support to security sector reform. The report highlights the ongoing work and Externally funded SSR processes often risk recommendations on how to strengthen the work of the undermining sustainability and neglecting national United Nations in supporting security sector reform ownership. The Security Council could do its part in that (SSR). regard by engaging national authorities in formulating appropriately tailored Security Council mandates that My delegation also wishes to commend the are better suited to national circumstances. efforts and important progress made by the United Nations in security SSR over the years, particularly Experience has shown that sufficient funding alone in implementing the recommendations contained in may be half of the solution. Capacity and expertise are the report of January 2008 entitled “Securing peace also important aspects contributing to SSR. Countries and development: the role of the United Nations in that are emerging from conflict can learn from others’ supporting security sector reform” (S/2008/39). Indeed, successful experiences. Partnerships through South- we have seen much progress and improvement in the South cooperation in such areas as identifying civilian area of SSR. That notwithstanding, the rapid changes experts will be beneficial in developing system-wide in, and complexity of, today’s conflicts necessitate SSR. We feel that Member States should seriously continuous review and enhancement of United Nations consider developing links to identify civilian capacities SSR support. that support SSR and institution-building. My delegation would like to reaffirm that SSR must Considering the amount of work and resources be premised on — and not overlook — the fundamental that has been, and will continue to be, channelled to principle of national ownership. Only through a process SSR processes, the Security Council should also place of dialogue, reconciliation and consultation will SSR appropriate emphasis on monitoring and evaluation succeed. That is important as the views, sentiments mechanisms. While it is easier to measure quantitative and sensitivities of the people should not be replaced output, more often than not qualitative impact

14-31349 5/19 S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) Maintenance of international peace and security 28/04/2014 contributes more significantly to addressing inherent As it is the first time that Estonia takes the floor social issues and the long-term development of SSR on this important issue, we would like to commend processes. In that regard, Malaysia supports the call Slovakia’s leadership in adding it to the Council’s for the United Nations to enhance its monitoring and agenda. The importance of security sector reform evaluation capacities. Again, monitoring and evaluation (SSR) in the global peace and security agenda cannot priorities and mechanisms must be drawn up according be underestimated. “Security is the bedrock upon to the different circumstances and complexities faced which States are built” is stated in the concept note, by the countries undergoing reform. and we cannot agree more. Weak security institutions cannot prevent the outbreak of conflict, and in a post- Turning to the prioritization of SSR, Malaysia is conflict situation they often cannot avoid a country’s of the view that planning should be undertaken early relapse into chaos. Therefore, support to such reform on, when peacekeeping missions are formulated. is one of the most important tasks of the international Experience has shown that countries in transition community — not only in order to maintain peace require continuing engagement even after the initial and security in a country, but also to restore the rule stabilization stage. In that connection, my delegation of law and protect human rights. Let me make some calls for better coordination among the Special observations in that respect. Representatives of the Secretary-General, Force Commanders and the respective United Nations First, one of the key factors for success is an agencies when developing comprehensive approaches inclusive reconstruction and stabilization process. SSR on SSR. is not a purely technical exercise in reforming defence forces or law enforcement agencies; rather, it is part To conclude, my delegation welcomes and of a wider political process in which the lead role of supports the Security Council draft resolution on SSR national authorities is crucial. initiated by Nigeria. The draft resolution is indeed timely, considering the increasing significance and The best guarantee for durable stability and immense contribution of SSR in the work of the United successful reform and change is the involvement Nations in peacekeeping, peacebuilding and conflict of all factions of society — religious, ethnic and prevention. Malaysia is certain that the draft resolution social — including the political groups of the country will reaffirm the United Nations’ commitment to a and women and youth. If that can be achieved, a comprehensive approach in support of SSR processes. society’s ownership of its future — which is another important factor of success — will be much stronger. The President: I now give the floor to the As inclusiveness and ownership are fundamental representative of Estonia. in peacebuilding, they must be considered in peace Mr. Kolga (Estonia): At the outset, let me thank negotiations. Nigeria for convening the Council’s open debate on Secondly, very often countries in transition or security sector reform and for the very comprehensive exiting a conflict need advice and encouragement. The concept note (S/2014/238, annex). This is the second international community has an important role to play open debate, out of three in total, during this presidency in that regard in terms of capacity-building. I would and Estonia, as a supporter of the enhanced openness therefore like to commend the United Nations for the and transparency of the Council, would like to steady enhancement of its peacebuilding toolbox and congratulate the Nigerian presidency for this effort. It its special attention to SSR as a part of that. The fact is important that all of the States that are not members that the number of references to SSR in the Council’s of the Council are given an opportunity to contribute resolutions has increased considerably and that the to the discussions on issues related to the world’s peace majority of mandates for both peacekeeping and special and security. political missions include SSR is very welcome. We also I would also like to thank the Secretary-General note positively that the membership of the inter-agency for his briefing, and the Council for the draft resolution Security Sector Reform Task Force has doubled in on security sector reform that is to be adopted later on. recent years. SSR has become an integral part of the United Nations peacekeeping and peacebuilding Estonia also aligns itself with the statement made agenda, achieving greater prominence each year. by the observer of the European Union (EU).

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Thirdly, see that SSR has been genuinely linked to Nations efforts, this year, for the first time, the Estonian the rule of law. We are also happy to see that linkage Government has decided to make a contribution to the mentioned in the draft resolution to be adopted today. Peacebuilding Fund. But we do not believe that the rule of law should be The President: I now give the floor to the considered as an end or goal in itself. SSR should be representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran. implemented in an environment where the principles of the rule of law are already applicable, in order to Mr. Dehghani (Islamic Republic of Iran): I have avoid a great risk of compromising any peacebuilding the honour to speak on behalf of the Movement of or reconstruction process. Non-Aligned Countries (NAM). Finally, there is a lot of SSR-related knowledge At the outset, I would like to convey the available. Many Member States have taken the path Movement’s appreciation to you, Mr. President, and of State-building and reformed their security sector as the Government of Nigeria for convening this open part of that process. A number of Member States have debate on security sector reform (SSR). I also avail already shared such experience and knowledge with myself of this opportunity to express my appreciation others. That applies also to regional organizations. to His Excellency Mr. Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General Experience gained in those processes is worth collecting of the United Nations, for his report on the issue, and sharing with those in need. We believe that the entitled “Securing States and societies: strengthening United Nations should coordinate such efforts, and we the United Nations comprehensive support to security commend the comprehensive approach already taken sector reform” (S/2013/480). by the Secretary-General in that regard. That further Since 2007, when the Security Council convened enhances the expertise of the United Nations and its first open debate on the issue (see S/PV.5632), contributes to improving the Organization’s capacity to many NAM member States considered such debates deliver. an opportunity for Council members and the wider Estonia’s own record in reforming its security membership to articulate their views on the role the sector could be taken as an example of success. After United Nations should play in SSR. This is a critical the end of the Soviet occupation, our nation faced the issue for all countries emerging from conflict, huge task of building up a society based on principles particularly in Africa. and values different from those of the totalitarian NAM believes that today’s debate is an integral system — a society based on democracy. That meant and essential part of a broader discussion about the vigorous institution-building, adherence to good interlinkage among the concepts of peace, security governance, strengthening the rule of law and placing and development as mutually reinforcing factors, the human being at the centre of development. as well about the complementarities among conflict SSR became a genuine part of that process. Estonia prevention, peacekeeping and peacebuilding. We hope was lucky to have had many friends and advisers, but that our discussions here will provide guidance to the real results started to emerge when we understood that United Nations on how to build institutional capacities the reforms were for our own good, not for the good of in States emerging from conflict as well as those in someone else. We can assure the Council that the notion transition. of ownership was of the utmost importance, and that is The United Nations enjoys a comparative the message that we want to reinforce today. multilateral advantage over other organizations. Due For the past 10 years, we have been sharing that to its universal legitimacy, it is uniquely positioned to experience with others in supporting capacity-building. play a leading role in policy information and security Estonia has shared its expertise at the regional level sector capacity-building and reform. in the Balkans, in the Caucasus, in the Republic of Taking into account the primary responsibility Moldova and in Ukraine. Our police and corrections and the sovereign right of any country concerned in experts and trainers have been a part of the respective determining its national priorities in that regard, we European Union missions in Afghanistan and Iraq. agree with the Secretary-General’s report and the Notes Step by step, we are trying to enhance the scope of our of the inter-agency Security Sector Reform Task Force involvement and become a part of wider peacebuilding that national ownership “should form the cornerstone initiatives and missions. In order to share in United

14-31349 7/19 S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) Maintenance of international peace and security 28/04/2014 of the United Nations approach to SSR”. National particularly in light of the experience that the ownership and SSR tools adapted to each particular Commission has gained through its engagement. It country context must be key guiding principles is of equal importance that the recipient country be regarding the role of the United Nations in supporting fully in charge of formulating the strategy, identifying security sector capacity-building and reform. gaps, needs and areas of priority and coordinating international support. The presidential statement adopted on 21 February 2007 (S/PRST/2007/3) also stresses the critical The President: I now give the floor to the importance of SSR in post-conflict environments and representative of the Netherlands. underlines the sovereignty and primary responsibility Mr. Van Oosterom (Netherlands): Allow me to of the country concerned to determine the national thank Nigeria, Sir, for organizing this important open approach and priorities of SSR. debate and for your excellent concept note (S/2014/238, In August 2012, the Heads of State or Government annex), and especially for your leadership on the issue. of the Non-Aligned Movement noted, in the final The lead role Nigeria has taken is of great importance document of their sixteenth Summit, held in Tehran, to my country. the importance of SSR, among other important The Netherlands also welcomes the report components of United Nations peacekeeping in post- of the Secretary-General (S/2013/480) and the conflict situations. They stressed that SSR should be recommendations made therein. Both documents integrated in the broad framework of United Nations emphasize, on the one hand, the importance of a rule-of-law activities, thus ensuring that SSR activities comprehensive approach to security sector reform and structures do not duplicate the work carried out in (SSR) within the United Nations system, and, on the the rule of law area. They reaffirmed that other hand, the need to focus SSR efforts on national “the development of a United Nations approach to ownership. We fully support those notions. SSR must take place within the General Assembly, The Netherlands aligns itself with the statement and in accordance with the principle of national made by the observer of the European Union. ownership, and stressed that the formulation of strategies to SSR, including its scope and mandate, My Government sees a close relationship between should be carried out through the intergovernmental security, the rule of law and development. Allow me process and must be context specific”. to note the fundamental formula of the World Summit of September 2005, that there is no peace without They also emphasized that development, no development without peace and no “SSR should be undertaken at the request of the lasting peace or sustainable development without country concerned, and underlined the primary respect for human rights. In post-conflict situations responsibility and the sovereign right of the country that interconnection between the three elements is even concerned in determining its national priorities in more manifest and security sector reform is relevant to this regard.” all three. In my statement I will address those, as well as the position of women, fighting crime and the role As for the development of a United Nations we see for the United Nations. approach to SSR, the Non-Aligned Movement believes that such development must take place in the General First, on the rule of law, security sector reform Assembly to ensure that the formulation of SSR (SSR) cannot be seen separately from the rule of law. strategies, including scope and mandate, is carried out Security services must operate within the framework through the widest possible intergovernmental process. of the law and be accountable to civilian authorities. We need thorough discussions in the General Assembly The civilian perspective should be the main focus of and in the Economic and Social Council to allow for the SSR, to make sure that security services deliver human full participation of the United Nations membership at security and not only State security. That will give them large in such an important and sensitive issue. legitimacy from a legal perspective and trust from the perspective of society. The Peacebuilding Commission is also in a good position to coordinate the activities of the different SSR must be inclusive at all stages. Governance organs of the United Nations system in that regard, and national ownership of SSR efforts are crucial for

8/19 14-31349 28/04/2014 Maintenance of international peace and security S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) their success and legitimacy. Therefore, the political Nations. We supported the development of a system- realities of the countries involved must be taken into wide United Nations approach. We are a strong account. Substantive roles for the relevant non-State supporter of enhanced cooperation between the actors and structures, national reconciliation dialogues United Nations Development Programme and the and activities in the field of transitional justice must be Department of Peacekeeping Operations through the ensured. In that respect I would also like to stress that funding of SSR projects in the field. And we support non-governmental organizations, the media and political the activities of the Group of Friends of SSR, where parties can play an important role in the accountability inclusive dialogue, policy development and building component of SSR agendas. By establishing SSR based bridges between a variety of international, regional and on national ownership within a rule of law context, a national stakeholders are central themes. foundation will be laid for sustainable development. In conclusion, effective security sector reform is a Secondly, on the position of women, the result of synergy among efforts in the field in peace implementation of resolution 1325 (2000), on women and security, governance and rule of law, as well as and peace and security, must be a principal guideline sustainable development. The Netherlands is proud to in programming and reform in the field of SSR. Steps be a partner of many countries in the world as well as have been taken to implement the resolution but more of the United Nations in each of those areas. We look remains to be done, as the open debate of last Friday (see forward to our continued partnership to strengthen S/PV.7160), also under the able leadership of Nigeria, peace, promote justice and foster development made clear. Combating violence against women and worldwide. promoting the recruitment of female members of the The President: I now give the floor to the security sector should be at the core of the agenda. representative of Pakistan. Thirdly, with regard to crime, let me point out Mr. Masood Khan (Pakistan): We are pleased another under-estimated aspect of SSR: international to see you, Honorable Foreign Minister Aminu Wali, crime. Around the world we witness the destabilizing preside over today’s debate on security sector reform effects of criminal activities attracted by regions with (SSR), which is a testament to Nigeria’s consistent and weak governance and poor security institutions. In such strong leadership on that important issue. We commend situations, the smuggling of drugs, human trafficking Ambassador Joy Ogwu’s effective and elegant and corruption are thriving and criminal networks are stewardship of the Security Council this month. able to establish proxy security forces. That should lead us to think about the link with international crime and The Secretary-General’s seminal report (S/2013/480), how to deal with it in terms of security sector reform. the draft resolution to be adopted today and Nigeria’s compact concept note (S/2014/238, annex) all steer On the role of the United Nations — my fourth us from policy-making towards implementation, point — the Netherlands commends the report of the monitoring and review. As a leading troop-contributing Secretary-General for developing a more comprehensive country, Pakistan has actively supported security sector United Nations system-wide approach. The relevant reform in various theatres or peacekeeping operations, United Nations entities involved in SSR and the rule of including in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d’Ivoire and law and development should cooperate more effectively. Timor-Leste. We, too, can testify that United Nations- That applies both in New York and in the field. The led efforts have dramatically transformed the security United Nations has a comparative advantage in playing landscape in those countries. a coordinating role to assist communities in formulating and asking the right questions concerning their SSR We know from experience that, when security processes and to support countries in building a human sector institutions collapse, conflicts erupt or societies rights-based security sector and working on sustainable descend into anarchy or strife, the best way to reverse development. The comprehensive approach is therefore the vicious cycle is to restore and strengthen public crucial. security institutions. The last point I would like to make is that the Security sector reform has become a core Netherlands has been a strong supporter of security component of United Nations engagement across sector reform, both through bilateral cooperation peacekeeping and peacebuilding. SSR rightly targets programmes as well as in the context of the United institutions dealing with transitional justice, security

14-31349 9/19 S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) Maintenance of international peace and security 28/04/2014 and police forces, disarmament, demobilization and attention as well as adequate and predictable resources reintegration, the extension of State authority, arms for sustainable SSR. Along with infrastructure, training control and management and organized crime. That, and equipment for SSR, attention should also be given in turn, helps in addressing some of the root causes of to institutional oversight and governance. conflict. Today’s debate complements the thematic debate A professional, effective and accountable security organized last week by the President of the General sector lays the foundation for durable peace, conflict Assembly on ensuring stable and peaceful societies. Last resolution, development and a prevention of a relapse week’s debate of the intergovernmental negotiations into conflict. process, on the relationship between the General Assembly and the Security Council also underscored We believe that United Nations system-wide the importance of synergy and coordination between institutionalization and responsibility for the security the two bodies. The crux of those debates was that the sector should be strengthened. We should build on Security Council and the General Assembly must work capacities both in the field and at Headquarters to fully in tandem. We fully endorse that view. exploit the United Nations comparative advantages. The President: I now give the floor to the SSR should be conceived and implemented in representative of Senegal. the overall framework of the rule of law, a viable and transformative security sector that enjoys the Mr. Diallo (Senegal) (spoke in French): Allow me confidence of the populations and is responsive to their to say, Sir, what a pleasure it is to see you take up the needs is key to successful transition and exit strategies. presidency of the Security Council and to reiterate to you the full support of my delegation. The United Nations peacebuilding architecture has an important complementary role in promoting The choice of the theme of security sector reform SSR objectives. The General Assembly and its Special (SSR) clearly demonstrates the relevance of this Committee on Peacekeeping Operations directly issue that has become central to the peacekeeping contribute to policy formulation and guidance for and international security architecture. I should like implementation. to take this opportunity to express my satisfaction at the forthcoming adoption of the draft resolution on The United Nations needs strong partnerships this matter, which clearly illustrates the Council’s across the spectrum to enhance the performance of commitment to so essential an issue. security sectors. In that context, Pakistan welcomes the growing consultation and cooperation among the I should also like to thank Secretary-General Ban Security Council, the African Union and subregional Ki-moon, whose report (S/2013/480) provides abundant organizations. The United Nations should also deepen information on the support of the United Nations to its partnerships with international and regional SSR efforts and sheds light on what to expect in future. financial institutions to make SSR more resilient and The reform of the security sector seeks to self-sustaining. restore the effectiveness, the professionalism and the There is also the political imperative to have an legitimacy of the institutions in charge of providing inclusive SSR process that establishes the legitimacy security to civilian populations as part of an inclusive and acceptability of State institutions. Conscious efforts and participatory approach. In practice, however, its should be made for early engagement of the national implementation reveals a profound complexity that stakeholders to promote national ownership of security is both linked to the need to convince military and sector reform and its internalization. The United paramilitary personnel of the need to reconfigure the Nations and international support must correspond to security forces, as well as the need to mobilize various the host country’s priorities. types of resources so that the process has a chance of success. The success of the reform process is based on Our debate’s focus today is better implementation the premise that increasing the operational capacity of of SSR mandates and objectives. Implementation defence forces, law enforcement bodies and penal and suffers due to a lack of timely and adequate resources. immigration administration must be founded on the Pakistan supports the call to prioritize SSR processes in need to respect the rule of law. the missions so that they get the strategic and political

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Such reform also has to take into account the Seven Plus, which seeks to deal with the deep-rooted emergence of transnational threats that require the causes of conflicts. pooling of efforts of the various stakeholders involved. I The advances we have just outlined are positive, am thinking, inter alia, of such threats as the trafficking but to be consolidated they need the Security of people, the trafficking of narcotics and weapons, Council to closely involve the States concerned when terrorism and organized transnational crime. elaborating the mandates for peacekeeping operations It is also just as important that the reform of the or special political missions when dealing with SSR. security sector be firmly rooted in the triad of political Furthermore, the viability of funding for the reform consultations, national reconciliation and social and process as well as the relative failure related to activities economic recovery. of disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) remain important issues that need to be taken At a time when peacekeeping missions have into consideration. completed their transformation to take on a multidimensional character, it is more important than In conclusion, Senegal, would like to reiterate its ever to incorporate the reform of the security sector commitment to elevating the reform of the security in a sustainable process with a particular focus on the sector to the status of a major pillar in the prevention of prevention of conflicts. the resurgence of conflicts and an essential foundation of development. It is for all the reasons I have just outlined that the delegation of Senegal is happy to embrace the statement Faithful to our tradition as a country that has of the Secretary-General in the summary to his report contributed to maintaining international peace and that “the viability of security sector reform efforts security ever since we achieved our international depends on the political environment in which reform sovereignty, my country will continue fully to is carried out.” support, responsibly of course, all initiatives aimed at peacebuilding. Furthermore, I welcome the significant contribution of the United Nations to national efforts The President: I now give the floor to the at security sector reform, which is a fundamental representative of Indonesia. pillar essential to development. The establishment of a Mr. Khan (Indonesia): At the outset, I wish to thank special inter-agency SSR Task Force in support of the you, Mr. President, for organizing today’s important country-specific configurations of the Peacebuilding debate and for your helpful concept note (S/2014/238, Commission is a positive response to the need to annex). My delegation would also like to thank coordinate in a harmonious way the activity of various Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon for his comprehensive stakeholders. briefing. The establishment of partnerships between the Indonesia aligns itself with the statement delivered United Nations and regional organizations such as the by the delegation of Iran on behalf of the Movement of African Union, as well as subregional organizations, Non-Aligned Countries. Member States and civil society, also contributes to translating into practice the kind of comprehensive, Since the Security Council held its first open debate coherent and coordinated approach that we all call for. on security sector reform (SSR) in 2007 (see S/PV.5632), the subject, due to its fundamental importance for It seems to me that that is the very thrust of the international peace, security and development, has proposed fundamental principles that were suggested been acquiring greater recognition. Considering that by the Secretary-General, principles to which the countries affected by conflicts have different security delegation of Senegal fully subscribes. Their aim is to contexts, and that each will develop its own palette do away with insufficient harmonization and to orient of strategies on security, the justice system and law the various interventions on the basis of priorities enforcement suitable to its particular requirements, the defined by States in post-conflict situations. significance of national ownership for SSR approaches I should also like to welcome the New Deal for cannot be emphasized enough. Engagement in Fragile States, adopted by the Group of We are therefore pleased that United Nations entities have been increasingly making efforts to have an open

14-31349 11/19 S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) Maintenance of international peace and security 28/04/2014 and inclusive dialogue with countries on addressing Secondly, in order to incorporate the concerns their priorities and improving the United Nations and priorities of conflict-affected countries and to response on how best it can strengthen its support and build their national ownership, the Security Council guidance. Because security-sector-related support in should more meaningfully involve the host States at conflicted affected regions must be accompanied by the earliest stage of creating mission mandates. My robust support on broader peacemaking, peacebuilding delegation underscores the fact that providing security and development, the United Nations emphasis on a to citizens and the governing security sector is the comprehensive approach to SSR issues is also very primary responsibility of the State. Furthermore, we pertinent. reiterate that any United Nations support for SSR through peacekeeping and other missions must be It is in that context that Indonesia welcomes based on the request of the host country and cater to its the first-ever stand-alone Council draft resolution particular needs. on security sector reform and the maintenance of international peace and security, to be adopted today. Thirdly, the success of United Nations efforts We hope that its implementation will lead to enhanced on SSR is also dependent on the level of its financial support on SSR for countries that request it, as well resources, capacities to deliver, professional operations as to strengthened respect for human rights and the both at Headquarters and in the field, as well as rule of law, as essential elements of peacemaking, coherence and cooperation among concerned United peacekeeping, peacebuilding and development. Nations and Governmental actors. Supporting the “One United Nations” system model, it is our view that the As a country that studiously overcame instability Peacebuilding Commission and the Peacebuilding Fund and continues to deepen peace and development for its can also play a role in increasing the United Nations people and the region, Indonesia knows at first hand the capacity to support SSR and ensure more predictable challenges of realizing a sound SSR. The SSR process and sustained funding for it. in Indonesia was driven by our political reform towards democracy back in 1998. We started with military Fourthly, Indonesia places high importance on reform, which separated the role of the military from building partnerships and exchanging good practices politics. We also made a clear and formal distinction and lessons learned among countries and regional between the Indonesian armed forces and the Indonesian organizations. As one of the members of the informal police, which increased capacities in both institutions United Nations Group of Friends of SSR, Indonesia for carrying out their respective responsibilities. is actively using that platform to communicate and enhance cooperation with other Member States in Our process reaffirmed the imperative for national dealing with the future challenges of SSR. ownership, as well as civil society consultation, also because the development of such a sensitive part of Fifthly, in order to advance conversations on the State must meet the expectations of the citizens. this issue in the South-East Asia region, Indonesia Indeed, successful SSR first and foremost serves and has undertaken numerous consultations, including protects the people of the country. In this context, by facilitating an international workshop in Jakarta and in response to some of the questions posed in the in 2010 with SSR as a major topic. We believe that concept note (S/2014/238, annex), Indonesia would like regional networks of like-minded countries are vital to to highlight the following. understanding the local culture, and can greatly enable programmes to support SSR. Therefore, there needs First, with regard to the United Nations approach to be regular and more frequent interaction on SSR to the SSR agenda, SSR work should be focused on issues between the United Nations system and regional post-conflict contexts. While there is a need to support organizations. training and professionalization on various security- related aspects in other contexts, it is essential that Finally, we would point out that SSR is a long-term any process for formulating related strategies in the process that should not be rushed. There is no magic United Nations system should be carried out in an formula for implementing such reform. However, we are intergovernmental setting, in close consultation with sure that today’s debate is enriching the perspectives on Member States. SSR and on how the United Nations system can better plan and respond in assisting concerned countries.

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Indonesia will continue to engage actively with all an advantage on this issue. We therefore encourage it to relevant actors on taking forward the discussion on pursue action in this important area. SSR, including by contributing to help develop the Thirdly, the report of the Secretary-General United Nations civilian capacities initiative, which (S/2013/480) underscores the importance of close work offers to improve and expand the needed expertise in collaboration with regional organizations in order, inter countries emerging from conflict. alia, to promote local ownership. We fully support this The President: I now give the floor to the approach. The contributions of regional organizations representative from Switzerland. must be maintained and better linked to United Nations efforts. In this context, I should like to share some of Mr. Zehnder (Switzerland) (spoke in French): I Switzerland’s experiences in this area since my country thank Nigeria for convening this open debate. I will has assumed the chairmanship of the Organization for limit my remarks to the three following points. Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). First, Switzerland shares the opinion of the The strengthening of governance in the security Secretary-General that security sector reform should sector is among our priorities as Chairman of the OSCE be placed in the broader context of peacebuilding. in 2014. Switzerland plans to focus its efforts on two This approach considers security sector reform to be a levels — the political level and the technical level. At vast multidimensional task that contributes to conflict the political level, we supported the creation of a group prevention and a lasting transformation to a peaceful of friends for security sector governance, chaired by society. That is why it is important not only to better the Slovak Republic. The objective of the group of explore the existing links between security sector friends is to raise awareness among States on the matter reform and other dimensions such as the rule of law, of governance of the security sector. human rights and development, but also to reflect on partnerships in this matter. The global focal point for At the technical level, we have tasked the secretariat police, judiciary and penitentiary activity coordination of the OSCE to establish an interdepartmental working for promoting the rule of law after conflicts and other group on governance of the security sector, which crises could offer the possibility of strengthening these will be tasked with raising awareness within the links. OSCE and to intervene as an interlocutor in relevant questions in this area. The working group will also We must also strengthen the inclusive nature of draft internal directives on security sector governance. security sector reform efforts pursuant to resolution The Swiss chairmanship also plans to work closely 2122 (2013) by integrating the gender perspective. The with the United Nations so as to benefit from its importance of this point was brought up on numerous experience in governance of the security sector. To occasions during the open debate in the Security that end, a conference will be held in July 2014 with Council last Friday on women and peace and security the participation of the Department of Peacekeeping (see S/PV.7160). Women must included fully and on Operations. an equal footing in the security sector reform process and the different needs of men, women, boys and girls The draft resolution that the Security Council must be taken into account. Switzerland will explore will adopt today will provide supplementary support this and other possibilities so as to strengthen its and momentum for security sector reform and thereby support for efforts aimed at strengthening the security strengthen efforts under way throughout the world. We sector reform on the ground and at the conceptual hope that the structures concerned, in particular the level, among others, in discussions held here at United security sector unit and specialized teams deployed Nations Headquarters. in peacekeeping operations and in special political missions will enjoy the resources they need to respond Secondly, we believe it essential that the competent to the growing needs in this area. Switzerland remains United Nations authorities continue their essential work fully engaged and will continue to be so, including in to draft common standards and technical directives. The the informal group of friends. publication of the Integrated Technical Guideline Notes for security sector reform was an important step in this The President: I now give the floor to the process. Given its global reach, the United Nations has representative of Italy.

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Mr. Lambertini (Italy): I thank you, Mr. President, of national ownership. In fact, the countries concerned for convening this important debate and for the useful have the sovereign right and the primary responsibility concept note you have provided (S/2014/238/annex). We to determine their national approach and to outline appreciate the leading role of Nigeria in shaping and their priorities for security sector reform. At the promoting a deeper understanding of the critical issue same time, the States concerned and the international of security sector reform (SSR). The draft resolution community as a whole should enhance their efforts to introduced today is a key element of this process and I promote inclusiveness in the SSR process by bringing am pleased to say that Italy has co-sponsored it. in civil society and vulnerable groups. A particularly critical element, in Italy’s view, is the involvement of I should also like to thank the Secretary-General women in the peace and security discussion and their for his briefing and for his precious engagement in participation in the national armed and security forces. this matter, which has produced the report before us today (S/2013/480). This document gives us a very Italy is proud of its long-standing support of SSR clear picture of the state of the art, clearly defines the processes in South-Eastern Europe, the Middle East, challenges we face and suggests priority avenues of Asia and Africa at the national level and through action for the future. international and intergovernmental organizations such as NATO, the Organization for Security and Cooperation Italy aligns itself with the statement made by in Europe (OSCE) and the European Union. We are Ambassador Mayr-Harting on behalf of the European particularly proud of the internationally recognized Union, and I should like to make some remarks in my role of the Centre of Excellence for Stability Police national capacity. Units (CoESPU), based in Vicenza in northern Italy, We attach vital importance to security sector which will soon share its headquarters with the NATO reform in countries emerging from conflict. The Stability Policing Centre of Excellence. CoESPU makes malfunctioning or mismanagement of this sector an outstanding contribution to international efforts to exposes society to continual fear and danger of violent enhance the effectiveness and professionalism of police death, making civilian life increasingly solitary, poor, and security agencies worldwide at both the theoretical nasty, brutish and short. Max Weber famously defined and practical levels. The Centre operates as a doctrinal the State as any human community that successfully hub and a training centre. It develops doctrine and claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical common operational procedures for the employment force within a given territory. In line with this traditional of Stability Police Units and the promotion of the definition, the security sector is indeed the backbone rule of law, and teaches operational planning, rules of of the modern State. We must realize, however, that engagement and international and humanitarian law to the concept of security has long shifted from a State- personnel from throughout the world. and military-centric perspective to an approach that In closing, I am pleased that the hard lessons emphasizes human security and the legitimacy and learned by our brave men and women in the field effectiveness of the institutions that provide security dovetail with the recommendations put forth in the and justice. Secretary-General’s report. Restoring public order The establishment of an effective, professional is unfortunately a necessary but elusive condition of and accountable security sector is thus of crucial post-conflict situations. In order to avoid a relapse into importance to reducing the potential for internal and conflict, achieve a durable peace and pave the way to external conflict, enhancing the security of citizens, socioeconomic developmentn we must develop and and creating the necessary conditions for development. implement an organic and comprehensive approach The existence of a symbiotic, self-enforcing relationship to SSR — an approach inspired by the principles of between security and development has long been inclusiveness, effectiveness, accountability and good established in the literature on international relations governance, and designed to achieve the ultimate and in the policies and practices of States. objectives of increasing the security of the people and rebuilding the bonds of trust between public authorities Helping and supporting national authorities in and their citizens. their efforts to build an effective, democratically run security sector is a long-term process. It must be The President: I now give the floor to the carried out consistent with the overarching principle representative of Spain.

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Mr. Sanabria (Spain) (spoke in Spanish): I should infrastructures and institutions must be at the service of the people. Reforms must be inclusive and based on the Council for organizing this open debate and for its concept principles of good governance, the rule of law, respect note (S/2014/238, annex). This debate is on an issue of for human rights and accountability, all of which are great importance to the maintenance of international vital in fostering long-term legitimacy, effectiveness peace and security. We should also like to commend and sustainability. you, Sir, for having put forward a draft resolution that We believe that security sector reform requires a Spain is honoured to co-sponsor. I should also like to comprehensive and strategic approach. Flexibility in its congratulate Luxembourg for its outstanding leadership planning, identification of the activities that are most of the Council in March. appropriate at every moment, an evolving perspective, Spain aligns itself with the statement of the a good knowledge of the situation in the field, and a European Union and wishes to add some observations fluid, intense and ongoing dialogue with national actors in its national capacity. are crucial. In order to be effective, efforts aimed at security sector reform require a long-term perspective Spain welcomes the report of the Secretary-General and actions sustained over time. (S/2013/480), which we consider to be complete and well-focused. We acknowledge the fundamental role of Security sector reform based on the principles I the United Nations in security sector reform (SSR) and have just mentioned is clearly an essential contribution its efforts of recent years to improve the coherence and to ensuring respect for and the implementation of effectiveness of its actions in this area. Security sector international humanitarian law, including the protection reform, and from a wider perspective the strengthening of civilians. On this point, I should like to highlight of the rule of law in this context, is a key elements in two the importance of the work of the Peacebuilding different areas — ex ante for conflict prevention and ex Commission, of which Spain has been a member for post for peacebuilding. The international community eight years, and of the Peacebuilding Fund, of which we should help and support countries finding in conflict are its eighth largest donor. and post-conflict situations in the development of their National authorities and international partners also civilian capacities and in the strengthening of their need instruments that allow them to carry out appropriate institutions. follow-up and evaluation of their own actions. As my It is critical to move from a reactive culture to delegation did at the debate on the strengthening of the conflicts — which is often late and insufficient — to rule of law in February (see S/PV.7113), I should like one of prevention. The prevention requires political to highlight the recent initiative of the Department of will and resources to formulate and implement effective Peacekeeping Operations and the Office of the United strategies. When both elements are combined, the Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to results are success stories such as that of Sierra Leone, develop indicators that measure the evolution of the with the recent closing of the United Nations Integrated functioning of police, legal and penitentiary institutions Peacebuilding Mission in Sierra Leone. Security sector in countries in conflict and post-conflict situations in reform demands action on several fronts. Stable and the areas of efficiency, capacity, integrity, transparency, predictable legal frameworks must be established; the accountability and the treatment of vulnerable groups. creation of competent security and police forces that It is a useful tool for measuring the results and progress are subject to and enforce the rule of law; the building of our efforts in these sectors. of an independent and comprehensive legal system Spain has supported capacity-building in the accessible to all; and the establishment of an adequate security and legal sectors in many countries. In penitentiary system. We must also ensure the protection Sub-Saharan Africa, we have supported capacity- of society’s most vulnerable groups such as women, building of the national police forces of Angola and children and displaced persons. Cape Verde. Through our collaboration with the National ownership is, in this area as in many African Union, we support the African Peace and others, key to success. Good planning is necessary if Security Architecture and the Common Security and actions designed on the basis of needs and priorities Defence Policy, as well as the African Centre for the identified by the host country are to be coherent and in Study and Research on Terrorism. line with its decisions and national initiatives. Security

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In Latin America, we have implemented on the concept of security sector reform (SSR). I wish programmes for training and for sharing experiences to welcome His Excellency Mr. Aminu Bashir Wali, and good practices in legal reform by collaborating with Minister for Foreign Affairs of Nigeria, to our meeting the creation of specialized prosecutorial offices and today and thank him for his stewardship of this debate. by organizing seminars, courses and workshops that My delegation aligns itself with the statement address issues such as access to justice — especially delivered on behalf of the Non-Aligned Movement by by vulnerable groups — medical-legal investigation the representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran. techniques, and the fight against human trafficking. Since 2007, Spain has promoted and supported the Today’s debate is an opportunity for Member States Central American Security Strategy through the to identify and clarify the main characteristics and Central American Integration System in order to join priorities of the United Nations on SSR, in particular and harmonize the fight against organized crime. its normative and operational dimensions. We recall that SSR was initially introduced in the United In Arab countries, Spain implements the Masar Nations in the context of identifying peacekeeping programme, which is designed to support democratic exit strategies. This concept has evolved significantly, governance processes and aligns with the needs to the point where it is becoming a core component of and priorities identified by national actors, and has the Organization’s engagement across peacekeeping, supported initiatives of public institutions and civil peacebuilding and development contexts. We believe society in the area of security, justice, penitentiary that successful SSR is vital to establishing enduring institutions and human rights. peace and stability in countries that are in a post- In conjunction with other States members of the conflict peacebuilding phase. European Union, Spain has participated in civilian In post-conflict contexts, security institutions crisis management missions within the framework are often weak and dysfunctional, ineffective in of the Common Security and Defence Policy of the their impact and lacking accepted legitimacy in their European Union. We are present in training operations foundation. The failure to address such operational in Mali and Somalia and in EUCAP Nestor, EUCAP and accountability deficits has often undermined Sahel and the European Union Operation Althea, which the reconstruction efforts of the United Nations and seek to strengthen the security security. In this regard, increased the risk of a relapse into conflict. The purpose a Spanish General currently occupies the position of is to enhance the quality of security sector governance Principal Adviser of the United Nations in the Republic through a focus on accountability, inclusivity and of Guinea and is helping to define the country’s security effective management and oversight. The United model. Nations should be able to provide assistance in this Our experience of cooperation with other countries area, and is particularly well positioned to support such and extensive participation in peacekeeping operations reforms and may have a comparative advantage relative has taught us that strengthening the rule of law and to other partners in providing sector-wide support. security sector reform is a critical pillar of conflict Furthermore, the Secretary-General recognizes in prevention and the building and strengthening of peace. his latest report (S/2013/480) that SSR is pertinent Peace and security, human rights and development are across the United Nations peacekeeping, human rights, closely linked and are mutually reinforcing. Spain peacebuilding, conflict prevention and development will continue to actively participate in actions aimed agendas. at providing support to the efforts of other countries At the same time, while much progress has been to establish trustworthy security capacities and made, the protracted conflicts, emerging threats and institutions that are subject to the law, with the aim of complex crises witnessed in the world today certainly helping to strengthen peace, security and development. require innovative and flexible responses from the The President: I now give the floor to the United Nations. To face those challenges, there is a need representative of Algeria. to strengthen the role of the United Nations system in supporting security sector reform as a key tool in the Mr. Boukadoum (Algeria): At the outset, I should prevention and management of conflict. like to express to you, Mr. President, the appreciation of Algeria for convening this important open debate

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That being said, Algeria believes that there is still The President: I now give the floor to the a lot of work to be done in those areas by enhancing representative of Kazakhstan. system-wide coherence and coordination, including Mr. Rakhmetullin (Kazakhstan): I thank you, through the collaborative efforts of the Task Force, and Sir, for facilitating the strategic discussions on by forging partnerships with regional and subregional strengthening the approach of the United Nations to organizations. The African Union endeavour in its security sector reform (SSR). I also express my warm African Peace and Security Architecture and capacity- appreciation to the Secretary-General for his insightful building efforts is, in this regard, the perfect example report (S/2013/480) and recommendations on the way that deserves to be taken into account in this area. forward. The role of the Security Council is crucial in As a member of the Group of Friends of SSR, providing strategic guidance and in defining the Kazakhstan fully supports all efforts to enhance peace institutional priorities of the United Nations, in and security, which in turn lead to stable and enduring particular due to the fact that security sector reform has sustainable development. become a key component of Security Council mission mandates. Furthermore, Security Council mandates are SSR is gaining increasing importance for addressing increasing not only in number but also in complexity in war-torn areas and for countries emerging from conflict relation to the demands placed on support for security in Africa. It is therefore critical to understand the newer sector reform. There is a need, therefore, to reflect on forms, patterns and manifestations of conflicts and how these increasing demands are to be met by current insecurities. Immediate and medium- and long-term United Nations capacities. plans can be based only on understanding the root causes of conflicts — the accelerators, the triggers and their My delegation would like to emphasize the impacts. Hence, planning for SSR must be based on the importance of SSR among other important components current shift from State-centred security to citizen- or in the context of United Nations multidimensional people-oriented security; the shift from purely military peacekeeping operations and post-conflict situations security to non-military centred security, such as food, that should be integrated into the broad framework of environment and socioeconomic security; and the shift United Nations rule-of-law activities, thereby ensuring from State to non-State actors, with a larger number of that SSR activities and structures are not duplicating the stakeholders. work carried out in the rule of law area. Algeria believes that the successful implementation of the many tasks Recent political developments, which are taking that peacekeeping operations could be mandated to a most tragic toll of human life, compel us to rethink undertake in the area of SSR requires an understanding how secure environments can be achieved as essential of and action based on a perspective that takes fully prerequisites for the protection of civilians, the rule into account the fact that security and development are of law, justice and respect for human rights. Our task intertwined. Equally, we stress the importance of the becomes all the more challenging when United Nations mutually reinforcing nature of SSR and all the other peacekeeping operations and missions withdraw. components of the peacekeeping operations when it is Thus, far-sighted and comprehensive reform is headed, mandated. providing the vital framework for peacekeeping, peacebuilding and development, which are closely Lastly, we think that any development of a United linked to the processes of demobilization, disarmament Nations approach to SSR must take place within the and reintegration. In addition, all national security General Assembly and in accordance with the principle policies and mechanisms must also be grounded in of national ownership, and that the formulation of SSR regional frameworks due to the transnational nature of strategies, including its scope and mandate, should be security challenges. carried out through the intergovernmental process and must be context-specific. It is obvious that SSR should No reform can take place without providing be undertaken at the request of the country concerned, adequate, modern training in the new concepts of and we underline the primary responsibility and the security and upgrading institutions of the military sovereign right of the country concerned in determining and, especially, the police so that human rights, rule of its national priorities in this regard. law and good governance can guide their operations. Recruitment policies should incorporate regional

14-31349 17/19 S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) Maintenance of international peace and security 28/04/2014 quotas, ethnic/tribal balance and appropriate gender and I would like to add the following remarks in our mix, involving women and local communities. There national capacity. must also be a reorientation of correctional services, We consider SSR to be a key step in the transition customs and the judiciary, which are important from conflict to sustainable development. Successful components of the security system. SSR is possible only by adhering to the principles of These overall efforts call for strengthening the national ownership and deepening cooperation with capacity and political will of national authorities and regional and subregional organizations and civil institutions, through political dialogue, with context- society. In this context, SSR emerged as a relevant specific policies, while also mobilizing the multiplicity concept addressing the core deficiencies of the State of actors. Special consideration must be given to with the aim of improving not only State security but, non-State actors, at the regional and international in a broader sense, human security — that is to say, the levels alike, interacting with governmental authorities. security of every single human being within the society. It is then obvious that new partnerships should be The Secretary-General’s report of August 2013 explored, requiring collaboration and commitment (S/2013/480) clearly outlines the progress within the at all levels — from regional to international. At United Nations system on SSR, but it also shows that the same time, there has to be national ownership of there is need for further improvement. In our view, SSR security sector reform, which must be democratic and requires a holistic approach and all activities should be representative, as this increases confidence in and the dealt with in a coherent and comprehensive manner. It is legitimacy of security institutions, striking a balance crucial to involve all parts of the United Nations system between national security concerns and local needs. in this area. We therefore we welcome the creation of SSR must include research, lessons learned, monitoring, the inter-agency Security Sector Reform Task Force, oversight and accountability mechanisms, benchmarks which covers all important departments of the United and indicators for thorough assessment. Nations Secretariat and its programmes. We also note In conclusion, Kazakhstan is determined to assist other ways of deepening this cooperation by involving and support United Nations efforts to evolve SSR as a specialized United Nations agencies in the Task Force. timely and effective to counteract numerous challenges, In conclusion, I would like to stress the active and we support the draft resolution before the Council. participation of the Czech Republic and Czech experts The President: I now give the floor to the in several Common Security and Defence Policy representative of Czech Republic. missions, whose mandate included SSR — in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Afghanistan, the Horn of Africa and Mrs. Hrdá (Czech Republic): The Czech Republic Mali. My country is also undertaking particular efforts fully shares the views expressed in the concept note to implement resolution 1325 (2000), on women, peace (S/2014/238, annex) for today’s debate. We thank the and security, as well as resolution 1612 (2005), on Nigerian presidency for having brought this critical children affected by armed conflict. issue to the attention of the Security Council and hope that the Security Council will continue to hold open The President: I now give the floor to the debates on security sector reform (SSR) on a regular representative of the United Republic of Tanzania. basis. We therefore welcome the draft resolution on Mr. Mwinyi (Tanzania): At the outset, allow me SSR and hope that it will be adopted today. The Czech to join other speakers in welcoming His Excellency Republic would like to join others in announcing our Mr. Aminu Wali, Minister for Foreign Affairs of co-sponsorship of the draft. Nigeria, to New York. I would also like to thank you, We agree that it is the responsibility of the Security Sir, for having convened this open debate. We extend Council as the body primarily responsible for the our appreciation to the Secretary-General for his maintenance of international peace and security to briefing on this important matter and his reports on this ensure that the necessary priority be afforded to this subject (S/2013/480). critical role of the United Nations. This debate is extremely relevant to the work of the The Czech Republic fully aligns itself with the Security Council, whose role is not merely to respond statement delivered on behalf of the European Union, to conflicts after they have unfolded but also to prevent them. Security sector reform (SSR) is among the

18/19 14-31349 28/04/2014 Maintenance of international peace and security S/PV.7161 (Resumption 1) many ways of safeguarding conflict-prone countries we can offer to our neighbouring countries in terms and ensuring post-conflict societies do not relapse of knowledge and skills in the area of security sector into conflict, by building strong, transparent and reform and others. After all, we aspire to the well-being accountable security sector institutions. This debate of their nations and peoples, which is paramount for takes place hardly a week since Tanzania, Japan and regional stability and development. the Slovak Republic held a seminar on inclusivity in We note with great appreciation that such value rebuilding States, focusing on inclusivity in security is fully acknowledged in the Peace, Security and sector reform. Tanzania pioneered the establishment of Cooperation Framework for the Democratic Republic the Peacebuilding Commission and strongly maintains of the Congo and the Region, the full implementation of its belief in the centrality of SSR in rebuilding post- which by all stakeholders is poised to restore peace and conflict societies. stability in the Great Lakes region of Africa. We wish to reiterate some of the issues that we The President: Members of the Council have deem absolutely important in advancing SSR, not only before them document S/2014/302, which contains in societies emerging from conflicts, but in developing the text of a draft resolution submitted by Argentina, countries in general. First, let me address ownership. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Chad, Chile, Croatia, It is important that the country in question, where Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, SSR is being undertaken, take full ownership of the Finland, France, Georgia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, process. Ownership entails more than consent. It is also Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, about commitment and, most importantly, inclusivity. Montenegro, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, To attain the requisite legitimacy, the security sector Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, reform process must involve all stakeholders, including Romania, Rwanda, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, youth, women, traditional leaders, religious leaders and Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom of civil society. It is also important that it involve former Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United combatants after peace talks have been exhausted, States of America. disarmament, demobilization and reintegration has been accomplished and justice has been administered. It is my understanding that the Council is ready to proceed to the vote on the draft resolution before it. I Secondly, on durability, it is of paramount shall put the draft resolution to the vote now. importance that security sector reform be undertaken as an ongoing process rather than an event, particularly A vote was taken by show of hands. when implemented under the mandate of the Council. In favour: Post-conflict countries undertaking security sector Argentina, Australia, Chad, Chile, China, France, reform must be assisted until they attain the capability Jordan, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Nigeria, Republic to assist themselves. We also believe that sustainability of Korea, Russian Federation, Rwanda, United in the security sector reform process can only be Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland attained if the process is undertaken hand in hand with and United States of America the development of the concerned countries. The President: The draft resolution received Thirdly, on the involvement of regional actors, 15 votes in favour. The draft resolution has been our involvement in peace processes over the past five adopted unanimously as resolution 2151 (2014). decades has clearly demonstrated the importance of regional actors in conflict prevention, resolution, There are no more names inscribed on the list of peacekeeping and peacebuilding. We encourage the speakers. The Security Council has thus concluded international community and the countries concerned the present stage of its consideration of the item on its to make effective use of the enormous resources that agenda. The meeting rose at 4.55 p.m.

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