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Aplicación a Sismos De Gran Magnitud ( ≥ 8.0) Ocurridos En La Región Central Del Perú Desde 1940 Al 2007

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Aplicación a Sismos De Gran Magnitud ( ≥ 8.0) Ocurridos En La Región Central Del Perú Desde 1940 Al 2007 Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos Universidad del Perú. Decana de América Dirección General de Estudios de Posgrado Facultad de Ciencias Físicas Unidad de Posgrado Cálculo de transferencia de esfuerzos estáticos: Aplicación a sismos de gran magnitud ( ≥ 8.0) ocurridos en la Región Central del Perú desde 1940 al 2007 TESIS Para optar el Grado Académico de Magíster en Física con mención en Geofísica AUTOR Nick Jhonatan MORENO MORENO ASESOR Juan Carlos VILLEGAS LANZA Lima, Perú 2019 Reconocimiento - No Comercial - Compartir Igual - Sin restricciones adicionales https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Usted puede distribuir, remezclar, retocar, y crear a partir del documento original de modo no comercial, siempre y cuando se dé crédito al autor del documento y se licencien las nuevas creaciones bajo las mismas condiciones. No se permite aplicar términos legales o medidas tecnológicas que restrinjan legalmente a otros a hacer cualquier cosa que permita esta licencia. Referencia bibliográfica Moreno, N. (2019). Cálculo de transferencia de esfuerzos estáticos: Aplicación a sismos de gran magnitud ( ≥ 8.0) ocurridos en la Región Central del Perú desde 1940 al 2007. Tesis para optar grado de Magíster en Física con mención en Geofísica. Unidad de Posgrado, Ciencias Físicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Hoja de metadatos complementarios Código ORCID del autor: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4060-1137 Código ORCID del asesor (es): Dr. Juan Carlos Villegas Lanza: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2772-1508 Mg. Cesar Jiménez Tintaya: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3671-4748 Grupo de investigación: Instituto Geofísico del Perú. Unidad de Geodesia Espacial. Institución que financia parcial o totalmente la investigación: Instituto Geofísico del Perú. Ubicación geográfica donde se realizó: -12.069587, -76.966592 Año o rango de años que la investigación abarcó: Entre el 2016 y 2019 DNI: 44337297 A la Facultad de Ciencias F´ısicas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos y al Instituto Geof´ısico del Per´u, por la formaci´on que me han dado. Es gracias a ustedes que es posible el presente trabajo. En verdad, gracias. Reconocimientos Al Dios Todopoderoso de quien proviene todo conocimiento y ciencias, a mi familia por sus oraciones y apoyo en todo ´ambito, a mis colegas de carrera por sus consejos y amistad que han sido de mucha ayuda. Agradezco la asesor´ıa del Profesor Mag. Cesar Jim´enez Tintaya de la Uni- versidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM), por sus consejos y formaci´onprofesional desde el pregrado los cuales me han sido de mucha ayuda para el desarrollo de la presente tesis. Asi mismo, agradezco la asesor´ıa del Dr. Juan Carlos Villegas Lanza por aceptarme en las insta- laciones del Instituto Geof´ısico del Per´u(IGP), espec´ıficamente en el ´area de Geodesia Espacial, por su asesor´ıa y tiempo dedicado a ense˜narme las herramientas necesarias para la investigaci´on y redacci´onde la presente tesis, al Instituto Geof´ısico del Per´u(IGP) por las facilidades de sus instalaciones y acogerme durante mi estancia en la misma. Este trabajo fue financiado por el CONCYTEC-FONDECYT en el marco de la convocatoria “Proyecto de Investigaci´onB´asica 2015-1” [n´umero de contrato 100-2015]. Dedico este vers´ıculo b´ıblico a toda persona que lea mi trabajo de tesis: Esfu´erzate, y es- forc´emonos por nuestro pueblo, y por las ciudades de nuestro Dios; y haga Jehov´alo que bien le pareciere (2 Samuel 10:12). iii Declaraci´on de autenticidad Por la presente declaro que, salvo cuando se haga referencia espec´ıfica al trabajo de otras personas, el contenido de esta tesis es original y no se ha presentado total o parcialmente para su consideraci´onpara cualquier otro t´ıtulo o grado en esta o cualquier otra Universidad. Esta tesis es resultado de mi propio trabajo y no incluye nada que sea el resultado de alg´un trabajo realizado en colaboraci´on, salvo que se indique espec´ıficamente en el texto. Lic. Nick Jhonatan Moreno Moreno. Lima, Per´u, 2019 IV Resumen Durante los 273 a˜nos posteriores al gran sismo de 1746 (8.8 Mw) ocurrido en la zona de subducci´onde la Regi´onCentral del Per´u(´area comprendida entre la Fractura de Menda˜na y la Dorsal de Nazca) ocurrieron 4 sismos (1940, 1966, 1974 y 2007) de magnitud igual o mayor a 8.0 Mw. Asimismo, durante este periodo ocurrieron dos eventos s´ısmicos de magnitud importante cerca a la Fractura de Menda˜na y a la Dorsal de Nazca que podr´ıan est´anrelacionados con estos 4 eventos, los cuales son el sismo intraplaca de 1970 (8.0 Mw) cuyo hipocentro fue en la placa litosf´erica oce´anica (placa de Nazca) y el sismo interplaca de 1996 (7.7 Mw) respectivamente. Es por ello que surge la pregunta si estos 6 eventos de gran magnitud han contribuido en la relajaci´ony transferencia de esfuerzos en la zona de subducci´on de la Regi´onCentral del Per´u donde se espera hasta la fecha un sismo de magnitud alrededor de 8.5 Mw (Villegas-Lanza et al., 2016; Chlieh et al., 2011; Jim´enez et al., 2016). Ante la pregunta generada, se abord´ola soluci´onutilizando el software Coulomb 3.3 pro- puesto por Toda et al., (2011). Este software contribuy´oen el estudio de la transferencia y cambios de esfuerzos ocasionados por estos 6 sismos en menci´on, a fin de determinar el impacto de la transferencias de esfuerzos ocasionada por la secuencia de sismos y su implicancia en la peligrosidad s´ısmica en la regi´onde estudio. Para la validaci´onde los resultados se utiliz´olas r´eplicas de cada evento s´ısmico a fin de observar la mayor concentraci´onde r´eplicas con el in- cremento de esfuerzos, esto se logr´oobservar a trav´es del cartografiado de los patrones lobulares de esfuerzos para verificar las zonas de activaci´onde la sismicidad o las zonas de sombra de esfuerzos seg´un lo propuesto por Stein (1999), asimismo, el mapa de isosistas propuesto por el Instituto Geof´ısico del Per´u(IGP) para observar la distribuci´onespacial de los esfuerzos con las intensidades macro-s´ısmicas en la escala de Mercalli Modificada en todo el litoral costero central del Per´ua fin de verificar lo propuesto por Jim´enez (2015) y Villegas-Lanza et al. (2016) para el sismo de 1746. Los resultados obtenidos muestran a la actualidad en una relajaci´onde esfuerzos hacia el continente y un incremento de esfuerzos que son validados con los patrones de deslizamien- to y r´eplicas recopiladas. El riesgo de un futuro evento s´ısmico de las mismas caracter´ısticas analizadas se encuentra en las costas del sur de Lima, aproximadamente entre las ciudades de Ca˜nete y Mala donde se observ´oun gran incremento de esfuerzos a´un no liberados hasta la fecha. Palabras claves: Transferencia de esfuerzos, Coulomb, acumulaci´onde esfuerzos, relajaci´on de esfuerzos, zona de subducci´on. V ´Indice general ´Indice de figuras IX ´Indice de tablas X 1. Introducci´on 1 1.1. Planteamiento del problema . .. 1 1.2. Objetivo......................................... 3 1.2.1. ObjetivoGeneral................................ 3 1.2.2. ObjetivoEspec´ıfico. 3 1.3. Antecedentes de estudios realizados . .... 3 1.4. Areadeestudio.....................................´ 6 1.5. Marcotect´onicodelPer´u . ... 7 1.6. SismicidaddelPer´u ................................ .. 7 2. Marco te´orico 11 2.1. Mec´anica de ruptura de fallas . ... 12 2.1.1. Tipos de fallas . 13 2.1.2. Definici´ondeesfuerzo . 15 2.1.3. Definici´onde deformaci´on . 20 2.1.4. Definici´onde mecanismos focales . 21 2.1.5. Criterio de falla o ruptura de Mohr-Coulomb . 23 2.2. Transferencia de esfuerzos est´aticos de Coulomb . ....... 26 2.2.1. Criterio de ruptura de Coulomb . 26 2.2.2. Caso Bidimensional: Transferencia de esfuerzos de Coulomb en fallas de orientaci´onespec´ıfica. 27 2.2.3. Caso Bidimensional: Transferencia de esfuerzos de Coulomb en fallas ´opti- mamente orientadas. 28 2.2.4. Caso Tridimensional: Condiciones Strike-Slip y Dip-Slip . ....... 30 2.3. Elciclos´ısmico .................................. ... 31 3. Marco Metodol´ogico 34 3.1. Introducci´on..................................... .. 34 3.2. Caracter´ısticas y par´ametros de ruptura de los sismos en estudio ......... 35 3.2.1. Caracter´ısticas del sismo del 24 de mayo de 1940 . 36 3.2.2. Caracter´ısticas del sismo del 17 de octubre de 1966 . .. 38 3.2.3. Caracter´ısticas del sismo del 31 de mayo de 1970 . 39 3.2.4. Caracter´ısticas del sismo del 03 de octubre de 1974 . .. 41 3.2.5. Caracter´ısticas del sismo del 12 de noviembre de 1996 . .. 42 3.2.6. Caracter´ısticas del sismo del 15 de agosto de 2007 . 44 VI ´INDICE GENERAL 4. Resultados 48 4.1. Transferencia de esfuerzos de Coulomb para el sismo del 24 mayo de 1940 (8.0 Mw) 48 4.2. Transferencia de esfuerzos de Coulomb para el sismo del 17 de octubre de 1966 (8.1Mw) ........................................ 56 4.3. Transferencia de esfuerzos de Coulomb para el sismo del 31 de mayo de 1970 (8.0 Mw)........................................... 67 4.4. Transferencia de esfuerzos de Coulomb para el sismo del 3 de octubre de 1974 (8.1Mw) ........................................ 68 4.5. Transferencia de esfuerzos de Coulomb para el sismo del 12 de noviembre de 1996 (7.7Mw) ........................................ 84 4.6. Transferencia de esfuerzos de Coulomb para el sismo del 15 de agosto de 2007 (8.0Mw) ........................................ 90 5. Conclusiones y discusion de resultados 108 5.1. Correlaci´oncon las r´eplicas . .. 108 5.1.1. Evento s´ısmico de 1940 . 108 5.1.2.
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