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Bernard Courtois (1777-1838), Famed for Discovering Iodine (1811), and His Life in Paris from 1798
Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 30, Number 2 (2005) 103 BERNARD COURTOIS (1777-1838), FAMED FOR DISCOVERING IODINE (1811), AND HIS LIFE IN PARIS FROM 1798 Patricia A. Swain The Family in Dijon (1) In January 1776 Bernard’s father became a full-time demonstrator to Guyton, whose annual chemistry course Bernard Courtois was born in 1777 in Dijon, the hand- was formally opened on April 28 (3, 4). Three years later some provincial capital of Burgundy, France with a he was fortunate to be able to rent accommodation in population of about 20,000. He grew up there and the Academy buildings, where the family lived for the learned about the saltpeter industry from his father’s next ten years. Thus the infant Bernard was raised in the work but he had no formal schooling. His father Jean- prestigious surroundings close to his father’s work, at a Baptiste Courtois came from a family of cobblers in that time when the Dijon Academy chemistry department was region, and his mother Marie Blé was the daughter of a well-known largely due to Guyton’s distinguished repu- village laborer. When they married in 1771, Jean- tation. The well-equipped laboratory needed for the prac- Baptiste was a valet to M. Bouchin de Grandmont aged tical science demonstrations was also used for other 82, the first president of Dijon’s Chamber of commerce purposes, as Guyton had predicted. It served as a small and the owner of a grand hotel in the town. After their pharmacy from 1778, managed by Jean-Baptiste who first son died in 1772 Marie and Jean-Baptiste had six was even called the ‘pharmacien de l’Académie’ by his children, a daughter Catherine followed by sons Pierre, family (3). -
1 Humphry Davy to John Davy, 15 October [1811] Davy, Collected Letters, Vol
1 Humphry Davy: Analogy, Priority, and the “true philosopher” Sharon Ruston Lancaster University, England https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3864-7382 This essay explores how Davy fashioned himself as, what he called in his poetry, a “true philosopher.” He defined the “true philosopher” as someone who eschewed monetary gain for his scientific work, preferring instead to give knowledge freely for the public good, and as someone working at a higher level than the mere experimentalist. Specifically, Davy presented himself as using the method of analogy to reach his discoveries and emphasised that he understood the “principle” behind his findings. He portrayed himself as one who perceived analogies because he had a wider perspective on the world than many others in his society. The poem in which he describes the “true philosopher” offers us Davy’s private view of this character; the essay then demonstrates how Davy attempted to depict his own character in this way during critical moments in his career. Introduction During the safety lamp controversy of 1815–1817, Humphry Davy deliberately presented himself as a natural philosopher. For Davy this meant someone with a wider purview than others, who is alive to the metaphorical, literary, and philosophical ramifications of his scientific discoveries. He represented himself as working at a highly theoretical level in the laboratory, rather than practically in the mine, making a clear distinction between himself and George Stephenson in this regard. Davy suggested that he was working for loftier ideals and was opposed to monetary gain or profit by patent. He declared that his discoveries were the product of analogical thinking and a consequence of his understanding of scientific principle. -
Courtois and Iodine
Rediscovery of the Elements Courtois and Iodine U originally used in his gas law experiments. Europe, on stable and barn stone walls, salt- Boyle was puzzled by the behavior of gunpow- peter grew in the form of "blooms" resembling der, which combusted in an evacuated jar just cotton tufts. Recent analyses show such a as it did in the open atmosphere, when heated growths of saltpeter are surprisingly pure, often 4 by the sun's rays concentrated by a magnifying greater than 95% KNO 3 . Saltpeter diggers- glass.' Boyle did not understand that saltpeter Salpetergraber in Germany or Salpetrier in (known today to be KNO 3) contained its own French'-soon learned to excavate soil about "air." Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) got his stables, pigeon cotes, manure piles, or barn- first hint of the nature of this supporter of com- yards to collect the saltpeter therein. bustion when he observed sparks as saltpeter As the demand for saltpeter increased, the was heated with oil, and he went on to discover saltpeter plantation/refinery was born, called oxygen.' Today we understand the basic reac- the Nitrarv (Nitriere in French, Nitriarv in tion of gunpowder to be 2 KNO 3 + 3 C + S -> German); (Figure 1). The manager of a nitrary K,S + N + 3 CO .The evolved gases expand would lay down a stratum of lime and cover James L. Marshall, Beta Eta 1971, and 2 2 and serve as the propellant in rockets and guns.' with manure, garbage, corpses, and any other Virginia R. Marshall, Beta Eta 2003, Saltpeter (meaning "salt-rock") is the most organic material, including a periodic dowsing Department of Chemistry, University of soluble of the nitrates and wicks up rapidly in with the urine of "drinkers of wine or strong North Texas, Denton,TX 76203-5070, soil; it was first observed in China where a cli- beer."' The major qualification of a nitrary man- [email protected] mate of alternatively cold/hot wet/dry climates ager was his ability to tolerate the incredible allowed it to form on soil surfaces.' In Medieval stench of his enterprise. -
BULLETIN for the HISTORY of CHEMISTRY Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society
BULLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY Division of the History of Chemistry of the American Chemical Society VOLUME 30, Number 2 2005 BULLETIN FOR THE HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY VOLUME 30, CONTENTS NUMBER 1 THE DEEP HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY Joseph B. Lambert, Northwestern University 1 GRANVILLE PERKINS AND LEPROSY CHEMOTHERAPY IN THE PHILIPPINES Ian D. Rae, University of Melbourne 10 KARL ELBS, 1858-1933 E. J. Behrman, Department of Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 19 THE HEART OF STEEL: A METALLURGICAL INTERPRETATION OF IRON IN HOMER Ruth Russo, Whitman College 23 FRIEDLIEB RUNGE AND HIS CAPILLARY DESIGNS Ernst F. Schwenk, Wiesbaden, Germany 30 JOHN HUGHES DAVIES. THE EFFECT OF THE SILENT ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE ON THE AMMONIA SYSTEM John T. Stock, University of Connecticut 35 THE HISTORY OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION AT LAFAYETTE COLLEGE Roger A. Egolf, Pennsylvania State University 41 BOOK REVIEWS 51 NUMBER 2 JOSEPH PRIESTLEY, NATURAL PHILOSOPHER Robert E. Schofield 57 PHLOGISTON THEORY AND CHEMICAL REVOLUTIONS Leslie V. Woodcock, University of Manchester, UK 63 PANTISOCRACY AND PENNSYLVANIA: PLANS OF COLERIDGE AND SOUTHEY AND OF COOPER AND PRIESTLEY J. Edmund White 70 ESTEEM, REGARD, AND RESPECT FOR RATIONALITY: JOSEPH PRIESTLEY’S FEMALE CONNECTIONS Kathleen L. Neeley, University of Kansas and M. Andrea Bashore, Joseph Priestley House 77 PRIESTLEY, JEFFERSON, AND ADAMS: THE ÉMIGRE AND AMERICAN POLITICS Judah B. Ginsberg, American Chemical Society 91 BERNARD COURTOIS (1777-1838), FAMED FOR DISCOVERING IODINE (1811), AND HIS LIFE IN PARIS FROM 1798 Patricia A. Swain 103 THE DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY BLOOD. GEORGE SENTER’S DISCOVERY OF THE ENZYME INVOLVED John T. Stock† and James D. -
Bernard Courtois (1777-1838), Famed for Discovering Iodine (1811), and His Life in Paris from 1798
Bull. Hist. Chem., VOLUME 30, Number 2 (2005) 103 BERNARD COURTOIS (1777-1838), FAMED FOR DISCOVERING IODINE (1811), AND HIS LIFE IN PARIS FROM 1798 Patricia A. Swain The Family in Dijon (1) In January 1776 Bernard’s father became a full-time demonstrator to Guyton, whose annual chemistry course Bernard Courtois was born in 1777 in Dijon, the hand- was formally opened on April 28 (3, 4). Three years later some provincial capital of Burgundy, France with a he was fortunate to be able to rent accommodation in population of about 20,000. He grew up there and the Academy buildings, where the family lived for the learned about the saltpeter industry from his father’s next ten years. Thus the infant Bernard was raised in the work but he had no formal schooling. His father Jean- prestigious surroundings close to his father’s work, at a Baptiste Courtois came from a family of cobblers in that time when the Dijon Academy chemistry department was region, and his mother Marie Blé was the daughter of a well-known largely due to Guyton’s distinguished repu- village laborer. When they married in 1771, Jean- tation. The well-equipped laboratory needed for the prac- Baptiste was a valet to M. Bouchin de Grandmont aged tical science demonstrations was also used for other 82, the first president of Dijon’s Chamber of commerce purposes, as Guyton had predicted. It served as a small and the owner of a grand hotel in the town. After their pharmacy from 1778, managed by Jean-Baptiste who first son died in 1772 Marie and Jean-Baptiste had six was even called the ‘pharmacien de l’Académie’ by his children, a daughter Catherine followed by sons Pierre, family (3). -
Iodine 1 Iodine
Iodine 1 Iodine Iodine I 53 tellurium ← iodine → xenonBr ↑ I ↓ At Iodine in the periodic table Appearance lustrous metallic gray, violet as a gas General properties Name, symbol, number iodine, I, 53 Pronunciation /ˈaɪ.ədaɪn/ EYE-ə-dyn, /ˈaɪ.ədɨn/ EYE-ə-dən, or /ˈaɪ.ədiːn/ EYE-ə-deen Element category diatomic nonmetal Group, period, block 17 (halogens), 5, p Standard atomic weight 126.90447 Electron configuration [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 2, 8, 18, 18, 7 History Discovery Bernard Courtois (1811) First isolation Bernard Courtois (1811) Physical properties Phase solid Density (near r.t.) 4.933 g·cm−3 Iodine 2 Melting point 386.85 K, 113.7 °C, 236.66 °F Boiling point 457.4 K, 184.3 °C, 363.7 °F Triple point 386.65 K, 12.1 kPa Critical point 819 K, 11.7 MPa Heat of fusion (I ) 15.52 kJ·mol−1 2 Heat of vaporization (I ) 41.57 kJ·mol−1 2 Molar heat capacity (I ) 54.44 J·mol−1·K−1 2 Vapor pressure (rhombic) P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 260 282 309 342 381 457 Atomic properties Oxidation states 7, 5, 3, 1, -1 (strongly acidic oxide) Electronegativity 2.66 (Pauling scale) Ionization energies 1st: 1008.4 kJ·mol−1 2nd: 1845.9 kJ·mol−1 3rd: 3180 kJ·mol−1 Atomic radius 140 pm Covalent radius 139±3 pm Van der Waals radius 198 pm Miscellanea Crystal structure orthorhombic [1] Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Electrical resistivity 7 (0 °C) 1.3×10 Ω·m Thermal conductivity 0.449 W·m−1·K−1 Bulk modulus 7.7 GPa CAS registry number 7553-56-2 Most stable isotopes Main article: Isotopes of iodine Iodine 3 iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 123I syn 13 h ε, γ 0.16 123Te 124I syn 4.176 d ε - 124Te 125I syn 59.40 d ε - 125Te 127I 100% - (SF) <29.961 129I trace 1.57×107 y β− 0.194 129Xe 131I syn 8.02070 d β−, γ 0.971 131Xe 135I syn 6.57 h β− - 135Xe Decay modes in parentheses are predicted, but have not yet been observed • v • t [2] • e Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. -
Commemorating Two Centuries of Iodine Research: an Interdisciplinary Overview of Current Research Frithjof C
Reviews F. C. Kpper, L. Kloo et al. DOI: 10.1002/anie.201100028 History of Iodine Chemistry Commemorating Two Centuries of Iodine Research: An Interdisciplinary Overview of Current Research Frithjof C. Kpper,* Martin C. Feiters, Berit Olofsson, Tatsuo Kaiho, Shozo Yanagida, Michael B. Zimmermann, Lucy J. Carpenter, George W. Luther III, Zunli Lu, Mats Jonsson, and Lars Kloo* Keywords: environmental chemistry · history of chemistry · iodine · Mçssbauer spectroscopy · X-ray spectroscopy Angewandte Chemie 11598 www.angewandte.org 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 11598 – 11620 Iodine Iodine was discovered as a novel element in 1811 during From the Contents the Napoleonic Wars. To celebrate the bicentennial anni- versary of this event we reflect on the history and highlight 1. Historic Background 11599 the many facets of iodine research that have evolved since 2. Characteristic Chemistry 11600 its discovery. Iodine has an impact on many aspects of life on Earth as well as on human civilization. It is accumu- 3. Supramolecular Interactions of Iodine, lated in high concentrations by marine algae, which are the Iodide, and Iodocarbons 11601 origin of strong iodine fluxes into the coastal atmosphere 4. Analytical Techniques for Iodine and its which influence climatic processes, and dissolved iodine is Compounds 11602 considered a biophilic element in marine sediments. Iodine is central to thyroid function in vertebrates, with 5. Organic Synthesis 11602 paramount implications for human health. Iodine can 6. Production and Industrial Applications 11605 exist in a wide range of oxidation states and it features a diverse supramolecular chemistry. Iodine is amenable to 7. -
Memorias De La Real Academia Sevillana De Ciencias Volumen 20 (2017) Memorias De La Real Academia Sevillana De Ciencias 2017
2 E=mc MEMORIAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA SEVILLANA DE CIENCIAS VOLUMEN 20 (2017) MEMORIAS DE LA REAL ACADEMIA SEVILLANA DE CIENCIAS 2017 3 Real Academia Sevillana de Ciencias - Memorias 2017 © Real Academia Sevillana de Ciencias Año de publicación: 2018 EDITA: Real Academia Sevillana de Ciencias IMPRIME: Impresión León - Utrera (Sevilla) DEPÓSITO LEGAL: SE-1990/91 I.S.S.N.: 2530-1829 4 ÍNDICE Relación de miembros de la Real Academia Sevillana de Ciencias a 31 de diciembre de 2017 ............................................................................... 9 Memoria de la Real Academia Sevillana de Ciencias del Año 2017 .......................................................................................................... 13 DISCURSOS Palabras del Excmo. Sr. D. José Luis de Justo Alpañés, Presidente de la Real Academia Sevillana de Ciencias, en el Acto de Apertura del curso 2017- 2018, celebrado el día 27 de noviembre de 2017 ............................................ 21 “Ciencia, científicos y sociedad”, por el Ilmo. Sr. D. Juan Cornejo Suero ........... 25 “Diseño Computacional de materiales”, por el Ilmo. Sr. D. Javier Fernández Sanz .................................................................................................................. 39 Discurso pronunciado por el Excmo. Sr. D. José María Trillo de Leyva ............. 69 “Newton, Euler, Navier, Stokes y lo de hoy”, por el Ilmo. Sr. D. Enrique Fernández Cara ................................................................................................. 79 Discurso pronunciado -
Iodine from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
Iodine From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning Iodine, I violet or purple, due to the color of iodine vapor.[3] 53 Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers. Iodine's relatively high atomic number, low toxicity, and ease of attachment to organic compounds have made it a part of many X-ray contrast materials in modern medicine. Iodine has only one stable isotope. Iodine radioisotopes, such as 131I, are also used in medical applications. Iodine is found on Earth mainly as the highly water-soluble iodide ion I−, which concentrates it in oceans and brine General properties pools. Like the other halogens, free iodine occurs mainly as a diatomic molecule I2, and then only momentarily after Name, symbol iodine, I being oxidized from iodide by an oxidant like free oxygen. In the universe and on Earth, iodine's high atomic number makes it a relatively rare element. Its presence in ocean water has given it a role in biology. It is the heaviest essential Appearance lustrous metallic element used widely by life in biological functions (only tungsten, employed in enzymes by a few species of bacteria, is gray, violet as a gas heavier). Iodine's rarity in many soils, due to initial low abundance as a crust-element, and also leaching of soluble Pronunciation /ˈaɪ.ədaɪn/, /ˈaɪ.ədᵻn/, iodide by rainwater, has led to many deficiency problems in land animals and inland human populations.