DOCSLIB.ORG

From Palaces to Pompeii: the Architectural and Social Context of Hellenistic Floor Mosaics in the House of the Faun Alexis M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
From Palaces to Pompeii: the Architectural and Social Context of Hellenistic Floor Mosaics in the House of the Faun Alexis M Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 From Palaces to Pompeii: The Architectural and Social Context of Hellenistic Floor Mosaics in the House of the Faun Alexis M. Christensen Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact lib-ir@fsu.edu THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES FROM PALACES TO POMPEII: THE ARCHITECTURAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT OF HELLENISTIC FLOOR MOSAICS IN THE HOUSE OF THE FAUN By ALEXIS M. CHRISTENSEN A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Classics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2006 Copyright © 2006 Alexis M. Christensen All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Alexis M. Christensen defended on June 30, 2006. _________________________________ Nancy T. de Grummond Professor Directing Dissertation _________________________________ Marcia Rosal Outside Committee Member _________________________________ Daniel J. Pullen Committee Member _________________________________ David Stone Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of my grandmothers. M. Jane Grubb, 1921-1994 and Fonda I. Christensen, 1925-2005. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In the course of writing my dissertation and indeed throughout my academic career I have received no greater support and encouragement than that which I received from my parents and professors. I can think of no more fitting words of gratitude than those of Vitruvius: Itaque ego maximas infinitasque parentibus ago atque habeo gratias, probantes me arte erudiendum curaverunt, et ea, quae non potest esse probata sine litteratura encyclioque doctrinarum omnium disciplina. cum ergo et parentium cura et praeceptorum doctrinis auctas haberem copias disciplinarum… - 6 praef. 4 And so I offer the greatest and most profound thanks to my parents, as they took care that I should be taught an art, and that it be an art which cannot be excelled at without learning and a liberal education of all fields of education. Therefore, with the pains taken by my parents and the teachings of my professors, I am possessed of an abundance of knowledge… - author’s translation I owe the most immediate thanks to the members of my dissertation committee: Dr. Nancy T. de Grummond, my committee chair, Dr. Daniel J. Pullen, Dr. David Stone, and Dr. Marcia Rosal. Also, Dr. Christopher Pfaff and Dr. Svetla Slaveva-Griffin deserve my gratitude for their advice and encouragement at the beginning and end of this process. I cannot put a limit on the thanks I owe my parents, Charles and Ellen Christensen, for their unconditional support of all I have accomplished both in and out of my academic career. iv They, in addition to all the members of my extended family, have offered me encouragement throughout. In particular, my deepest gratitude goes to Audra Mayhan for getting me through the rough patches, not to mention her unwavering support. Thanks also go to her for creating my floor plans. Finally, I must thank my friends at Florida State University for being there throughout and sharing my joys and miseries: John Beeby, Britt Holderness, Harry Nielson, Wayne Rupp, and Mary Lou Vrendenburg. v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ...................................................................................................... Page viii List of Figures ...................................................................................................... Page ix Abstract ...................................................................................................... Page xv 1. Introduction ................................................................................................ Page 1 Excavation and Architectural History of the House of the Faun................ Page 6 History of Scholarships on the Mosaics...................................................... Page 9 Methodology............................................................................................... Page 11 Organization ................................................................................................ Page 14 2. The House of the Faun and the Pompeian Usage of Hellenistic Mosaics ...... Page 17 The Historical Context................................................................................ Page 18 Architectural Context.................................................................................. Page 19 Mosaics in Context ..................................................................................... Page 23 Access and View......................................................................................... Page 29 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 39 3. Mosaics in Hellenistic Palaces and Elite Residences ..................................... Page 41 Macedonian Palaces.................................................................................... Page 42 Alexandrian Palaces.................................................................................... Page 49 Pergamene Palaces...................................................................................... Page 56 Macedonian Elite Houses I: Olynthus ........................................................ Page 60 Macedonian Elite Houses II: Pella.............................................................. Page 76 Elite Houses on Delos................................................................................. Page 81 Summary of Mosaic Usage......................................................................... Page 88 4. Iconography and Meaning .............................................................................. Page 90 Iconography and Theme ............................................................................. Page 91 Mosaics and Paintings................................................................................. Page 97 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 99 vi 5. Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 100 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................... Page 188 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................. Page 200 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Concordance of Room Numbers in the House of the Faun ............... Page 104 Table 2.1. Key to Pavements and Architectural Conventions. ........................... Page 106 Table 2.2. Relative Asymmetry and Control Values in the House of the Faun . Page 107 viii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1. Map of the Mediterranean with Sites Discussed in the Text................ Page 108 Fig. 1.2. Plan of the House of the Faun at Pompeii. ........................................... Page 109 Fig. 1.3. Plan of the First Phase of the House of the Faun at Pompeii ............... Page 110 Fig. 1.4. Plan of the House of the Faun at Pompeii Showing “Nested Squares” Design. .......................................................................... Page 111 Fig. 1.5. Alexander Mosaic from Exedra 37 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. ................................................................................................ Page 112 Fig. 1.6. Fish Mosaic from Triclinium 35 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. ................................................................................................ Page 113 Fig. 1.7. Cat with Hen and Water Fowl Mosaic from Ala 30 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. .............................................................................. Page 114 Fig. 1.8. Lion Mosaic from Room 42 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. ..... Page 115 Fig. 1.9. Nilotic Mosaic, Threshold Band Separating Peristyle 36 from Exedra 37 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. ........................................ Page 116 Fig. 1.10. Tiger Rider Mosaic from Triclinium 34 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. .................................................................................. Page 117 Fig. 1.11. Satyr and Nymph Symplegma Mosaic from Cubiculum 28 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. ......................................................... Page 118 Fig. 1.12. Masks Mosaic, Threshold Band Separating Fauces 53 from Atrium 27 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. ....................................... Page 119 Fig. 1.13. Detail, Opus Sectile Pavement from Fauces 53 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. .................................................................................. Page 119 Fig. 1.14. Doves Mosaic from Ala 29 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii. .... Page 120 Fig. 1.15. View of the Impluvium in Tuscan Atrium 27 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii ................................................................................ Page 121 ix Fig. 1.16. Detail, Opus Sectile Pavement from the Impluvium in Tuscan Atrium 27 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii ......................................... Page 121 Fig. 1.17. View of Tablinum 33 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii............... Page 122 Fig. 1.18. Detail, Opus Sectile Floor from Tablinum 33 in the House of the Faun at Pompeii ...............................................................................
Load more
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

213 pages remaining, click to load more.

Recommended publications
  • Ancient Greece and Rome
    Spartan soldier HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY Ancient Greece and Rome Reader Amphora Alexander the Great Julius Caesar Caesar Augustus THIS BOOK IS THE PROPERTY OF: STATE Book No. PROVINCE Enter information COUNTY in spaces to the left as PARISH instructed. SCHOOL DISTRICT OTHER CONDITION Year ISSUED TO Used ISSUED RETURNED PUPILS to whom this textbook is issued must not write on any page or mark any part of it in any way, consumable textbooks excepted. 1. Teachers should see that the pupil’s name is clearly written in ink in the spaces above in every book issued. 2. The following terms should be used in recording the condition of the book: New; Good; Fair; Poor; Bad. Ancient Greece and Rome Reader Creative Commons Licensing This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. You are free: to Share—to copy, distribute, and transmit the work to Remix—to adapt the work Under the following conditions: Attribution—You must attribute the work in the following manner: This work is based on an original work of the Core Knowledge® Foundation (www.coreknowledge.org) made available through licensing under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. This does not in any way imply that the Core Knowledge Foundation endorses this work. Noncommercial—You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike—If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. With the understanding that: For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspective and Geometry in the Roman Painted Gardens
    ISSN: 2687-8402 DOI: 10.33552/OAJAA.2019.02.000527 Open Access Journal of Archaeology and Anthropology Review Article Copyright © All rights are reserved by Manuela Piscitelli Perspective and Geometry in the Roman Painted Gardens Manuela Piscitelli* Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Italy *Corresponding author: Manuela Piscitelli, Università degli Studi della Campania Received Date: November 18, 2019 Luigi Vanvitelli, Department of Architecture and Industrial Design, Via San Lorenzo ad Septimum, Aversa (CE), Italy. Published Date: November 25, 2019 Abstract Garden painting is a very precise genre that is distinct from landscape painting. Present in Roman villas but also in tombs of the same period, wall to obtain an illusory effect of expansion of space, responds to precise geometric characteristics. The article relates the structure, also geometric, it responds to some specific compositional rules. The structure of the representation, realized for the most part with the intent to break through the by the point of view under which the garden (real or imaginary) must be observed, and in both cases, there is a will to bend nature within rigidly of the Roman gardens with their pictorial representation, which derives from it its justification. In both cases, in fact, the composition is guided betweengeometric the and parts. symmetrical schemas. The sense of perspective recreated in the painted gardens offers at first glance a feeling of naturalness into the garden, which
    [Show full text]
  • The Nature of Hellenistic Domestic Sculpture in Its Cultural and Spatial Contexts
    THE NATURE OF HELLENISTIC DOMESTIC SCULPTURE IN ITS CULTURAL AND SPATIAL CONTEXTS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Craig I. Hardiman, B.Comm., B.A., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2005 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Mark D. Fullerton, Advisor Dr. Timothy J. McNiven _______________________________ Advisor Dr. Stephen V. Tracy Graduate Program in the History of Art Copyright by Craig I. Hardiman 2005 ABSTRACT This dissertation marks the first synthetic and contextual analysis of domestic sculpture for the whole of the Hellenistic period (323 BCE – 31 BCE). Prior to this study, Hellenistic domestic sculpture had been examined from a broadly literary perspective or had been the focus of smaller regional or site-specific studies. Rather than taking any one approach, this dissertation examines both the literary testimonia and the material record in order to develop as full a picture as possible for the location, function and meaning(s) of these pieces. The study begins with a reconsideration of the literary evidence. The testimonia deal chiefly with the residences of the Hellenistic kings and their conspicuous displays of wealth in the most public rooms in the home, namely courtyards and dining rooms. Following this, the material evidence from the Greek mainland and Asia Minor is considered. The general evidence supports the literary testimonia’s location for these sculptures. In addition, several individual examples offer insights into the sophistication of domestic decorative programs among the Greeks, something usually associated with the Romans.
    [Show full text]
  • Naming the Extrasolar Planets
    Naming the extrasolar planets W. Lyra Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, K¨onigstuhl 17, 69177, Heidelberg, Germany wlyra@mpia.de Abstract and OGLE-TR-182 b, which does not help educators convey the message that these planets are quite similar to Jupiter. Extrasolar planets are not named and are referred to only In stark contrast, the sentence“planet Apollo is a gas giant by their assigned scientific designation. The reason given like Jupiter” is heavily - yet invisibly - coated with Coper- by the IAU to not name the planets is that it is consid- nicanism. ered impractical as planets are expected to be common. I One reason given by the IAU for not considering naming advance some reasons as to why this logic is flawed, and sug- the extrasolar planets is that it is a task deemed impractical. gest names for the 403 extrasolar planet candidates known One source is quoted as having said “if planets are found to as of Oct 2009. The names follow a scheme of association occur very frequently in the Universe, a system of individual with the constellation that the host star pertains to, and names for planets might well rapidly be found equally im- therefore are mostly drawn from Roman-Greek mythology. practicable as it is for stars, as planet discoveries progress.” Other mythologies may also be used given that a suitable 1. This leads to a second argument. It is indeed impractical association is established. to name all stars. But some stars are named nonetheless. In fact, all other classes of astronomical bodies are named.
    [Show full text]
  • Faunus and the Fauns in Latin Literature of the Republic and Early Empire
    University of Adelaide Discipline of Classics Faculty of Arts Faunus and the Fauns in Latin Literature of the Republic and Early Empire Tammy DI-Giusto BA (Hons), Grad Dip Ed, Grad Cert Ed Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy October 2015 Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................... 4 Thesis Declaration ................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................. 6 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 7 Context and introductory background ................................................................. 7 Significance ......................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical framework and methods ................................................................... 9 Research questions ............................................................................................. 11 Aims ................................................................................................................... 11 Literature review ................................................................................................ 11 Outline of chapters ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Early Peoples Activity Sheet: Ancient Romans
    Early Peoples Activity Sheet: Ancient Romans 1. Physical features and background a) What is the name of the river than runs through the city of Rome? The Tiber River. b) When was the city of Rome founded? Legend says that the city was founded in 753 B.C. although evidence uncovered by archaeologists suggests that the city emerged around 600 B.C. c) Read the section on The Founding of Rome on page 5. Look at the bronze sculpture beneath it. Explain what the sculpture is depicting? The sculpture depicts the she-wolf who cared for the abandoned twins, Romulus and Remus, until they were rescued by a shepherd who brought them up as his own children. d) Looking at the dates the sculpture is thought to be made. Is this a primary or secondary source? Secondary. e) According to the legend of the founding of Rome, where does Rome get its name from? The founder of the city, Romulus. f) Look at the Timeline of Rome, also on page 5. When was the Roman Empire at its greatest size? Under the Emperor Trajan between A.D. 98-117. g) Name the several groups of people living on the Italian peninsula during the first millennium B.C.? To the East were the Sabines, to the South were the Samnites. The ancient Greeks had colonies along the coast of Southern Italy and in Sicily. People from Carthage had settled in northwest Sicily. To the north of the Italian peninsula were the Etruscans. h) Describe the landscape that early Rome was built on? Rome was founded on seven hills.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe's Evolution of Atrium Houses
    Europe’s evolution of atrium houses Architectural history thesis MSc Architecture, Technical University Delft MSc2 AR2A011 Architectural History Thesis S Sem van der Straaten 4652657 Europe’s evolution of atrium houses An architectural history thesis S.F.G. van der Straaten Cover image by author Acknowledgement I would like to show my appreciation to Catja Edens for guiding me, helping me keep focus on the storyline and her constructive feedback. Thank you. 14/04/21 Abstract This thesis investigates the historical evolution of the atrium house in Europe. The origin and the climatic benefits of the atrium house were found by conducting literature review. Typological variants on the atrium house are determined by testing them to a set of criteria. The traditional atrium house developed in the Roman empire from Greek and Etruscan influences. The research shows four residential variants on the atrium typology in Europe, which are: the courtyard, cortile, patio and court. These typologies with enclosed outdoor spaces have impact by offering climatic benefits and a secluded outside space which stimulates social interaction. From an architectural perspective, this research emphasizes the benefits and history of the atrium typologies. Keywords: Atrium, Benefits, Courtyard, Cortile, Court, Patio, Typologies. I Table of contents List of figures ......................................II Introduction .......................................V Chapter 1: The origin of the atrium house ...............1 1.1. Origin of the European atrium house 2 1.2. The Roman atrium house 3 1.3. Functions of the atrium 5 Chapter 2: European variants on the atrium house ........9 2.1. European atrium variants 9 2.2. Historical development of European atrium variants 11 2.2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Pompeii and Herculaneum: a Sourcebook Allows Readers to Form a Richer and More Diverse Picture of Urban Life on the Bay of Naples
    POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM The original edition of Pompeii: A Sourcebook was a crucial resource for students of the site. Now updated to include material from Herculaneum, the neighbouring town also buried in the eruption of Vesuvius, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook allows readers to form a richer and more diverse picture of urban life on the Bay of Naples. Focusing upon inscriptions and ancient texts, it translates and sets into context a representative sample of the huge range of source material uncovered in these towns. From the labels on wine jars to scribbled insults, and from advertisements for gladiatorial contests to love poetry, the individual chapters explore the early history of Pompeii and Herculaneum, their destruction, leisure pursuits, politics, commerce, religion, the family and society. Information about Pompeii and Herculaneum from authors based in Rome is included, but the great majority of sources come from the cities themselves, written by their ordinary inhabitants – men and women, citizens and slaves. Incorporating the latest research and finds from the two cities and enhanced with more photographs, maps and plans, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook offers an invaluable resource for anyone studying or visiting the sites. Alison E. Cooley is Reader in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. Her recent publications include Pompeii. An Archaeological Site History (2003), a translation, edition and commentary of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (2009), and The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (2012). M.G.L. Cooley teaches Classics and is Head of Scholars at Warwick School. He is Chairman and General Editor of the LACTOR sourcebooks, and has edited three volumes in the series: The Age of Augustus (2003), Cicero’s Consulship Campaign (2009) and Tiberius to Nero (2011).
    [Show full text]
  • Houses, Streets and Shops in Byzantine Constantinople from the fifth to the Twelfth Centuries K.R
    Journal of Medieval History 30 (2004) 83–107 www.elsevier.com/locate/jmedhist Houses, streets and shops in Byzantine Constantinople from the fifth to the twelfth centuries K.R. Dark à Research Centre for Late Antique and Byzantine Studies, The University of Reading, Humanities and Social Sciences Building, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AA, UK Abstract This paper presents an analysis and reinterpretation of current evidence for houses, streets and shops in fifth- to twelfth-century Byzantine Constantinople, focussing on archaeological evidence. Previously unidentified townhouses and residential blocks are located. These show greater similarities to Roman-period domestic architecture than might be expected. Changes in the architectural style may be related to social change in the seventh century. Berger’s reconstruction of the early Byzantine street plan is shown to be archaeologically untenable. This has implications for the identification of formal planning and the boundaries of urban districts in the Byzantine capital. The limited archaeological evidence for streets and shops is also discussed. # 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Keywords: Byzantine; Constantinople; Houses; Shops; Streets; Archaeology; Cultural change 1. Introduction This paper aims to ask what archaeology can tell us about the houses, streets and shops of Byzantine Constantinople between the fifth and 12th centuries. Abundant textual sources exist for the political, ecclesiastical and intellectual history of the city, but these provide much less information about the everyday life of its inhabitants. One would suppose that archaeology ought to play a central role in elucidating these aspects of urban history, but this has not been the à E-mail address: k.r.dark@reading.ac.uk (K.R.
    [Show full text]
  • A Satyr for Midas: the Barberini Faun and Hellenistic Royal Patronage Author(S): Jean Sorabella Reviewed Work(S): Source: Classical Antiquity, Vol
    A Satyr for Midas: The Barberini Faun and Hellenistic Royal Patronage Author(s): Jean Sorabella Reviewed work(s): Source: Classical Antiquity, Vol. 26, No. 2 (October 2007), pp. 219-248 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ca.2007.26.2.219 . Accessed: 08/02/2012 16:15 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Classical Antiquity. http://www.jstor.org JEAN SORABELLA A Satyr for Midas: The Barberini Faun and Hellenistic Royal Patronage The canonical statue known as the Barberini Faun is roundly viewed as a mysterious anomaly. The challenge to interpret it is intensiWed not only by uncertainties about its date and origin but also by the persistent idea that it represents a generic satyr. This paper tackles this assumption and identiWes the statue with the satyr that King Midas captured in the well-known myth. Iconographic analysis of the statue’s pose supports this view. In particular, the arm bent above the head, the twist of the torso, and the splay of the legs are paralleled in many well-understood Wgures and furnish keys to interpreting the Barberini Faun as an extraordinary sleeping beast, intoxicated and Wt for capture.
    [Show full text]
  • Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period Ryan
    Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period by Ryan Anthony Boehm A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Emily Mackil, Chair Professor Erich Gruen Professor Mark Griffith Spring 2011 Copyright © Ryan Anthony Boehm, 2011 ABSTRACT SYNOIKISM, URBANIZATION, AND EMPIRE IN THE EARLY HELLENISTIC PERIOD by Ryan Anthony Boehm Doctor of Philosophy in Ancient History and Mediterranean Archaeology University of California, Berkeley Professor Emily Mackil, Chair This dissertation, entitled “Synoikism, Urbanization, and Empire in the Early Hellenistic Period,” seeks to present a new approach to understanding the dynamic interaction between imperial powers and cities following the Macedonian conquest of Greece and Asia Minor. Rather than constructing a political narrative of the period, I focus on the role of reshaping urban centers and regional landscapes in the creation of empire in Greece and western Asia Minor. This period was marked by the rapid creation of new cities, major settlement and demographic shifts, and the reorganization, consolidation, or destruction of existing settlements and the urbanization of previously under- exploited regions. I analyze the complexities of this phenomenon across four frameworks: shifting settlement patterns, the regional and royal economy, civic religion, and the articulation of a new order in architectural and urban space. The introduction poses the central problem of the interrelationship between urbanization and imperial control and sets out the methodology of my dissertation. After briefly reviewing and critiquing previous approaches to this topic, which have focused mainly on creating catalogues, I point to the gains that can be made by shifting the focus to social and economic structures and asking more specific interpretive questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Study Guide (Test Available Thurs 11/15 at 6:00 Pm Until Sat 11/17 at 6:00 Pm) the Test Is Open Book
    Arch 150 Appreciation of Architecture 1 Fall 2018 • Prof. Alex Anderson Test 3 Study Guide (test available Thurs 11/15 at 6:00 pm until Sat 11/17 at 6:00 pm) The test is open book. You may use any resource you like, as long as you work on your own. It is 30 questions, 40 minutes. Lectures Covered: Americas Greece 1 Greece 2 Rome 1 Rome 2 Readings in the text: Pages 35-61, 105-131, 259-274 Buildings (quite a few buildings in a few lectures!): Americas Rome 1: La Venta, Mexico Pont du Garde, Nîmes, France Teotihuacán, Mexico City of Pompeii Tikal, Guatemala Forum Chichen Itzá, Mexico Amphitheater Caral, Peru Atrium/Peristyle house Sechin, Peru Villa of the Mysteries Nazca Lines, Peru Roman Forum Great Serpent Mound, Ohio Basilica Juilia Temple of Concordia Augusta Greece 1: Arch of Septimus Severus Royal Palace, Knossos Curia Lion’s Gate, Mycenae House of the Vestals Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae Capitoline Temple, Rome Tyrins Temple of Portunus, Rome Sanctuary of Apollo, Delphi Maison Carrée, Nîmes, France Treasury of Athens Temple of Apollo Rome 2: Sanctuary of Zeus, Olympia Domus Aurea, Rome Temple of Hera Domus Augustana, Rome Temple of Zeus Hadrian’s Villa, Tivoli Imperial Forums Greece 2: Caesar (Temple of Venus) Temples, Paestum, Italy Augustus (Temple of Mars) Temple of Hera 1 Trajan (Basilica Ulpia) Temple of Athena Tranjan’s Markets Temple of Hera 2 Pantheon Acropolis, Athens Circus Maximus Temple of Athena Nike Theater of Marcellus Propylaea Colosseum Parthenon Baths of Diocletian Erecthion Agora, Athens Stoa of Attalos, Athens
    [Show full text]