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Rewizja Palearktycznych Form Z Rodzaju Discus Fltzlnger

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Rewizja Palearktycznych Form Z Rodzaju Discus Fltzlnger POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK INSTYTUT ZOOLOGICZNY ANNALES Z O O L O G I С 1 Г о ш X X Warszawa, 15 X 1962 Nr 16 Tomasz U m iń sk i Rewizja palearktycznych form z rodzaju Discus FlTZlNGER. 1833 (Gastro­ poda, Endodonłidae) Ревизия палеарктических форм родаDiscus FlTZlNGER, 1833 (Gastropoda, Endodonłidae) Revision of the Palearctie forms of the genus Discus FlTZlNGER, 1833 (Gastropoda, Endodonłidae) [Pl. III —IV, 1 text-figure, 3 maps and 5 tables] HISTORICAL ACCOUNT The uam es Gouyodiscus and Discus лѵеге need for the first time by F itzinger (1833) for two different genera. Gray (1847) fixed Helix perspectiva Meg. v. M üh lfeld as a type species for Gouyodiscus F itz., and Helix ruderata H a r tm a n n 1 as a type species for Discus F itz. H eld (1837) established the genus Patula. As a type species for that genusH e r m a n n - se n (1847) designated Helix rotundata 0. F. M ü l l e r . H. & A. A dams (1858) in their first revision of that group joined these genera into one, using for it the nameDiscus. А потен*1' clatorically valid and correct name is therefore Discus F itz., the other two (Gouyodiscus F itz. and Patula H e l d ) being its synonymes. That name was used consequently byT hiele (1931), B aker (1948), F orcart (1957) and many others. B a k e r , P ilsbry and F orcart based their opinions as to that matter on the cited literature and on the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature. Misinterpretations: W e st er l u n d (1889) used the names Discus F itz. and Gouyodiscus F itz. for two equal groups of tbe subgenus Patula H e l d . Besides, he spelled “Goniodiscus” instead of the correct form Gouyodiscus. P ilsbry (1894) placed the whole group in question as “sectio Gouyodiscus F itz.” in the genus Pyramidula F itz. and subgenus Pyramidula s. str. Subsequent studies of W at - 1 Till recently St u d e r was regarded as the author of that species. F orcart (1957) wrote: “Der Artname ruderatus wurde erstmals von St u d e r (1820: 86) als Glischrus (He­ lix) ruderata ohne Beschreibung publiziert und ist als nomen nudum noinenklatorisch ungültig. H artm ann (1821: 231, Taf. 2 Fig. 11) publizierte ihn erstmals nomenklatorisch gültig als Helix ruderata,. H artm ann ist deshalb Autor der Art.” http://rcin.org.pl 300 T. Umiński 2 s o n (1920) had shown definite differences between Discus F i t z . and Pyramidula F i t z . In fact these differences were big enough to include Discus F i t z . into the superfamily Sigmurethra, and Pyramidula F i t z . into the superfamily Orthurethra. T a y l o r (1909) assigned P. rotundata M ü l l , to the genus Pyramidula F i t z . and sub­ genus Discus F i t z . L i n d i i o l m (1927) in the nomenclatorical considerations erroneously regarded Gonyo- discus F i t z . as the right name. The same name, spelled “Goniodiscus” was used later by G e y e r (1927), E h r m a n n (1927), Likharev & Rammelmeier (1952) and by some other writers. S u b g e n e ra As regards the division of the Pale-arctic forms of the genus Discus F itz. into subge­ nera there is a considerable diversity of opinions. W esterlund (1889) divided these forms into two groups: 1. Discus F i t z ., including the species rotundata M ü l l e r ” and “//. ruderata S t u d e r ” ; 2. Goniodiscus F i t z ., with the species “7/. solaria M e n k e ” . The basic difference was the acute or obtuse keeling of the last whorl. G e y e r (1927) divided the genus Goniodiscus F i t z . into subgenera Discus F i t z ., inclu­ ding the species “G. rotundatus M ü l l . ” and UG. ruderatus S t u d . ” , and Goniodiscus s. str., including “(7. perspectivus Meg. v. M ü h l f . ” without any further motivation. In the key to species the maculated or unicolor shell and the presence or absence of a keel on the last whorl were regarded by him as the distinguishing characters. L i n d h o l m (1927) did not divide the genus Gonyodiscus F i t z ., yet suggested the possi­ bility of splitting it into two subgenera. One of them would be Gonyodiscus s. str. with macu­ lated shell and west- and middle-european distribution. The other would be Discus F i t z . with unicoloured shell and Holarctic distribution. T h i e l e (1931) distinguished seven “sectiones” in the genus Discus F i t z ., among others Discus s. str. and Gonyodiscus F i t z . The definition for Discus s. str. is: “Schale einfarbig...”, for Gonyodiscus F i t z . : “Schale braunfleckig, sehr weit genabelt...”. Thus Discus ruderatus H a r t m a n n would belong to Discus s. str., Discus rotundatus M ü l l e r and Discus perspecti­ v e M ü h l f e l d would belong to Gonyodiscus F i t z . P i l s b r y (1948) divided Discus F i t z . into subgenera Discus s. str., Gonyodiscus F i t z . and Nematodiscus P i l s b r y , the latter with only one Nearctie species. B a k e r (in P i l s b r y , 1948) stated that the distinguishing character for Gonyodiscus F i t z . was: “Penial retractor from the columellar muscle”, and for Discus s. str. “Penial retractor from diaphragm”. F o r c a r t (1957) wrote: “Weder B a k e r noch P i l s b r y teilen mit, ob bei nearktischen Arten festgestellt wurde, dass sich der Penisretraktor mit der Columellarmuskulatur vereinigt. Vermutlich wurde diese Angabe Soós (1917: 119 120, 161 — 162) entnommen, der von Discus perspectivus — den er unter dem Synonym Patula solaria ( M e n k e ) beschrieb — mitteilte, dass sich der Penisretraktor mit der Columellarmuskulatur vereinige.”. Next lie concluded from his anatomical studies that Soós was mistaken. The penial retractor in Discus perspectivus ( M ü ii lf .) is connected with the diaphragm in the very same way as in D. rotundatus ( M ü l l . ) and in D. ruderatus (Hartm.). My own anatomical studies of nume­ rous specimens of D. perspectivus ( M ü h l f . ) and of other Discus F i t z . species have fully con­ firmed this view. So we come to the conclusion that the character, used by B a k e r (in P i l s ­ b r y , 1948) as the basis of distinction, simply does not exist. F o r c a r t (1957) in his detailed and profound study demonstrated that other characters (like keeling of the body-wliorl, shell coloration, dimensions of the umbilicus or shell or the number of whorls) are equally insufficient for setting up the definition of superspecific taxonomical units. That view seems to be justified by the fact that the group in question is well known for its considerable individual variability of the shell. This variability was pointed out among others by B o e t t g e r (1929, 1930, 1931) and will be also discussed in http://rcin.org.pl 3 The Palearctic forms of the genus Discus Fitz. 301 the present paper. Finally F o r c a r t assumed that there was no ground for grouping the Palearctic Discus species into different subgenera. For the then state of knowledge this assumption was fairly reasonable. TAXONOMY In my anatomical studies on the Palearctic species of Discus F it z . I have found differences in the structure of the genital organs which I believe to be of taxonomical value. Some of them have already been known and mentioned e. g. by H e s s e (1915). Consequently, I regard the following as the proper ta­ xonomical arangement of that group: Genus Discus F it zin g e r , 1833 Subgenus Discus s. str. Discus (Discus ) ruderatus ruderatus (H a r t m a n n , 1821) (type species) Discus (Discus) ruderatus pauper (G o u l d , 1858) Subgenus Gonyodiscus F itzin g er , 1833 Discus (Gonyodiscus ) perspectivus (Megerle von M ü h l f e l d , .1810) (type species) Discus (Gonyodiscus ) rotundatus (O. F. M ü l l e r , 1771) Discus (Gonyodiscus ) rotundatus form a abietina (B o u r g u ig n a t, 1861). The penis in the subgenus Discus s. str. has the form of an elongated cone. The narrow top of that cone communicates with the genital atrium, the big, rounded basis forming the distal end1. The penial retractor runs from the dia­ phragm exactly to the middle of that basis, the connection being thus termi­ nal. The vas deferens joins the penis laterally, at one side of the mentioned “basis” [Pl. Ill, Figs. 1 - 4]. In Gonyodiscus F it z . the penis is cylindrical, much elongated too. The penial retractor is attached to the penis laterally. The place of attachment falls between one fifth and one third of the length of the penis from its distal end. The vas deferens connects with the penis at the distal end of penis i. e. terminally [Fig. 1; Pl. Ill, Figs. 5, 6].
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