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Managing Water for Agroecosystems and Food Security

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Managing Water for Agroecosystems and Food Security Managing Water and Agroecosystems for Food Security Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture Series Titles Available Volume 1. Water Productivity in Agriculture: Limits and Opportunities for Improvement Edited by Jacob W. Kijne, Randolph Barker and David Molden Volume 2. Environment and Livelihoods in Tropical Coastal Zones: Managing Agriculture–Fishery–Aquaculture Confl icts Edited by Chu Thai Hoanh, To Phuc Tuong, John W. Gowing and Bill Hardy Volume 3. The Agriculture Groundwater Revolution: Opportunities and Threats to Development Edited by Mark Giordano and Karen G. Villholth Volume 4. Irrigation Water Pricing: the Gap Between Theory and Practice Edited by François Molle and Jeremy Berkoff Volume 5. Community-based Water Law and Water Resource Management Reform in Developing Countries Edited by Barbara van Koppen, Mark Giordano and John Butterworth Volume 6. Conserving Land, Protecting Water Edited by Deborah Bossio and Kim Geheb Volume 7. Rainfed Agriculture: Unlocking the Potential Edited by Suhas P. Wani, Johan Rockström and Theib Oweis Volume 8. River Basin Trajectories: Societies, Environments and Development Edited by François Molle and Philippus Wester Volume 9. Tropical Deltas and Coastal Zones: Food Production Communities and Environment at the Land–Water Interface Edited by Chu T. Hoanh, Brian W. Szuster, Kam Suan-Pheng, Abdelbagi M. Ismail and Andrew D. Noble Volume 10. Managing Water and Agroecosystems for Food Security Edited by Eline Boelee Managing Water and Agroecosystems for Food Security Edited by Eline Boelee Water Health, Hollandsche Rading, the Netherlands International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 T: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 T: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2013. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Managing water and agroecosystems for food security / edited by Eline Boelee. p. cm. -- (Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture series ; 10) ISBN 978-1-78064-088-4 (alk. paper) 1. Agricultural ecology. 2. Water in agriculture. 3. Food security. I. Boelee, Eline. II. Series: Comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture series ; 10. S589.7.M36 2013 577.5'5--dc23 2013002767 ISBN-13: 978 1 78064 088 4 Commissioning editor: Victoria Bonham Editorial assistant: Alexandra Lainsbury Production editor: Lauren Povey Typeset by Columns Design XML Ltd, Reading, UK. Printed and bound in the UK by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY. Contents Contributors vii Series Forewords ix D. Molden and A. Noble Acknowledgements xiii 1 Introduction 1 E. Boelee, D. Coates, E. Khaka, P.L. Pert, L. Thiombiano, S.J. Scherr, S. Cook and L. Sanford 2 Drivers and Challenges for Food Security 7 J. Barron, R.E. Tharme and M. Herrero 3 Water-related Ecosystem Services and Food Security 29 D. Coates, P.L. Pert, J. Barron, C. Muthuri, S. Nguyen-Khoa, E. Boelee and D.I. Jarvis 4 Challenges to Agroecosystem Management 42 P.L. Pert, E. Boelee, D.I. Jarvis, D. Coates, P. Bindraban, J. Barron, R.E. Tharme and M. Herrero 5 Water Use in Agroecosystems 53 R. Fleiner, D. Grace, P.L. Pert, P. Bindraban, R.E. Tharme, E. Boelee, G.J. Lloyd, L. Korsgaard, N. Eriyagama and D. Molden 6 Drylands 68 E.M. Solowey, T. Amede, A. Evans, E. Boelee and P. Bindraban 7 Wetlands 82 M. Finlayson, S.W. Bunting, M. Beveridge, R.E. Tharme and S. Nguyen-Khoa v vi Contents 8 Increasing Water Productivity in Agriculture 104 K. Descheemaeker, S.W. Bunting, P. Bindraban, C. Muthuri, D. Molden, M. Beveridge, M. van Brakel, M. Herrero, F. Clement, E. Boelee and D.I. Jarvis 9 Managing Agroecosystem Services 124 D.I. Jarvis, E. Khaka, P.L. Pert, L. Thiombiano and E. Boelee 10 Water Management for Ecosystem Health and Food Production 142 G.J. Lloyd, L. Korsgaard, R.E. Tharme, E. Boelee, F. Clement, J. Barron and N. Eriyagama 11 Management of Water and Agroecosystems in Landscapes for Sustainable Food Security 156 E. Boelee, S.J. Scherr, P.L. Pert, J. Barron, M. Finlayson, K. Descheemaeker, J.C. Milder, R. Fleiner, S. Nguyen-Khoa, S. Barchiesi, S.W. Bunting, R.E. Tharme, E. Khaka, D. Coates, E.M. Solowey, G.J. Lloyd, D. Molden and S. Cook Index 171 Contributors (Note that e-mail addresses are included for lead authors only.) T. Amede, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), PO Box 1906, Maputo, Mozambique. (formerly CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food – CPWF and International Water Management Institute/International Livestock Research Institute – IWMI/ILRI). S. Barchiesi, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Global Water Programme, Rue Mauverney 28, 1196 Gland, Switzerland. J. Barron, Stockholm Environment Institute, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK and Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. E-mail: [email protected] M. Beveridge, WorldFish (Lusaka Offi ce), PO Box 51289, Ridgeway, Lusaka, Zambia. P. Bindraban, World Soil Information (ISRIC) and Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen UR), PO Box 353, 6700 AJ Wageningen, the Netherlands. E. Boelee, Water Health, Tolakkerweg 21, 3739 JG Hollandsche Rading, the Netherlands (formerly IWMI). E-mail: [email protected] S.W. Bunting, Essex Sustainability Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK. E-mail: [email protected] F. Clement, IWMI, GPO Box 8975, EPC 416, Kathmandu, Nepal. D. Coates, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), 413, Saint Jacques Street, suite 800, Montreal QC H2Y 1N9, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] S. Cook, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems, PO Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka. K. Descheemaeker, Plant Production Systems, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands (formerly Commonwealth Scientifi c and Industrial Research Organisation – CSIRO and IWMI/ILRI).E-mail: katrien.descheemaeker@ wur.nl N. Eriyagama, IWMI, PO Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka. A. Evans, Edge Grove School, Aldenham Village, Watford, WD25 8NL,UK (formerly IWMI). M. Finlayson, Institute for Land, Water and Society (ILWS), Charles Sturt University, PO Box 789, Albury, NSW 2640, Australia. E-mail: mfi [email protected] R. Fleiner, International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), GPO Box 3226, Khumaltar, Kathmandu, Nepal. E-mail: rfl [email protected] vii viii Contributors D. Grace, ILRI, PO Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. M. Herrero, CSIRO, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia; formerly ILRI. D.I. Jarvis, Bioversity International, Via dei Tre Denari 472/a, 00057 Maccarese (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy. E-mail: [email protected] E. Khaka, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), PO Box 30552, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya. E-mail: [email protected] L. Korsgaard, UNEP–DHI Centre for Water and Environment, Agern Allé 5, DK 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] G.J. Lloyd, UNEP–DHI Centre for Water and Environment, Agern Allé 5, DK 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark. E-mail: [email protected] J.C. Milder, EcoAgriculture Partners, 1100 17th Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. D. Molden, ICIMOD, GPO Box 3226, Khumaltar, Kathmandu, Nepal (formerly IWMI). C. Muthuri, World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), United Nations Avenue, Gigiri, PO Box 30677, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. S. Nguyen-Khoa, World Water Council (WWC), Espace Gaymard, 2–4 Place d’Arvieux, 13002 Marseille, France (formerly CPWF). P.L. Pert, CSIRO, Ecosystem Sciences, PO Box 12139, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia. E-mail: [email protected] L. Sanford, IWMI, PO Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka. S.J. Scherr, EcoAgriculture Partners, 1100 17th Street NW, Suite 600, Washington, DC 20036, USA. E.M. Solowey, The Arava Institute for Environmental Studies (AIES), Kibbutz Ketura, D.N. Hevel Eilot 88840, Israel. E-mail: [email protected] R.E. Tharme, The Nature Conservancy (TNC), 48 Middle Row, Cressbrook, Buxton, Derbyshire, SK17 8SX, UK. E-mail: [email protected] L. Thiombiano, Central Africa Bureau, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), BP 2643, Libreville, Gabon. M. van Brakel, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems, PO Box 2075, Colombo, Sri Lanka (formerly CPWF). Chapter Title ix Series Foreword: The Comprehensive Assessment (CA) of Water Management in Agriculture There is broad consensus on the need to over the next 50 years in order to enhance improve water management and to invest in food and environmental security to support the water for food, as these are critical to meeting achievement of the MDGs. This report was the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). published in 2007 under the title Water for The role of water in food and livelihood security Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive is a major issue of concern in the context of Assessment of Water Management in persistent poverty and continued environmental Agriculture, but CA research and knowledge- degradation. Although there is considerable sharing activities have continued to expand the knowledge on the issue of water management, assessment. an overarching picture on the water–food– The primary assessment research fi ndings livelihoods–environment nexus is missing, are presented in a series of books that forms leaving uncertainties about management and the scientifi c basis of the CA of Water investment decisions that will meet both food Management in Agriculture. The books cover a and environmental security objectives.
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