DOCSLIB.ORG

Pollux's Spears

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Pollux's Spears Pollux’s Spears SARAH NICHOLS It soon became clear to me that it was impossible to render understandable the concentration and interconnections, in other words the anatomy of imperialism, without using the graphical method of which I became one of the rare specialists worldwide. 1 Cement is the binding agent for concrete. A homogenous, low- value, perishable bulk commodity, it is the constant in reinforced concrete. 2 But a trio of graphics, published in 1946, depicts it as another sort of binder, one gluing a whole swath of the build - ing material industry into a conglomerate. An array of building materials is shown framed by cement—or, rather, by the network of companies that produce it. 3 The three graphics are the center - piece of an exposé titled The Cement and Building Material Trust published under the pseudonym “Pollux,” after the mytho - logical twin, positioning the unmasking of corporate-political power structures as a heroic act. 4 At the time of publication, the author’s real identity remained unknown. The Swiss conserv - ative press doggedly attacked Pollux’s work and attempted to smear any number of figures by accusing them of being behind the moniker. 5 Finally in 1953, with palpable satisfaction, the Neue Zürcher Zeitung unmasked Pollux, revealing that while his work had been published in Social Democratic and pro- union periodicals, the author not only held communist sympa - thies—an association Social Democrats were taking pains to disavow—but had defected to East Germany. Behind Pollux was Georges Baehler, a hydroelectric engineer who had worked for eighteen years in Switzerland, France, and Morocco before switching to his particular form of economic research. The three graphics, then, were drawn by an engineer—one with firsthand knowledge of the materiality of construction—to subvert the cartels that structured his professional life. Working outward from this insight, the present article situates the graphics, first in their biographical and political context, then in a longer history of organizational and anti-imperialist draw - ings, in order to locate their intervention at the intersection of information and materiality. Though Pollux was unmasked, Baehler’s voluminous, obsessive work and resulting archive of over 30 linear meters of newspaper clippings, articles, corre - spondence, and half-finished research projects has never been properly unpacked. This article is thus also a first pass at and invitation to further research his compelling and complicated life and work. In the mid-1930s, Baehler made what he describes as an abrupt shift from building systems to interrogating them. Just before, he had worked on the El Kansera dam in Morocco Grey Room 71, Spring 2018, pp. 141–155. © 2018 Grey Room, Inc. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology 141 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/grey_a_00246 by guest on 30 September 2021 (1928–1934), for which François de Pierrefeu—who began collaborating with Le Corbusier in 1931 on the journal Plan s— was lead contractor. Baehler describes the experience as both his most important success as an engineer but also his first encounter with colonialism and the “stranglehold” held on the country by European finance. 6 From Morocco, he moved to Paris in 1935, attributing an easy landing to Le Corbusier— a fellow émigré from La Chaux-de-Fonds —and Paul Vaillant- Couturier, editor of L’humanité , at the time, the official news - paper of the French Communist Party. 7 From 1936 to 1939, he worked within the Maison de la culture on rue d’Anjou and for the Confédération générale du travail (CGT; General Confederation of Labor) and, together with a group of collabo - rators released pieces under the name Pierre Lenoir that cri - tiqued the power of global finance, including an investigation of the French cement industry. The outbreak of war forced Baehler back to engineering. While managing a hydroelectric plant in Corrèze, he was arrested by the Vichy regime for Resistance activities and was eventually involuntarily repatriated to Zurich in 1942. There, he found work at Elektrobank, a company that financed and planned hydropower projects worldwide. 8 At the same time, Baehler continued writing articles and founded a publishing house (Verein für wirtschaftliche Studien , 1944–1946) that released a series of five antitrust missives on topics such as the electrical and insurance industries and the complicity of German corpo - rations supporting the Nazi regime. 9 Baehler returned to Paris in 1945, working for the Centre d’études et de recherches économiques et sociales (Center for Social and Economic Study and Research) of the French Communist Party. Then in 1950 he relocated to the German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany). There, under the pseudonym Baumann, he wrote on topics such as the Bonn government, the Rockefellers and Rothschilds, and Krupp— a sampling of the GDR’s bogeymen and antagonists. As in Paris, his publications were supported by a research position, this time at the Forschungsstelle Baumann (Baumann Research Unit) within the Deutsches Institut für Zeitgeschichte ( German Institute for Contemporary History ). By the end of the 1950s, his articles taper off, and some speculate he lost favor with the Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (Socialist Unity Party). 10 During Baehler’s time in both France and East Germany, his research was published in journals and newspapers of ruling leftist governments, yet it was the short period in Zurich where, writing against the grain, his work generated the most controversy. Throughout Baehler’s work, pervasive concerns include the concentration of power in the hands of the few (especially when passed down through familial links), the tendency toward monopolization in different industrial sectors, and—uniting the two—the oligarchic superimposition of corporate and polit - ical power. Baehler uses the English word trust in both the 142 https://doi.org/10.1162/grey_a_00246 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/grey_a_00246 by guest on 30 September 2021 German and French editions of his books, treating the trust as an import from American capitalism. 11 In his usage, trust refers to a large corporation whose hegemony over a given industry tends toward a monopoly, like Standard Oil. 12 In the case of cement, trust is also used to refer to an industry woven into an effective monopoly by common actors and investment. From Standard Oil onward, trusts were condemned from both ends of the economic spectrum. Free-market economists attacked monopolies, viewing them as a distortion of fair compe - tition, while Marxists critiqued them for fostering consumption, forming a new bourgeoisie, and feeding a brutal form of expan - sionism. While Pollux’s graphics deal with a topic that was hotly debated in his time, his early work is somewhat solitary, more in dialogue with an earlier generation of scholars than his contemporaries. Baehler draws heavily from Vladimir Lenin’s Pollux [Georges study of imperialism. In 1916, Lenin argued that the inherent Baehler]. tendency toward concentration in capitalism created not just “Deutschland” monopolies but a pernicious overlap between finance and (Germany). From Wer leitet industry, thereby ending any semblance of a free-market system Deutschland? and propelling a worldwide search for new sources for expan - (Who leads sion. 13 In 1910, Rudolf Hilferding, in a work influential for Germany?, 1945), plate 6. Lenin, had described the growing separation between capital and production and with it the emergence of a new group of powerful individuals. These insiders—often financiers—held seats on many corporate boards and their interests came to influence disparate industries. This interweaving of industries through finance and the resulting power of their alliances were what Baehler sought to “unmask.” Paul Sweezy’s theory of monopoly capitalism, published in 1942 at the height of Pollux’s activity but known to Baehler only later, offered a revi - Nichols | Pollux’s Spears 143 Downloaded from http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/grey_a_00246 by guest on 30 September 2021 sion of Lenin’s theory similar to Baehler’s views. While par - tially rejecting the notion of the central power of finance, Sweezy saw that capitalism was no longer a free-market sys - tem. The state had become an economic instrument, and the world economy was an interlocked network of states—more or less capitalist—experiencing varying degrees of monopoly. 14 | | | | | The three cement industry plates are different views of the same subject: the Swiss building material industry at midcen - tury. Plate 1 shows the industry in western, French-speaking Switzerland centered on the concerns of cement producer Ernst Martz; plate 2, German-speaking Switzerland through the group of companies owned by the Schmidheiny family; and plate 3, a simplified representation of the industry as a whole, with substantial overlap between the two groups. Financial institutions are at the top, a placement that reflects their impor - tance. 15 Major figures or institutions are below, linked businesses from other sectors are at the sides, and foreign subsidiaries are at the bottom. Though their names may seem unfamiliar, sev - eral are of continuing global importance today, albeit under new names such as LafargeHolcim, UBS, and Credit Suisse. 16 Boxed text indicates organizations of all kinds, while circles indicate powerful individuals. 17 Arrows from circle to box indi - cate membership on the board of directors; tapering lines indicate a president, vice president, or delegate. Arrows between two boxes indicate common board members, and tapered lines indicate that the organization at the narrow end is a subsidiary. A dashed line indicates that the person, association, or connec - tion no longer exists. Though an economic diagram, Pollux traces familial connections and close personal associations, indicated here by thin lines. 18 The plates only show connec - tions, the pieces of the network that confirm interweaving. In a deceptive omission, independent board members are not shown.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mccallums DANIEL Mccallum • ISABEL SELLARS
    McCALLUMS DANIEL McCALLUM • ISABEL SELLARS Their Antecedents, Descendants and Collateral Relatives A COMPILATION BY .<::, Loms FARRELL, CoLoNEL U.S. ARMY RETIRED No. 799H FLORA JANIE HAMER HOOKER No. 92S 1946 PUBLISHED BY THE COMPILERS FOR PRIVATE DISTRIBUTION Copyright, 1946 Colonel Louis Farrell, Jackson Boulevard, Nashville 5, Tennessee and Mrs. Flora Hamer Hooker, Hamer, South Carolina PRINTED IN THE U.S. A. BY THE WILLIAMS PRINTING COMPANY, INC., SPARTANBURG, SOUTH CAROLINA McCALLUMS THIS COMPILATION IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED to ANGUS McCALLUM 1774 - 1849 Who kept the first family records to DUGALD McCALLUM 1800- 1881 Who pioneered in writing a record of the McCallums to XANTIPPE LITTLE McCALLUM WILSON 1826 - 1901 Who was known as the McCallum Family Historian to JAMES CALVIN McCALLUM 1824 - 1893 Who gathered and compiled McCallum Family Records to ANGUS JACKSON McCALLU:M: 1853 - Living 1946 Who preserved McCallum records which provided valuable information and help to the compilers of this book to JANIE BROWN McCALLUM HAMER 1861 - 1941 Who inspired an interest in others to collect and preserve in permanent form a history of the McCallum Family ,-· ANGUS McCALLUM DUGALD McCALLUM XANTIPPE LITTLE McCALLUM WILSON JAMES CALVIN McCALLUM ANGUS JACKSON McCALLUM JANIE BROWN McCALLUM HAMER :,1. 1 ,· \ .~~. -~g-l fit),..,.. ~) INTRODUCTION HIS Compilation deals with the descendants ot Daniel McCallum who emigrated from Kenteyre, ( Cantire, Canteyre), Argyllshire, Scotland in 1770 and settled finally in what is now Robeson County, North Carolina. No real effort has ever been made to trace his relatives or the McCallum Clan in Scotland; however, it seems proper to state that there are two theories regarding the Clan McCallum.
    [Show full text]
  • Rrs, Herman Haupt and Gettysburg
    Railroads, Herman Haupt, and the Battle of Gettysburg Steve Ditmeyer Principal Transportation Technology and Economics Bull Run Civil War Round Table Public Library, Centerville, VA May 14, 2020 US Railroads just before the Civil War The Union had 20,500 miles of railroad track, and the railroads actually formed a network. The Confederacy had 9,500 miles of railroad track, originally built from fields to seaports, and had only limited interconnections. Some historians believe that the Confederacy would have had a better chance of breaking up the Union by force of arms had it attempted to do so a decade earlier, before the Union had built its railroad network. Herman Haupt: The Pre-War Years - 1 Haupt was born in Philadelphia in 1817 and raised there. He graduated from West Point at age 18 in 1835, in the same class as George Meade, with an engineering degree, and they were commissioned as 2nd Lieutenants in the US Army. The two cadets gained reputations for being highly competent but difficult to deal with. Haupt resigned his commission after 3 months to go to work for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania as a surveyor for what was to become the Gettysburg Railroad. In 1841, he became a professor of mathematics and civil engineering at Pennsylvania College in Gettysburg; resigned in 1848 to join the Pennsylvania RR where he became chief engineer in 1853. On the PRR, he designed bridges and tunnels and oversaw construction of its main line across Pennsylvania between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. Herman Haupt: The Pre-War Years - 2 Haupt left the Pennsylvania RR in 1856 to join the project to build the 5-mile Hoosac Tunnel through the Hoosac Mountain Range in northwestern Massachusetts on the Troy & Greenfield RR.
    [Show full text]
  • “GITTIN STUFF” the Impact of Equipment Management, Supply & Logistics on Confederate Defeat
    “GITTIN STUFF” The Impact of Equipment Management, Supply & Logistics on Confederate Defeat BY FRED SETH, CPPM, CF, HARBOUR LIGHTS CHAPTER “They never whipped us, Sir, unless they were four to one. had been captured. For four years they had provided equipment and supplies from If we had had anything like a fair chance, or less disparity of Europe to support the Confederacy and its numbers, we should have won our cause and established our armies. Since the beginning of the war, independence.” UNKNOWN VIRGINIAN TO ROBERT E. LEE.1 Wilmington, North Carolina had been a preferred port of entry for blockade-run- ners because Cape Fear provided two entry the destruction or capture of factories and channels, which gave ships a greater oppor- PREFACE farms in the Deep South and Richmond. tunity for escape and evasion. Also, rail fter defeat in the Civil War, known by The lack of rations at Amelia Court House, lines ran directly from Wilmington to A some in the South as “The War of which has been called the immediate cause Richmond and Atlanta.4 Northern Aggression,” Southerners were in of Lee’s surrender, is examined in detail. By the fall of 1864, Wilmington was a quandary regarding their willingness for Most importantly, the article addresses how one of the most important cities in the war. As discussed in the first article of this the inability of its leaders to conduct pro- Confederacy – it was the last operating series, the North had the overwhelming ductive logistics, equipment, and supply port. Confederate armies depended on advantage in industrial capability and man- management led to the decline and ulti- Wilmington for lead, iron, copper, steel, power.
    [Show full text]
  • Railroads, Herman Haupt, and the Battle of Gettysburg
    Railroads, Herman Haupt, and the Battle of Gettysburg By Steven R. Ditmeyer t the start of the Civil War, the Union had 20,500 In 1856, Haupt left the Pennsylvania Railroad to Amiles of railroad track, and the Confederacy had 9,500 miles become chief engineer and contractor of the Troy & of railroad track.1 The railroads of the Confederacy had Greenfield Railroad and the Hoosac Tunnel project to originally been built from fields to seaports, and had only build a five-mile-long tunnel the through the Berkshire limited interconnections; Union railroads actually formed a Mountains in northwestern Massachusetts. He invented network.2 Some have stated that the Confederacy might have the pneumatic drill, which was a significant development had a better chance of breaking up the for tunnel construction. The State Union by force of arms had it attempted of Massachusetts lent $2 million to to do so a decade earlier, before the Haupt for the project. However, the Union had built its railroad network.3 backers of the Western Railroad, a parallel and competing line in southern Herman Haupt: The Pre-War Years Massachusetts that connected Boston Herman Haupt, a native of with Albany, opposed the construction Philadelphia, was 18 years old when of the Hoosac Tunnel, attacking Haupt he graduated from West Point in the in the press as being a swindler who was class of 1835 with an engineering degree pursuing an “impracticable scheme.”7 and was commissioned an Army Second They also persuaded newly elected Lieutenant along with George G. Meade. Massachusetts Gov. John Andrew to Like his classmate Meade, Haupt gained withhold disbursements for the project.
    [Show full text]
  • Engineering in American Society: 1850–1875
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge History of Science, Technology, and Medicine History 1969 Engineering in American Society: 1850–1875 Raymond H. Merritt University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Merritt, Raymond H., "Engineering in American Society: 1850–1875" (1969). History of Science, Technology, and Medicine. 8. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_history_of_science_technology_and_medicine/8 Engineering in American Society 1850-1875 This page intentionally left blank Engmeering in American Society Raymond H.Mewitt The Ut~iversityPress of Kentucky Standard Book Number 8131-1 189-7 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 71-94068 Copyright @ 1969 by the University Press of Kentucky A statewide cooperative scholarly publishing agency serving Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, Kentucky State College, Morehead State University, Murray State University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University. Editorial and Sales Ofices: Lexington, Kentucky 40506 This page intentionally left blank Contents Preface ix 1: The Functional Professional 1 2: The Functional Intellectual
    [Show full text]
  • Abraham Lincoln Assassination
    ^ r ^r > >J The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln Models of the Funeral Train Excerpts from newspapers and other sources From the files of the Lincoln Financial Foundation Collection V/ .T-oo 9 .c>?sr. o j jS'O iijsassssiaasassam -. i s*. >^a^^^ / ><•./, l<< i c -lb' i. -'1 . 7$ 'Ad 6 - u J ft- Ernesl "Mooney" Warther was 80 when Here and There he carved the Lincoln Funeral Train. — Photos counesy Wanher's, The ' Lincoln Funeral Train A Wood carver's Masterpiece by Betty scon America was mourning its completing it in one year on ing the evolution of the steam r fallen leader. The sombe April 14, 1965, the 100th anni- engine, on display at Wanher's funeral train wended its way versary of President Lincoln's Museum in Dover. Here are 64 through the spring countryside Assassination. working models done to scale, from Washington to Springfield, Warther carved it of black one-half inch to the foot. One of Illinois, taking Abraham Lincoln ebony, with trim in ivory and them has more than 10,000 parts home. At every crossing citizens mother of pearl. The miniature and took more than 2,000 hours watched tearfully as the window of the funeral coach to carve. All moving parts and Baltimore and Ohio chugged reveals the body of Lincoln lying bearings are made from Arguto, west on its sad journey, and at in his coffin. An eagle insignia an oil-bearing wood. every town mourners passed and carved ebony draperies are A tour of the museum reveals through the coach where the part of the fine detail, and there some great moments in history: body of the assassinated Presi- is a tiny workable door on the Casey Jones is at the throttle of dent lay.
    [Show full text]
  • The East Tennessee & Georgia
    The East Tennessee & Georgia Railroad The Critical Link by Bill Schafer , Lou Norris and Mark Brainard Before the War railroads instead of depending on a connection n the 1830s, the frontier that was East Ten- with the W&A. nessee needed improved transportation to This latter consideration, of bypassing the reach seaports and commercial centers east Georgia-owned W&A, was a major incentive in Iof the Appalachians. The first step, in late-1831, getting the State of Tennessee to invest heavily in was the chartering of the Lynchburg and New what became known as ET&G’s “Chattanooga River Railroad, designed to link the James River Branch.” Construction began west from Cleve- and Kanawha Canal at Lynchburg, Va., with the land (Tenn.) in 1856, and somehow continued Tennessee River at Knoxville. The state of Ten- through the Panic of 1857, but the 27 miles to nessee, new to the realities of pioneer railroad- Vignette from Hiwassee Railroad scrip, circa 1839. Chattanooga weren’t opened until Aug. 3, 1859, ing, neglected to provide financial support, and It is doubtful that the Hiwassee owned any rolling largely because construction of the 981-foot the project died. stock, but if it did, it would have probably looked tunnel through Missionary Ridge, just east of Supporters persisted, however, and suc- something like this. PRIVATE COLLECTION Chattanooga, took longer and cost more than ceeded by organizing the Hiwassee Railroad in anticipated. The Branch quickly surpassed the 1836. The goal of the Hiwassee was to connect gers and freight destined for Knoxville transferred Cleveland–Dalton main line in importance.
    [Show full text]
  • Law and Military Operations in Central America: Hurricane Mitch Relief Efforts, 1998-1999
    LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS IN CENTRAL AMERICA: HURRICANE MITCH RELIEF EFFORTS, 1998-1999 LESSONS LEARNED FOR JUDGE ADVOCATES CENTER FOR LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS (CLAMO) 600 MASSIE ROAD CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA 22903-1781 [email protected] [email protected] WWW.JAGCNET.ARMY.MIL/CLAMO CENTER FOR LAW AND MILITARY OPERATIONS (CLAMO) Director COL David E. Graham Deputy Director LTC Sharon E. Riley Director, Domestic Operational Law LTC Gordon W. Schukei Director, Training & Support CPT Alton L. Gwaltney, III Marine Representative Maj William H. Ferrell, USMC Automation Technician Mr. Ben R. Morgan Training Centers LTC Richard M. Whitaker Battle Command Training Program MAJ Phillip W. Jussell Battle Command Training Program CPT Michael L. Roberts Combat Maneuver Training Center MAJ Paul S. Wilson Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Rodney R. LeMay Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Peter R. Hayden Joint Readiness Training Center SFC Rod Celestaine Joint Readiness Training Center CPT Stephen L. Harms National Training Center CPT Jonathan Howard National Training Center Contact the Center The Center’s mission is to examine legal issues that arise during all phases of military operations and to devise training and resource strategies for addressing those issues. It seeks to fulfill this mission in five ways. First, it is the central repository within The Judge Advocate General's Corps for all-source data, information, memoranda, after-action materials and lessons learned pertaining to legal support to operations, foreign and domestic. Second, it supports judge advocates by analyzing all data and information, developing lessons learned across all military legal disciplines, and by disseminating these lessons learned and other operational information to the Army, Marine Corps, and Joint communities through publications, instruction, training, and databases accessible to operational forces, world-wide.
    [Show full text]
  • CLASSICAL ORGANIZATION THEORY: from GENERIC MANAGEMENT of SOCRATES to BUREAUCRACY of WEBER Őzgür Őnday Phd Student, Yeditepe
    International Journal of Business and Management Review Vol.4, No.1, pp.87-105, February 2016 ___Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.eajournals.org) CLASSICAL ORGANIZATION THEORY: FROM GENERIC MANAGEMENT OF SOCRATES TO BUREAUCRACY OF WEBER Őzgür Őnday PhD student, Yeditepe University Department of Business Administration ABSTRACT: Organization is a relatively young science in comparison with the other scientific disciplines. (Ivanko, 2013) Accounts of the growth of organizational theory usually start with Taylor and Weber, but, as Scott (1987) mentions, organizations were present in the old civilizations which goes back to Sumerians (5000, BC) and which experiences its maturation phase with Taylor, Fayol and Weber, continuing to come up to present with modern management methods and principles. The modern organization may be the most crucial innovation of the past 100 years and it is a theory which will never complete its evolution as the human being continues to exist. Understanding how organizations work has been the focus of scientists and scholars until the early part of the 20th century. Just as organizations have evolved, so to have the theories explaining them. These theories can be divided into 9 different “schools” of thought (Shafritz, Ott, Jang, 2005): Classical Organization Theory, Neoclassical Organization Theory, Human Resource Theory, or the Organizational Behavior Perspective, Modern Structural Organization Theory, Organizational Economics Theory, Power and Politics Organization Theory, Organizational Culture Theory, Reform Though Changes in Organizational Culture and Theories of Organizations and Environments. This paper will concentrate on the very beginning theory namely classical organization theory and is divided as follows.
    [Show full text]
  • The War Came by Train Lect
    Early view of Baltimore City Turnpike marker on Main Street Ellicott City Erie Canal The founders of the B&O Railroad The Thomas Viaduct Laying the first stone 1828 Mount Clare Station Site of last spike between Baltimore and Wheeling Baltimore City Largest industrial city in the South Baltimore’s Railroads John Brown’s Raid 1859 Harper’s Ferry showing bridge and U.S. Arsenal Hayward Sheppard William Prescott Smith Relay House Marines attack John Brown’s Fort Lincoln Is Elected 1860 Lincoln’s Inaugural Journey Lincoln arrives at Washington Depot February 23, 1861 Baltimore Waits for Lincoln Political Satire By Volck The First Front 1861 Fort Sumter April 12, 1861 Reunion Ribbon 6th Massachusetts Changing Trains in Philadelphia President Street Station Route of the 6th Massachusetts Camden Station Horse Drawn Car The Pratt Street Riot General B. F. Butler 7th New York Parades down Broadway on April 19th 8th Massachusetts Regiment Rebuilding the Annapolis & Elkridge Railroad 7th New York Arriving at the Washington Depot on April 25th Cook’s Battery on Elk Ridge Heights Guarding the Thomas Viaduct Butler Occupies Baltimore City on May 13th Jackson at Harpers Ferry General T. J. “Stonewall” Jackson Coal trains at Martinsburg Jackson’s Attack on the B&O A “Camel” Type Locomotive Box or House Car Coal Car All that remained of the bridge was stone pilings. One of Many Engines Burned at Martinsburg Railroads in the Lower Shenandoah Valley Captain Thomas Sharp Captain Sharp Arrives at Martinsburg Passing through Winchester on the Valley Turnpike Arriving at Strasburg General Lee at the beginning of the war Wheeling, Parkersburg and Grafton Round House at Grafton General B.F.
    [Show full text]
  • Honoring the Class of 2018
    Honoring the Class of 2018 UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Spring Commencement April 28, 2018 | Michigan Stadium Honoring the Class of 2018 SPRING COMMENCEMENT UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN April 28, 2018 10:00 a.m. This program includes a list of the candidates for degrees to be granted upon completion of formal requirements. Candidates for graduate degrees are recommended jointly by the Executive Board of the Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies and the faculty of the school or college awarding the degree. Following the School of Graduate Studies, schools are listed in order of their founding. Candidates within those schools are listed by degree then by specialization, if applicable. Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies .....................................................................................................21 College of Literature, Science, and the Arts ..............................................................................................................33 Medical School .........................................................................................................................................................54 Law School ..............................................................................................................................................................55 School of Dentistry ..................................................................................................................................................57 College of Pharmacy ................................................................................................................................................58
    [Show full text]
  • Congressional Record-Sen Ate. July 22
    10532 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-SENATE. JULY 22, The following-named boatswains to be chief boatswains dn Ashurst Harreld McLean Smoot Borah Hefiln McNary Spence1· the Navy, to rank with but after ensign from the 27th day of Brandegee Jones, N. ¥ex. Moses Stanfield March, 1922 : Broussard Jones, Wash. Nelson •.rrammell Thomas M. Buck. Cameron Kellogg New Underwood Capper Kendrick Nicholson Wadsworth William Martin. Cummins Keyes Norbeck Walsh, Mass. Gunner Charles A. Kohls to be a chief gunner in the Navy, Curtis Ladd Overman Walsh, l\Iont. to rank with bnt after ensign from the 8d day of December, Dial Lenroot Phipps Warren Fernald Lodge Rawson Watson, Ind. 1921. Frelinghuysen McCnmber Willis .. The following-named gunners to be chief gunners in the Navy, Gooding McKinJey ~~WEard to rank with but aft.er ensign from the 16th day of December, The VICE PRESIDENT. Forty-seven Senators have an­ 1921: swered to their names. A quorum is not present. Daniel McCallum. Mr. McCUMBER. I move that the Sergeant at Arms be Robert Semple. directed to procure the attendance of absent Senators. Gunner Jesse J. Alexander to be a chief gunner in the Navy, The motion was agreed to. to rank with but after ensign from the 7th day of March, 1922. The VICE PRESIDENT. The Sergeant at Arms will execute Machinist Cyrus S. Hansel to be a chief machinist in the . the order of the Senate. Navy, to rank with but after ensign from the 17th day of· Janu- Mr. POMERENE, Mr. STERLING, and Mr. SWANSON entered the ary, 1918. · Chamber and answered to their names.
    [Show full text]