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N° 5 Anno 2018 N° 5 anno 2018 1 INDICE RADICALIZZAZIONE E TERRORISMO IN AMERICA LATINA: IL 3 CASO DEL BRASILE LA RIVOLUZIONE MILITARE GIAPPONESE 7 LA “GRANDE CARTA VERDE” DELLA LIBIA DE 1988 : UNA 10 LETTURA ISLAMICA DEI DIRITTI UMANI IL RITORNO DELL'ARTICO E IL CONTROLLO DEL GIUK 15 GAP PENG LIYUAN ALLA CONFERENZA ONU PER LA 19 PREVENZIONE ED IL TRATTAMENTO DELLA TUBERCOLOSI QUASI AMICI: ERDOĞAN E FETHULLAH GÜLEN 21 MALTHUS E L’ECONOMIA DEL XXI SECOLO: ELEMENTI DI 26 COMPLEMENTARITÀ AL QUARTO FORUM ECONOMICO ORIENTALE (EEF) SI 30 RAFFORZA L’AMICIZIA TRA CINA E RUSSIA ADEM YOQ (“SE NE SONO ANDATI TUTTI”): LA 33 REPRESSIONE DEGLI UIGURI NELLA REGIONE DELLO XINJIANG 2 RADICALIZZAZIONE E della diffusione delle moschee nel paese: 70 nel 2005, 115 nel 2014 8. TERRORISMO IN AMERICA Sebbene si tratti di una piccola realtà, la LATINA: IL CASO DEL BRASILE comunità islamica brasiliana gestisce di Emanuel Pietrobon biblioteche, scuole, possiede giornali, e a San Paolo sono state realizzate le due traduzioni del Corano in lingua portoghese, delle tre esistenti 9. Un'inchiesta sulle ragioni della rapida Secondo il professore Paulo Pinto, islamologo crescita dell'islam in una delle roccaforti all'università federale Fuminense, tre eventi della cristianità latinoamericana e sui pericoli hanno contribuito primariamente alla rappresentati dalla radicalizzazione e dalla popolarizzazione dell'islam nella società presenza delle più pericolose organizzazioni brasiliana, ossia la cultura rap delle favelas, le terroristiche islamiste internazionali gigantesche baraccopoli proliferanti nell'indigenza e nella criminalità che circondano le principali metropoli del paese, nelle quali hanno luogo la maggior parte delle conversioni, di cui una parte rilevante riguarda afrobrasiliani, L'islam è una realtà religiosa in forte crescita in gli attentati dell'11 settembre 2001, che hanno Brasile sia per via dell'immigrazione recente di fatto crescere l'interesse di numerose persone lavoratori provenienti dall'Africa occidentale, nella conoscenza di questa religione, e la dall'Asia orientale e dal Medio Oriente, in telenovela marocchina "Le Clone", la cui particolare da Libano e Siria, che per il rappresentazione positiva del mondo islamico fenomeno recente delle conversioni. avrebbe prodotto una vera e propria Il censimento della popolazione del 2010 infatuazione fra gli spettatori 10 11. certificò la presenza di 35mila musulmani, La Beneficent Muslim Society ha dichiarato che aumentati del 29,1% dal 2000, ma le stime la maggior parte dei convertiti (85%) sono fornite dalle associazioni islamiche del paese brasiliani etnici, avvicinatisi all'islam in rete 12. descrivono una realtà comprendente da 400mila Non è semplice fornire un identikit del a 3 milioni di persone, ossia poco meno dell'1% brasiliano convertito medio, perché sebbene dell'intera popolazione 1 2 3 4. La maggior parte circa il 70% dei ritornati all'islam sia dei musulmani risiede negli stati di San Paolo, la rappresentato da giovani, donne e persone cui capitale concentra da sola 17 moschee tra le generalmente molto istruite, una parte quali la più grande del subcontinente ed il 40% significativa proviene invece da contesti dell'intera comunità islamica nazionale, e Paranà d'indigenza e di emarginazione sociale, ambienti e lungo il confine trinazionale con Argentina e in cui le organizzazioni islamiche riscuotono Paraguay, aree in cui hanno luogo anche le consenso e seguito popolare crescenti per via principali ondate di conversioni, principalmente del loro coinvolgimento nella ricerca di giustizia dal cattolicesimo 5 6 7. Un indicatore molto sociale 13. rilevante della crescita dell'islam è l'osservazione I musulmani sono stati storicamente integrati e ben assimilati nella società brasiliana, tuttavia da 1 International religious report: Brazil, US 7 Scarane, S., Felice come un islamico in Brasile, Department of State, 26/10/2009 Italia Oggi, 11/04/2015 2 A Muslim History of Brazil, Amaliah, 8 Cardoso, R., Os caminhos do Islã no Brasil, 01/02/2018 Istoé, 21/02/2014 3 Discovering Islam in Rio and Brazil, The Rio 9 Brazil's Muslim Peoples, LMTP, Times, 25/06/2013 10 Islam in Brazil, Inside Islam, 18/09/2011 4 Cleric Promoting Islam in Brazil, Hawzah 11 Islam takes root in land of bikinis and Carnival, News Agency, 22/04/2017 Dawn, 22/08/2011 5 Peres de Oliveira, V., Islam in Brazil or the 12 Vedi nota 8 Islam of Brazil?, Scielo, 2006 13 Vedi nota 5 6 Vedi nota 2 3 alcuni anni è in corso un'inversione di tendenza Consiglio Supremo, nota come "Know Islam" e riguardante specialmente i convertiti, poiché basata sulla distribuzione gratuita di oltre 65mila spesso bersagliati dal proselitismo di copie di una guida conoscitiva all'islam intitolata organizzazioni terroristiche internazionali, in "Salam Brazil" da parte di volontari inviati nelle primis Al Qaida e Daesh, o di natura salafita e principali città sul "Salam Bus", co-finanziata wahhabita provenienti dall'estero, o auto- dall'Unione delle Associazioni Islamiche del radicalizzatisi in rete. La portata del fenomeno Brasile e dall'Oman e che, secondo quanto è così ampia da aver indotto Alexandre riportato da Khaled Taky El Din, il presidente Camanho de Assis, presidente dell'associazione del Consiglio, avrebbe condotto alla nazionale dei procuratori della repubblica dal conversione ufficiale di 19 persone 18. 2011 al 2014, a denunciare pubblicamente In Brasile agisce anche la İHH İnsani Yardım l'emergere di una nuova e pericolosa Vakfı, un'organizzazione non governativa turca generazione di estremisti fra i musulmani presente in 120 paesi accusata da diversi paesi, brasiliani. Un segnale di allarme, in questo fra cui Israele, Germania e Stati Uniti, di senso, è stato lanciato dall'operazione Hashtag propagandare versioni radicaliste dell'islam e di della polizia federale brasiliana con il supporto supportare finanziamente le attività di del Federal Bureau of Investigation: 15 arresti organizzazioni terroristiche come Hamas e al fra giugno e luglio 2016, a ridosso delle Qaida 19 20 21. olimpiadi, di cittadini brasiliani accusati di pianificare attentati ai giochi olimpici Murat Yilmaz, vicepresidente della IHH, ha nell'aspettativa di essere riconosciuti dal Daesh, dichiarato che vorrebbe trasformare l'islam di cui volevano diventare membri 14 15. nella prima religione del paese, ed in questo ambizioso progetto si contestualizzano le Per quanto riguarda l'operato di organizzazioni iniziative per la conoscenza di questa religione, islamiche dalla fama controversa, è importante la costruzione di moschee e scuole, le attività di riportare quanto accaduto in occasione dei aiuto sociale verso i più indigenti, e i programmi mondiali di calcio del 2014. La British Islamic per la de-brasilianizzazione dei musulmani Education and Research Academy, culturalmente assimilati e non praticanti, con un un'associazione islamica britannica fonte di focus particolare rivolto alla comunità controversie per le posizioni radicaliste sanpaolina. La IHH è affiancata nei sostenute e per aver avuto tra i propri missionari summenzionati settori dal Centro di delle persone poi arruolatesi nel Daesh, Divulgazione dell'Islam in America Latina pubblicizzò mediaticamente l'invio nel paese di (cos'è) 22. una squadra, ribattezzata Missione Da'wa, con l'obiettivo di propagandare i valori islamici ai Oltre alla radicalizzazione, le autorità brasiliane turisti provenienti da tutto il mondo attraverso stanno affrontando anche la questione del banchetti informativi, volantinaggio e contrasto alle organizzazioni terroristiche distribuzione gratuite di copie del Corano 16 17. islamiste presenti nel paese, e principalmente coinvolte nel riciclaggio di capitali e nel traffico Comunque, iniziative di proselitismo simili di stupefacenti, sulle quali investigano sin dai furono realizzate in concomitanza anche dalla primi anni 2000 23. La regione della tripla Federazione delle Associazioni Musulmane in frontiera fra Argentina, Brasile e Paraguay si è Brasile (Fambras) e dal Consiglio Supremo degli trasformata, almeno dagli anni '90, in una sorta Imam e degli Affari Islamici in Brasile. di "area di libero scambio" in cui si intersecano Meritevole di interesse è la campagna del 14 Yapp, R., Brazil latest base for Islamic 19 Olimpio, G., La milizia politico-religiosa di Erdogan, Il extremists, The Telegraph, 03/04/2011 corriere della sera, 06/06/2010 15 Pestano, A., 8 Brazilian Islamic State supporters 20 Israel Adds IHH to Terror Watch List, jailed for Olympic plot, UPI, 05/05/2017 Haaretz, 17/06/2010 16 'Terror link’ charities get British millions in 21 Germania vieta attivita'Ong islamica, Ansa, Gift Aid, The Telegraph, 29/11/2014 12/07/2018 17 Alilou, A., Brazil: 19 People Converted to 22 Islam rising in Brazil, IHH, 15/09/2017 Islam during World Cup, Morocco World News, 23 Franco, H., The Shadow of Terror in Brazil, 12/07/2014 European Eye on Radicalization, 07/05/2018 18 Vedi nota 13 4 attività ed interessi di una varietà di che l'organizzazione politico-militare libanese, organizzazioni criminali e gruppi terroristici, ritenuta terroristica da diversi paesi occidentali, sudamericani ed internazionali, protagonisti di finanzierebbe parte delle proprie attività in una fruttuosa collaborazione multidimensionale Medio oriente attraverso i proventi del traffico (armi, droga, ricicalggio di capitali sporchi, di droga in America latina.28 protezione per i latitanti) dai proventi annuali Tra settembre e dicembre 2015, due operazioni miliardari. Fra le organizzazioni appartenenti distinte della polizia federale
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