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A Study on the East Sea (Donghae) in the Werstern Old Map

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A Study on the East Sea (Donghae) in the Werstern Old Map A Study on the East Sea (Donghae) in the Werstern Old Map Lee Sang-tae (Office Directer, National Institute of Korean History) Mountains, rivers, and seas did not have any names in the ancient times. However, with the development of culture, people began to name these areas. The names of each mountain, river, and sea reflect a cultural heritage as well as the values of the people who lived around them. It is noted that due to the fact that Korea was a peninsula, surrounded with three sides water, the people of Korea were interested in the sea, and they named the coastal waters based on directions such as east, west, south, north and center. They called the seas the East Sea (Donghae in Korean), the West Sea (Seohae in Korean), and the South Sea (Namhae in Korean). The name "East Sea" first appeared during the reign of King Dongmyeong in the "History of the Koguryo Kingdom" in the History of the Three Kingdoms. The three Kingdoms - Silla, Koguryo, and Baekje - were established in BC 57, 37, and 18 respectively, while the East Sea was recognized since BC 59 before the establishment of the three Kingdoms. The East Sea has a long history in Korea. The name of the East Sea was changed into the Japan Sea, because of Japanese rule in Korea. Japan alterated it into the Japan Sea. To show this historical fact, I have analyzed the Western old maps. Regarding these maps, the Univ. of Southern California holds 146, the National Library of France 127, History Museum of Seoul 82, and individuals 52 respectively. I have used 407 maps in order to do this work. The name of the East Sea first appeared in the map made by Dourado in 1571, in which Korea was described as “Comrai”. Then, Korea was mentioned as a round island and as “Corea” in the map of “East India” made by Langeren in 1595. Instead of Korea, the name, “Cory”, was written in the map, which was made by Teisera and published by Ortelius in 1595. 1 Among the Western old maps we can see the first appearance of the East Sea in the map of “Asia” made in 1597, in which the East Sea was described as “The Easter or Corea Sea”. 6 years later, the name of the “Japan Sea” also showed in the World Map made by Matteo Ricci in 1603. According to Japaneses, the name of the “Japan Sea” was not used within the nation, but used first abroad and the map made by Matteo Ricci was its first example. But I have found the fact that the name of “the East Sea” was used earlier than that of “the Japan Sea” in the Western maps as well. Particularly, until 18th century the name of the “the East Sea” appeared in the maps predominated in contrast with “the Japan Sea”. That is to say, the former is 190, the latter 8. However, in the 19th century the number of the maps, in which the the name of the Japan Sea showed, increased because of the influence of the map made by La Pe'rouse Further, the cases of the name “the Japan Sea” used in the maps grew more than before in the 20th century, since Japan made Korea her colony in 1910. Thus, I have reached the conclusion that among 409 maps the East Sea appeared in 298 maps, but the Japan Sea in 109 maps. Put it another, 73.2% belongs to the former, only 26.8% the latter. It is very clear that the frequency of the name of the East Sea in use was predominantly higher than that of the Japan Sea in the Western old maps. ♦ 첨부자료 1 1690 ASIA China Sea 역사 2 1780 THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE, in EUROPE&ASIA Corea gulf 역사 3 1790 The Russian empire, in Europe and Asia Bowen, Thomas, d Corea Gulf usc 4 1775 The empire of China, with its principal divisiions Roberts, Jo. Corean Sea usc 5 1785/1794 Asia and its islands from the most recent authorities Topham, J. Corean Sea usc 6 1787 A new and complete chart of the world Bowen, Thomas, d. Corean Sea usc 7 1787 The World, with the latest discoveries Corean Sea usc 8 1790 Map of Asia from the best authorities Ainslie, John Corean Sea usc 9 1794 China, divided into its great provinces, and the isles of Japan Dunn, Samuel, d. Corean Sea usc Anville, Jean 10 1794 The empire of China, with its principle divisions Baptiste Corean Sea usc Bourguignon d' 11 1798 A chart exhibiting the new discoveries in the Pacific Ocean Millar, John, fl Corean Sea usc 12 1799 A map of Asia according to the method of the Abbe Gaultier Wauthier, Mr Corean Sea usc 13 1813 Asia, drawn from the best authorities Aspin, Jehoshaphat, Corean Sea usc 14 1814 A general chart of the world on Mercators projection Charles, J. CoreanSea usc 15 1760 Kaart van de geheele wereld Gravius, N. T. Corease Zee usc Macartney, George Der Coreanische 16 1812 Charte von China usc Macartney, Earl, Meer 17 1800/1810 Carte d'Asie Blondeau, Alexandre, G. de Coree usc 2 engraver 18 Carte D'Asie G. de Coree 개인 19 1790 Asia : compendio di geographia Guthrie, William G. di Corea usc 20 1798 The world on Mercators projection Fairman, Gideon G. of Corea usc Tanner, Henry 21 1843 A new map of the world on the globular projection G. of Corea usc Schenck Thomas, 22 1851 A new map of the world on the globular projection. G. of Corea usc Cowperthwait & Co. 23 1808 THE WORLD WITH THE LATEST DISCOVERIES TO THE PRESENT YEAR 1808 Gulf of Corea 역사 24 1827 ASIA Gulf of Corea 역사 25 1840 ASIA Gulf of Corea 역사 26 1740 Asia, plate VI:Japan, Corea, the Monguls, and part of China Bolton, Solomon Gulf of Corea usc 27 1762 An improved map of Asia Hinton,John, d Gulf of Corea usc Anville, Jean 28 1772 Asia according to the Sieur D'Anville Baptiste Gulf of Corea usc Bourguignon d' 29 1774 Asia, divided into its principal states Dunn, Samuel, d Gulf of Corea usc 30 1790 Bowle's new one-sheet map of Asia Palairet, Jean Gulf of Corea usc 31 1791 A new map of Asia Russell, John, fl Gulf of Corea usc 32 1795 Asia, from the best authorities Russell, John, fl Gulf of Corea usc 33 1796 A new map of Asia, drawn from the best authorities Morse, Jedidiah Gulf of Corea usc 34 1798 Asia, drawn from the latest astronomical observations Russell, W Gulf of Corea usc 35 1800/1801 Asia from the best authorities Kirkwood & Sons. Gulf of Corea usc 36 1801 Asia from the best authorities Morse, Jedidiah Gulf of Corea usc 37 1801 A new chart of the world, on Mercator's projection Cary, John, ca Gulf of Corea usc 38 1807 Asia from the latest authories Borlew Gulf of Corea usc 39 1817 Asia Thomson, John Gulf of Corea usc 40 1822 Asia Thomson, John Gulf of Corea usc 41 1825 Asia Cummings, J. A. Gulf of Corea usc Wilkinson, Robert, d. 42 1826 Asia Gulf of Corea usc ca. 43 1832 Eastern hemisphere Teesdale, Henry Gulf of Corea usc 44 1834 Asia Walker, Samuel Gulf of Corea usc 45 1835/1850 Asia Walker, Samuel Gulf of Corea usc 46 1840 Pacific Ocean. Young, J. H. Gulf of Corea usc 47 1846 Map of Asia. Wyld, James Gulf of Corea usc 48 1833 D'ASIE Gulf of Coree 역사 49 D'ASIE Gulf of Coree 역사 50 1855 JAPAN Japan sea 역사 51 1875 MAP OF ASIA/ MAP OF PERSIA, TURKEY IN ASIA Japan Sea 역사 52 1911 ATLAS OF THE WORLD(JAPAN AND KOREA) Japan Sea 역사 Colton, G. 53 1858 Asia Japan Sea usc Woolworth Rand McNally and 54 1895 map of Asia. Japan Sea usc Company. 55 1863 CHINA, KOREA UND JAPAN Japaniches Mer 역사 56 1890 OST-CHINA, KOREA ND JAPAN Japaniches Mer 역사 57 1890 CHINESISCHES REICH Japaniches Mer 역사 58 1891 NORD-& MITTEL-ASIEN Japaniches Mer 역사 59 1908 JAPAN, KOREA UND OST-CHINA Japaniches Mer 역사 3 60 CHINESISCHES REICH UND JAPAN Japaniches Mer 역사 61 1782 A new and correct map of the Russian empire Korea Sea usc 62 1770 Mappe monde:carte universelle de la terre Bourgoin, P. M. de Coree usc 63 1779 Emisfero terrestre settentrionale tagliato su equatore. Zatta, Antonio, fl M. di Corea usc 64 1777 L'Asia divisa ne' suoi principali stati di nuova projezione. Zatta, Antonio, fl. Mare di Corea usc 65 1730 Imperii Russici et Iatariane Univesae Ioh Mathiale Hasii Mare Orienta 개인 66 1744 Asia Mare Orienta 개인 67 1744 ASIA Mare Orientale 역사 Hase, Johann Mare Orientale 68 1739/ Imperii Russici et Tatariae universae tam majoris et Asiaticae usc Matthias Minus Mare Orientale 69 1762 Imperium Russicum omnisque Tartaria. Lobeck, Tobias, fl usc Minus Hase,JohannMatthia 70 1744 Asia MareorientaleMinus usc s 71 1745 Carte d'Asie L'Isle, Guillaume de Mer de Core usc Robert de Vaugondy, 72 1750 Carte de l'Asie Mer de Core usc Didier 73 1753/1760 Tabula geographica partis septentrionalis Maris Pacifici Euler, Leonhard Mer de Core usc 74 1723 Asie Guillaume Delisle Mer de Coree 프랑스 75 1723 Carte d’Asie G. Delisle Mer de Coree 프랑스 76 1732 L’Asie J. Luillier & G. Danet Mer de Coree 프랑스 L’Asie présentée selon le rapport que toutes ses parties ont 77 1739 Sanson Mer de Coree 프랑스 avec les cieux, entre elles, et avec l’histoire 78 1748 Carte de L'Empire du Japon Bellin Mer de Coree 개인 79 1748 L'EMPIRE DE LA CHINE Mer de Coree 역사 80 1749 CARTE DU KATAY OU EMPIRE DE KIN Mer de Coree 역사 81 1749 L’Asie divisée en ses principaux empires et royaumes… Sanson Mer de Coree 프랑스 82 1751 CARTE DE L'ASIE Mer de Coree 역사 83 1752 COREE Mer de Coree 역사 84 1754 L’Asie divisée en tous ses Etats Mer de Coree 프랑스 85 1762 SIBERIE OU RUSSIE ASIATIQUE Mer de Coree 역사 86 1762 SIBERIE OU RUSSIE ASIATIQUE Mer de Coree 역사 87 1762 SIBERIE OU RUSSIE ASIATIQUE Mer de Coree 역사 88 1774 L’Asie suivant les dernières observations des Moscovites Mer de Coree 프랑스 89 1776 Carte d’Asie divisée en ses princaux Etats Clouet Mer de Coree 프랑스 90 1778 INDOSTAN&CHINE Mer de Coree 역사 91 1778 Asie divisée en ses empires et royaumes Robert de Vaugondy Mer de Coree 프랑스 92 1778 Asie divisée en ses principaux Etats Robert de Vaugondy Mer de Coree 프랑스 93 1780 Carte D'Asie L'Abbe Clouet Mer de Coree 개인 94 1780 Carte d’Asie sans titre, Mer de Coree 프랑스 95 1783 L'Asie divifee en Ses principaux Etats Janvier Mer De Coree 개인 96 1784 L’Asie divisée en ses principaux Etats ou pays Brion de la Tour Mer de Coree 프랑스 97 1785 L’Asie divisée en ses régions et Etats Moithey Mer de Coree 프랑스 98 1786 L'Asie dresee pour l'etude Brion Mer de Coree 개인 99 1787 Carte d’Asie, divisée en ses principaux Etats Clouet Mer de Coree 프랑스 100 1787 Carte d’Asie divisée en ses principaux états Clouet Mer de Coree 프랑스 101 1787 Carte nouvelle d’Asie Philippe Moithey Mer de Coree 프랑스 102 1791 Carte d’Asie, divisée en ses différents empires et royaumes J.
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