DOCSLIB.ORG

Association Between Basal Metabolic Rate and Handgrip Strength in Older Koreans

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Association Between Basal Metabolic Rate and Handgrip Strength in Older Koreans International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Article Association between Basal Metabolic Rate and Handgrip Strength in Older Koreans 1, 1, 2 3 1, Sung-Kwan Oh y, Da-Hye Son y , Yu-Jin Kwon , Hye Sun Lee and Ji-Won Lee * 1 Department of Family Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; [email protected] (S.-K.O.); [email protected] (D.-H.S.) 2 Department of Family Medicine, Yong-In Severance Hospital, 23 Yongmunno (405 Yeokbuk-dong), Gyeonggi 17046, Korea; [email protected] 3 Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemoon-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] These authors contributed equally to this paper. y Received: 16 October 2019; Accepted: 8 November 2019; Published: 9 November 2019 Abstract: We investigated the relationship between the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and muscle strength through measurement of handgrip strength. We conducted a cross-sectional study of a population representative of older Korean from the 2014–2016 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A total of 2512 community-dwelling men and women aged 65 years and older were included. The BMR was calculated with the Singapore equation and handgrip strength was measured using a digital dynamometer. The patients were categorized into handgrip strength quartiles and a weighted one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for continuous variables and a weighted chi-squared test for categorical variables were performed. Pearson, Spearman correlation analysis, univariate, and multivariate linear regression were performed. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was also performed to determine the association between basal metabolic rate and handgrip strength quartiles after adjusting for confounding factors. The BMR increased according to handgrip strength quartile after adjusting for age, BMI, relative fat mass, comorbidity number, resistance exercise, aerobic physical activity, household income, educational level, smoking status, and alcohol ingestion in both sexes (p < 0.001). Handgrip strength has a positive association with the BMR in older Korean people. Therefore, muscle strength exercises should be considered for regulating the BMR in the older people. Keywords: hand strength; muscle strength dynamometer; basal metabolic rate; sarcopenia; Koreans 1. Introduction The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is defined as the energy required performing essential physical functions at rest [1]. Although an abnormally high metabolic rate is associated with some pathologic conditions or inflammatory conditions [2], BMR tends to decrease with advancing age [1], and a low BMR plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the obesity and age related chronic disease in old age [2]. Energy metabolism and body composition are closely related to fat-free mass (FFM). Although the FFM is known as a primary determinant of BMR [1], it can only account for between 50% and 70% of the BMR [3]. Apart from the FFM, several other factors such as heritable, physiological, and genetic factors could be also considered determinants of BMR [4]. Sarcopenia has been used to define the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, which are associated with a poor quality of life and loss of independence in older people [5–7]. Muscle Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4377; doi:10.3390/ijerph16224377 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Int.Int. J.J. Environ.Environ. Res.Res. Public Health 2019,, 16,, 4377x 2 ofof 1212 Muscle mass aside, loss of muscle strength in the elderly has been shown to increase risk of poor massphysical aside, performance. loss of muscle Additional strengthly, in previous the elderly studies has been reported shown that to increaseolder people risk of with poor decreased physical performance.muscle strength Additionally, showed higher previous risk of studies falls, frailty, reported and that mortality, older people independent with decreased of muscle muscle mass [5–7]. strength showedStudies higher have risk demonstrated of falls, frailty, decreased and mortality, BMR independent to be associated of muscle with mass sarcopenia [5–7]. or with loss of muscleStudies mass have [8–10]. demonstrated However, decreased little is known BMR to about be associated the relationship with sarcopenia between or withBMR loss and of musclemuscle massstrength. [8–10 Muscle]. However, strength little and is muscle known mass about do the not relationship necessarily betweencorrelate BMRwith or and affect muscle each strength. other, a Musclefindingstrength that again and stresses muscle the mass importance do not necessarily of muscle correlateperformance with in or older affect people each other, [11]. a finding that againIn stresses recent the study, importance short-term of muscle resistance performance training in in older 19 peopleapparently [11]. healthy women lead to a significantIn recent increase study, short-termin BMR (p < resistance 0.001) without training any in changes 19 apparently in body healthy composition, women leadincluding to a significant body fat, increaseFFM, and in body BMR mass (p < 0.001)index (BMI) without [12], any which changes indicate in bodys that composition, change in body including composition body fat,is not FFM, the andsole bodymechanisms mass index for (BMI)change [12 in], whichBMR. indicatesIn this context, that change further in bodystudy compositionis needed to is demonstrate not the sole mechanismsassociation between for change BMR in and BMR. muscle In this strength. context, further study is needed to demonstrate association betweenMuscle BMR strength and muscle is measured strength. using hand-grip equipment (isometric strength, isokinetic power, etc.) [13].Muscle Hand-grip strength strength is measured (HGS) usingis assessed hand-grip by simple, equipment fast, (isometricand standardized strength, measurements isokinetic power, of etc.)overall [13 ].muscular Hand-grip strength strength [6,14]. (HGS) Measurement is assessed byof simple,HGS also fast, makes and standardizedit possible to measurementspredict disability of overalland frailty muscular in the strengtholder people [6,14 ].[15]. Measurement of HGS also makes it possible to predict disability and frailtyUntil in the now, older there people have [15 been]. no studies on the association between BMR and muscle strength alone.Until Our now, nationwide there have population-based been no studies onstudy the associationaims to determine between BMRthe relationship and muscle strengthbetween alone.BMR Ourand nationwideHGS in elderly population-based Koreans study aims to determine the relationship between BMR and HGS in elderly Koreans 2. Materials and Methods 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Survey Overview and Study Population 2.1. Survey Overview and Study Population This cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Korean National Health and NutritionThis cross-sectionalExamination Survey study (KNHANES) was conducted provided using by data the from Korea the Centers Korean for National Disease HealthControl andand NutritionPrevention Examination (KCDC) for Survey 2014–2016. (KNHANES) KNHANES provided is a na bytionwide the Korea cross-sectional Centers for Diseasesurvey that Control assesses and Preventionthe health (KCDC)and nutritional for 2014–2016. status KNHANESof Koreans. is KNHANES a nationwide reports cross-sectional and microdata survey thatare assessesreleased theannually health and and are nutritional available status to the of public Koreans. free KNHANES of charge at reports the end and of microdata the following are released year. KCDC annually also andpublished are available documents to the publicon survey free of chargemanuals at the th endrough of thethe following official year. website KCDC of also KNAHNES published documents(http://knhanes.cdc.go.kr) on survey manuals [16]. through Sampling the offi cialwas website performed of KNAHNES using (http:a stratified,//knhanes.cdc.go.kr multi-staged,)[16]. Samplingprobability-sampling was performed design using based a stratified, on the multi-staged,age, sex, and probability-samplinggeographical area of designthe participants based on thevia age,household sex, and registries. geographical In this area study, of the participantsdata from 4766 via householdindividuals registries. aged 65In years this study,and older data fromwere 4766included individuals from the aged 2014–2016 65 years KNHANES and older were (n = included23,080). Of from these the individuals, 2014–2016 KNHANESwe excluded (n those= 23,080). who Ofmet these the individuals,following criteria we excluded (n = 2254): those presence who met of theosteoarthritis, following criteriarheumatoid (n = arthritis;2254): presence history ofof osteoarthritis,stroke, or thyroid rheumatoid disease; arthritis;and those history whose of data stroke, were or unavailable thyroid disease; to evaluate and those HGS. whose After dataexcluding were unavailablethese individuals, to evaluate 2512 HGS. participants After excluding were included these individuals, in the final 2512 analysis participants (Figurewere 1). The included average in theage finalof this analysis study (Figurepopulation1). The was average 72.6 years, age of and this studythe median population age was was 72 72.6 years. years, The and oldest the median individual age waswas 7280 years.years. The oldest individual was 80 years. Figure 1. Study population flowchart diagram. KNHANES, Korea National Health and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cardiac Basal Metabolism
    Japanese Journal of Physiology, 51, 399–426, 2001 REVIEW Cardiac Basal Metabolism C. L. GIBBS and D. S. LOISELLE* Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, PO Box 13F, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia; and *Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Abstract: We endeavor to show that the me- usage remain unresolved. We consider many of tabolism of the nonbeating heart can vary over the physiological factors that can alter the basal an extreme range: from values approximating metabolic rate, stressing the importance of sub- those measured in the beating heart to values of strate supply. We point out that the protective ef- only a small fraction of normal—perhaps mimick- fect of hypothermia may be less than is com- ing the situation of nonflow arrest during cardiac monly assumed in the literature and suggest that bypass surgery. We discuss some of the techni- hypoxia and ischemia may be able to regulate cal issues that make it difficult to establish the basal metabolic rate, thus making an important magnitude of basal metabolism in vivo. We con- contribution to the phenomenon of cardiac hiber- sider some of the likely contributors to its magni- nation. [Japanese Journal of Physiology, 51, tude and point out that the biochemical reasons 399–426, 2001] for a sizable fraction of the heart’s basal ATP Key words: whole hearts, isolated preparations, biochemical contributors, modifiers, species differ- ence, temperature, substrate, hypoxia. heart operations are performed on arrested hearts I. Definition and Introduction worldwide each year, it would seem imperative that The cardiac basal metabolism is the rate of energy we understand the cellular mechanisms that can expenditure of the quiescent myocardium.
    [Show full text]
  • Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds
    University of San Diego Digital USD Biology: Faculty Scholarship Department of Biology 2002 Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds Hugh I. Ellis University of San Diego Geir Wing Gabrielsen Follow this and additional works at: https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub Part of the Biology Commons, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Ornithology Commons, and the Physiology Commons Digital USD Citation Ellis, Hugh I. and Gabrielsen, Geir Wing, "Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds" (2002). Biology: Faculty Scholarship. 20. https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub/20 This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at Digital USD. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology: Faculty Scholarship by an authorized administrator of Digital USD. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Energetics of Free-Ranging Seabirds Disciplines Biology | Ecology and Evolutionary Biology | Ornithology | Physiology Notes Original publication information: Ellis, H.I. and G.W. Gabrielsen. 2002. Energetics of free-ranging seabirds. Pp. 359-407 in Biology of Marine Birds (B.A. Schreiber and J. Burger, eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. This book chapter is available at Digital USD: https://digital.sandiego.edu/biology_facpub/20 Energetics of Free-Ranging 11 Seabirds Hugh I. Ellis and Geir W. Gabrielsen CONTENTS 11.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................360 11.2 Basal Metabolic Rate in Seabirds........................................................................................360
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect and Dependency of L-Thyroxine Treatment on The
    THE EFFECT AND DEPENDENCY OF L-THYROXINE TREATMENT ON THE BASAL METABOLIC RATE OF POST-METAMORPHIC XENOPUS LAEVIS. A Report of a Senior Study by Angie M. Castle Major: Biology Maryville College Spring, 2007 Date Approved _____________, by ________________________ Faculty Supervisor Date Approved _____________, by ________________________ Editor ii ABSTRACT One function of thyroid hormones is stimulating both the anabolic and catabolic reactions that make up an organism’s metabolism. However, the thyroid may not function properly resulting in hypothyroidism. One side effect of hypothyroidism is a declination in metabolic rate. This study investigated if the thyroid hormone l-thyroxine (T4) could significantly increase the metabolic rate of Xenopus laevis frogs. It was hypothesized that the thyroxine treated Xenopus would demonstrate an increased metabolic rate and decreases in mass. Further, it was hypothesized that after treatment was halted, the experimental group was expected to demonstrate a decrease in metabolic rate and an increase in mass. Twenty-two Xenopus tadpoles were treated with 1mg of l-thyroxine per liter of water for 21 days, and treatment was withdrawn for 21 days. Similarly, twenty- one control tadpoles were treated with 1%NaOH for 21 days. Throughout the 42-day period, the whole body and mass specific metabolic rate was measured using gas exchange respirometry. There was significant increase (p=0.04) in whole body metabolic rate of T4 treated animals, but the increase was not restricted to the treatment period (p=0.12). There was no significant increase in mass specific metabolic rate. Also, there was no significant difference in mass between the final control and the final thyroxine treated (p=0.16).
    [Show full text]
  • Resting Metabolic Rate and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis During Each Phase of the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Young Women Summary Th
    J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 25, 97-107, 1998 Resting Metabolic Rate and Diet-Induced Thermogenesis during Each Phase of the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Young Women Tatsuhiro MATSUO,1 * Shinichi SAITOH,2 and Masashige SUZUKI,2 1 Division of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Sanyo Women's College, Hatsukaichi 738-8504, Japan 2 Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8576, Japan (Received June 20, 1998) Summary The effects of the menstrual cycle on resting metabolic rate (RMR) and diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) were studied in nine healthy young women aged 18-19 years. All subjects were eumenorrheic, with regular menstrual cycles ranging from 28 to 32 days. RMR and DIT were measured in the mid follicular phase and in the mid luteal phase. On the experimental days, subjects fasted overnight; then the RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. For the measurement of DIT, subjects were fed a meal containing a uniform amount of energy (2.53 MJ) eaten within 15 min, and then indirect calorimetry was performed during rest for 180 min. The RMR was significantly higher in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (67.0 vs. 62.5 J/kg/min, p<0.01). DIT was also significantly higher in the luteal phase (4.0 vs. 3.2 kJ/kg/3 h, p<0.01). The postprandial respiratory exchange ratio was slightly lower in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (0.78 vs. 0.81). These results suggest that the menstrual cycle phase affects both the RMR and DIT. Higher postprandial energy expenditure and fat utilization in the luteal phase may be related to sympathetic and endocrinal actions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Relation of Metabolic Rate to Body Weight and Organ Size
    Pediat.Res. 1: 185-195 (1967) Metabolism basal metabolic rate growth REVIEW kidney glomerular filtration rate body surface area body weight oxygen consumption organ growth The Relation of Metabolic Rate to Body Weight and Organ Size A Review M.A. HOLLIDAY[54J, D. POTTER, A.JARRAH and S.BEARG Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, California, and the Children's Hospital Medical Center, Oakland, California, USA Introduction Historical Background The relation of metabolic rate to body size has been a The measurement of metabolic rate was first achieved subject of continuing interest to physicians, especially by LAVOISIER in 1780. By 1839 enough measurements pediatricians. It has been learned that many quanti- had been accumulated among subjects of different tative functions vary during growth in relation to sizes that it was suggested in a paper read before the metabolic rate, rather than body size. Examples of Royal Academy of France (co-authored by a professor these are cardiac output, glomerular filtration rate, of mathematics and a professor of medicine and oxygen consumption and drug dose. This phenomenon science) that BMR did not increase as body weight may reflect a direct cause and effect relation or may be increased but, rather, as surface area increased [42]. a fortuitous parallel between the relatively slower in- In 1889, RICHET [38] observed that BMR/kg in rab- crease in metabolic rate compared to body size and the bits of varying size decreased as body weight increased; function in question. RUBNER [41] made a similar observation in dogs. Both The fact that a decrease in metabolism and many noted that relating BMR to surface area provided re- other measures of physiological function in relation to a sults that did not vary significantly with size.
    [Show full text]
  • The Body's Energy Budget
    The Body’s Energy Budget energy is measured in units called kcals = Calories the more H’s a molecule contains the more ATP (energy) can be generated of the various energy pathways: fat provides the most energy for its weight note all the H’s more oxidation can occur eg: glucose has 12 H’s 38ATP’s a 16-C FA has 32 H’s 129ATP’s we take in energy continuously we use energy periodically optimal body conditions when energy input = energy output any excess energy intake is stored as fat average person takes in ~1 Million Calories and expends 99% of them maintains energy stability 1 lb of body fat stores 3500 Calories 454g: 87% fat 395g x 9 Cal/g = 3555 kcal would seem if you burn an extra 3500 Cal you would lose 1 lb; and if you eat an extra 3500 Cal you would gain 1 lb not always so: 1. when a person overeats much of the excess energy is stored; some is spent to maintain a heavier body 2. People seem to gain more body fat when they eat extra fat calories than when they eat extra carbohydrate calories 3. They seem to lose body fat most efficiently when they limit fat calories For overweight people a reasonable rate of wt loss is 1/2 – 1 lb/week can be achieved with Cal intake of ~ 10 Cal/lb of body wt. Human Anatomy & Physiology: Nutrition and Metabolism; Ziser, 2004 5 Quicker Weight Loss: 1. may lose lean tissue 2. may not get 100% of nutrients 3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Metabolic Benefits of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Are Not
    nutrients Article The Metabolic Benefits of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Are Not Mediated by Improved Nutritional Habits. The OsteoLaus Cohort Georgios E. Papadakis 1 , Didier Hans 2, Elena Gonzalez Rodriguez 1,2 , Peter Vollenweider 3, Gerard Waeber 3, Pedro Marques-Vidal 3 and Olivier Lamy 2,3,* 1 Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland 2 Center of Bone Diseases, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland 3 Service of Internal Medicine, CHUV, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-213140876 Received: 8 July 2019; Accepted: 14 August 2019; Published: 16 August 2019 Abstract: Menopause alters body composition by increasing fat mass. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is associated with decreased total and visceral adiposity. It is unclear whether MHT favorably affects energy intake. We aimed to assess in the OsteoLaus cohort whether total energy intake (TEI) and/or diet quality (macro- and micronutrients, dietary patterns, dietary scores, dietary recommendations)—evaluated by a validated food frequency questionnaire—differ in 839 postmenopausal women classified as current, past or never MHT users. There was no difference between groups regarding TEI or consumption of macronutrients. After multivariable adjustment, MHT users were less likely to adhere to the unhealthy pattern ‘fat and sugar: Current vs. never users [OR (95% CI): 0.48 (0.28–0.82)]; past vs. never users [OR (95% CI): 0.47 (0.27–0.78)]. Past users exhibited a better performance in the revised score for Mediterranean diet than never users (5.00 0.12 vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Metabolism During the Menstrual Cycle, Pregnancy and Lactation in Well Nourished Indian Women
    ENERGY METABOLISM DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION IN WELL NOURISHED INDIAN WOMEN Leonard Sunil Piers lllllllllllllmiiiiiiii , 0000 0576 0455 Promotor: dr. J.G.A.J. Hautvast Hoogleraar voedingsleer en voedselbereiding Promotor: dr. P.S. Shetty Professor of Physiology St. John's Medical College Bangalore, India. Co-promotor: dr. ir. J.M.A. van Raaij Universitair Hoofddocent Vakgroep Humane Voeding AJ U0g>7©\ , (7 Vf ENERGY METABOLISM DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE, PREGNANCY AND LACTATION IN WELL NOURISHED INDIAN WOMEN Leonard Sunil Piers Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouw- en milieuwetenschappen, op gezag van de rector magnificus, dr. C. M. Karssen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 2 maart 1994 des namiddags te vier uur in de Aula van de Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen Ckw-ÇT«^tónc i aiBLiOTHEf» This study was supported by a grant from The Netherlands Foundation for the Advancement of Tropical Research (WOTRO)(Grant WB96-80 ) CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Piers, Leonard Sunil Energy metabolism during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy and lactation in well nourished Indian women / Leonard Sunil Piers. [S.l.:s.n.]. -11 1 Thesis Wageningen - with ref. - With summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-5485-241-0 Subject headings: Energy metabolism and pregnancy / energy metabolism and menstrual cycle / energy metabolism and lactation Printed at Grafisch Service Centrum, LUW °1994 Piers LS. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the permission of the author, or, when appropriate, of the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • Reply from Dr D. A. Sedlock Thank You for Sharing with Me and Allowing Me to Reply to the Letter Sent to You from Dr J
    LETTERS TO THE EDITOR 497 References SEDLOCK DA , LAVENTURE SJ . Body composition and resting energy expenditure in long term spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1990;28:448-454. WADE OL, BISHOP JM. Cardiac output and regional blood flow. Oxford: Blackwell, 1962;p 93. COURNANDA, RICHARDS DW . TransAss Amer Phys 1954;67: 162. SILVER JR. The oxygen cost of breathing in tetraplegic patients. Paraplegia 1963:204-214. J. R. Silver Consultant in Spinal Injuries Stoke Mandeville Hospital Aylesbury, UK Reply from Dr D. A. Sedlock Thank you for sharing with me and allowing me to reply to the letter sent to you from Dr J. R. Silver regarding our article entitled 'Body composition and resting energy expenditure in long term spinal cord injury' Paraplegia 1990;28:448-454. Dr Silver provides some evidence I to indicate that skeletal muscle accounts for a substantial proportion of resting oxygen uptake, and therefore disagrees with the statement in our article2 that a spinal lesion below TIO ' ... would affect predominantly lower extremity skeletal muscle, which contributes little to resting energy expenditure'. Although the evidence cited by Dr Silver shows skeletal muscle to account for 30% of resting energy expenditure, I Bray and Atkinson3 report previously published values ranging from 17-25%. Regardless of the actual proportion, these percentages reflect the oxygen consumed by the skeletal musculature of the entire body. If we assume that the lower extremities account for even as much as 60% of the total body skeletal musculature, then it follows that '60 of the estimated 17-30% of skeletal muscle metabolism can be accounted for by this muscle mass.
    [Show full text]
  • Best-Fitting Prediction Equations for Basal Metabolic Rate
    International Journal of Obesity (2013) 37, 1364–1370 & 2013 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0307-0565/13 www.nature.com/ijo REVIEW Best-fitting prediction equations for basal metabolic rate: informing obesity interventions in diverse populations NS Sabounchi1, H Rahmandad2 and A Ammerman3 Basal metabolic rate (BMR) represents the largest component of total energy expenditure and is a major contributor to energy balance. Therefore, accurately estimating BMR is critical for developing rigorous obesity prevention and control strategies. Over the past several decades, numerous BMR formulas have been developed targeted to different population groups. A comprehensive literature search revealed 248 BMR estimation equations developed using diverse ranges of age, gender, race, fat-free mass, fat mass, height, waist-to-hip ratio, body mass index and weight. A subset of 47 studies included enough detail to allow for development of meta-regression equations. Utilizing these studies, meta-equations were developed targeted to 20 specific population groups. This review provides a comprehensive summary of available BMR equations and an estimate of their accuracy. An accompanying online BMR prediction tool (available at http://www.sdl.ise.vt.edu/tutorials.html) was developed to automatically estimate BMR based on the most appropriate equation after user-entry of individual age, race, gender and weight. International Journal of Obesity (2013) 37, 1364–1370; doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.218; published online 15 January 2013 Keywords: basal metabolic rate; resting metabolic rate; prediction; meta-analysis; review; meta-regression INTRODUCTION mass (FFM)),13 gender and race15 on BMR. Most of the developed Obesity is the result of a positive imbalance between energy equations have focused on cross-sectional data from targeted intake and energy expenditure.1 The basal metabolic rate (BMR), sub-populations (for example, the young adults) and have used a 16 defined as the energy required for performing vital body functions specific equation structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammalian Basal Metabolic Rate Is Proportional to Body Mass2/3
    Mammalian basal metabolic rate is proportional to body mass2/3 Craig R. White* and Roger S. Seymour Department of Environmental Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia Edited by Knut Schmidt-Nielsen, Duke University, Durham, NC, and approved December 27, 2002 (received for review October 23, 2002) The relationship between mammalian basal metabolic rate (BMR, The problematic inclusion of ruminants was also recognized ml of O2 per h) and body mass (M, g) has been the subject of regular by Kleiber (2), whose compilation included 13 data points investigation for over a century. Typically, the relationship is derived from eight species (two steers, cow, man, woman, sheep, aMb. The male dog, female dog, hen, pigeon, male rat, female rat, and ring ؍ expressed as an allometric equation of the form BMR scaling exponent (b) is a point of contention throughout this body dove). Kleiber addressed the problem by providing b values of literature, within which arguments for and against geometric calculated for all 13 data points and for a subset of 9 data points ,(scaling are made and with ruminants excluded. Using Kleiber’s data (ref. 2; Table 1 (4/3 ؍ and quarter-power (b (3/2 ؍ b) rebutted. Recently, interest in the topic has been revived by exponents of 0.737 (r2 ϭ 0.999) and 0.727 (r2 ϭ 0.999) can be published explanations for quarter-power scaling based on fractal calculated for these groups, respectively. In this case, quarter- nutrient supply networks and four-dimensional biology. Here, a power scaling remained following the exclusion of ruminants, new analysis of the allometry of mammalian BMR that accounts for because of the influence of the four data points for male and variation associated with body temperature, digestive state, and female dogs and humans.
    [Show full text]
  • Mechanisms of Changes in Basal Metabolism During Ageing
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, Suppl 3, S77±S91 ß 2000 Macmillan Publishers Ltd All rights reserved 0954±3007/00 $15.00 www.nature.com/ejcn Mechanisms of changes in basal metabolism during ageing CJK Henry1* 1Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK A considerable number of physiological functions are known to show a gradual decline with increasing age. However, the effects of ageing differ widely between organ systems. It is believed that basal metabolic rate (BMR) falls dramatically with age. These observations, largely based on cross-sectional surveys, are discussed in light of our present understanding of the biology of ageing. This paper reviews both the longitudinal and cross- sectional studies of BMR and presents evidence that the fall in BMR with ageing may be less dramatic than previously perceived. Indeed, some subjects may show an increase in BMR with ageing. The mechanism of changes in BMR during ageing will be discussed. Organ weight changes appear to have a profound impact on BMR. The use of BMR to predict total energy expenditure in the `old elderly' ( > 75 y) is unlikely to be of any practical use due to wide intra- and inter-individual variation in BMR. This wide intra- and inter-individual variation in BMR is due to illness, disease and other metabolic disorders seen in the elderly. Finally, the importance of measuring BMR in elderly populations for its use in clinical medicine will be discussed. Descriptors: aging; basal metabolic rate; body composition European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2000) 54, Suppl 3, S77±S91 Historical overview The principle embodied in the surface law was that basal metabolism is a simple function of surface area.
    [Show full text]