Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy

Volume 8 Number 2 Article 8

4-1-1982

AMCAP Journal Volume 8 Issue 2 1982

Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy

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We are pleased to be able in this issue to bring you EDITORIAL Elder Yoshihiko Kikuchi's address presented at our April, 1981 AMCAP Convention. If you'weren't able to hear it personally. we hope as you read it you will experience the great feeling and spirit of love that he radiated to us. We trust you will enjoy and find profitable the rather wide variety of articles presented in this issue. If you desire articles on specific topics or special issues devoted to Kiven topics. please communicate your desires. In addit'on to the other articles in this issue. we believe you will enl0Y and find stimulation in the related articles of brtlthers Warner and Brower and find f00d for careful th,'uKht in the sl'mewhal wntrasting philosophical CORRECTION: assumption on the genesis of feelings in the Burnout artide by Brothers Willis and Fondren. An apology is extended to Brother Victor Brown. Jr. AKain. \Ve enCouraKe you to write and submit articles and readers who may have been confused due to a and tl' encourage others that you believe have a message printing error in Brother Brown's article. "Sexual f,'r AMCAP memb"rs to do likew,se. We thank all of you Intimacy: Thoughts for lDS Helping Professionals." in who have submitted articles for this and other issues. If the January 1982 issue. On page 12. the next to the lut vou have an idea tha t you would like to share. but believe paragraph. it should have read "Then. in almost ih.,t you cann"t helpfully expand on it for a full arlicle. mundane terms. I have nol found ordinary muital please s"nd It in as a research note. a practltioner's idea. a therapy calling for primary focus on technique. Whether th",'r"tical notion. We wlluld be pleased to c0ns,der It was premature ejaculation or vaginismus. progress publishing briefer comments. and healing depended most upon trust and respect As al\Vays. please submit Jny suggestions you have for suffiCIent for the couple to nurture each other while the Improvement of the "'urnal Thank Y0U appropriately applying technical knowledge." BCK. Ed. Unfortunately. the "not" was omitted when published.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE POWER Of LOVE by Elder '\ oshlh,!-" Ki!-uchl 5 A SELf-CONCEPT COMPARISON OF LOS AND NON-LOS HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS by Elaine S. Robbins and R Wayne Shute . . 8 AN APPROACH TO DRUG CLASSIfICATION IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY by Bruce H. Woolley 13 BURNOUT IN THE HOME by David C. Willis and Harold Fondren " 19 fEELINGS, SELf-DECEPTION, AND CHANGE by C. Terry Warner 21 TESTING THEORIES Of BEHAVIOR WITH SCRIPTURE by Stephen l. Brower " 32

AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 THE POWER Of LOVE Elder Yoshihiko Kikuchi of the First Quorum of the Seventy Presented at the AMCAP Convention 3 April, 1981

I am indeed grateful for the opportunity to stand of age, couldn't stop his tears. Later he said, "In the before you this day. It is an honor and privilege to do so. Celestial world, is it like that? Is our Heavenly Father English is not my native tongue, so I pray that the Spirit like that? When President Kimball kissed me and hugged of the lord will guide me. Iam also, as yet, a "green bean" me, I felt so strongly that the Spirit testified to me that as a "G.A." so I am still frightened to serve the lord in our Heavenly Father is just like he is." And he said, "Oh, I this capacity. I won't try to preach to you today--I am not was almost going to miss the glorious opportunity to qualified to do so. However, Iwould like to share some of stay in the Church! And I wouldn't have stopped the most spiritual experiences that I have encountered wandering. I almost missed the total picture. the over the last few months. I would like to relate them to panorama, the beauty of the gospe!." This young man is our Japanese society, showing how the Japanese now saving his money to go on a mission. He felt members are affected by the gospel. strongly that the Spirit testified to him that he could About five months ago I had the privilege of traveling help his parents and that he could share the gospel with with President and Sister Kimball to attend area them. conferences in the Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, I want to share another beautiful story with you. Korea, and also Japan for the dedication of the Tokyo Right before I left Tokyo. a young boy walked into my Temple and area conferences in Tokyo and Osaka. This room. Could I just give the touching testimony of this covered almost a three-week period, and so I had the young man? privilege to become well acquainted with President and My family consists of three members now, and we are living Sister Kimball. Today Iwould like to share an experience in our grandparents' home because my parents were divorced I had with them in the hope that it will help your work. two years ago. Since that time. my grandfather and mother As we were staying at hotels as a whole group during started working. Sometime in October of 19791 met the young the series of area conferences, the local members were missionaries at Shibuya Station. I studied and was baptized asked to supply priesthood leaders to watch over the within three weeks. Although I received baptism, I bKame hallways of the hotel. We would block out one section totally inactive for about seven months. Since my family was for security purposes so that we could protect President not stable, I wasn't happy. I had been wondering about my life Kimball and other general authorities and their wives. and the future. even about my life hereafter.' wandered around Every morning--and this is something I learned in a every day and didn't go to school because I had lost sight of my objectives. With a feeling of depression and emptiness, I walked touching way--President Kimball would come out of his to church one day without consciously thinking ofgoing there. I room, usually about 6:45 or 7:00 in the morning, met with the missionaries again and with the members. I without his tie or shoes and socks. He would come out attended a beautiful baptismal service which impressed me and express his love to the security people and to the greatly; in fact I was inspired. I decided to attend church after local members. He would kiss and hug and embrace that and learned the importance of the gospel teachings and the them. At 86 years of age he is tireless in his service and in importance of missionary work. I was called as a branch expressing himself to other people. He is unbelievable. mission,uy and assisted the full-time missionaries almost every He hugged and kissed them. day. I went to street meetings with them and contacted many. When we stayed at the Keio Plaza Hotel in Tokyo, many people. The lord helped me. Within two months I brought many people to the full-time missionaries and J. myself, 6:45 President Kimball came out of his room at about taught seven people and had the privilege to baptize them. a.m. as usual, with bare feet and without a tie. He One day as I was praying, I r""eived a strong feeling that I hugged a young man. This young man had completely should proselyte my own family. I prayed and prayed and then lost his direction in life. His family situation was introduced the missionaries to my mother first. I felt that it was unstable, and he was insecure. Although he had been very important to convert my family in order for us to obtain baptized when he was 17 years of age, he was uncertain eternal life as a family. My mother was attending another about what he wanted from life. Just a week prior to the Christian church and had ma"y friends. Because she was afraid area conference he walked into church, and expressing of losing these friends, at first she refused to be baptized. himself to the branch preiident said, "I want to be a good However, with the help of the missionaries and through the member. What can I do?" The branch president told him coopention of the members, within about a month she was baptized. The members came to her baptismal servin. and it to come to Priesthood Meeting and Sunday School. was a beautiful testimony to m. that I could baptize her. Then he told him that this week they needed to supply Everyone at the service cried and cried because of the Spirit we one young brother to assist with the night security for felt in that room. When we went through the Tokyo Temple Preideftt Ki~all and th~ othct' genenl authorit~.». Open Hou~ a'" ..w the 'Wa" room, ..y ""'ther stoned \<> on that particular morning, he was there when cry because she felt the Spirit so strongly. I explained to her. President Kimball came out. This young man, 20 years "Mom, this is the place wo have to come back to to be s..led for

5 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 tim~ and all ~ternity." W~d~cid~d at that mom~nt.lnthat sacr~d Sister Asada said, "They serve two years without spot. that we would com~ back receiving any money from the Church," The woman My slst~r was baptiz~d S~pt~mb~r It. 1980. I perform~d her asked if she could study with them, This was a shock to baptism .1150_ I am sure that th~re are more wonderful Latter­ Sister Asada, who quickly replied, "Of course, please day Saints who can bring their famili~s into th~ Church. This I do." This woman started to take the discussions from know. the missionaries. When she was taught the discussion on sist~r th~ Although my mother and joined Church. I forgot to the Word of Wisdom, it was the most difficult part for tell my grandparents about the gosp~l. I regrelted thiS so much. This J.nuary my gundfather had a heart au.d. whil~ he was on her because at that time she was smoking about 5 packs a business trip. I was very shocked. I thought that I might not be of cigarettes a day and was drinking alcohol pretty .ble to baptize him by my own hands. I ~arn~stly pray~d to my heavily. When her husband found out that she was Heavenly Father at 10 minute intervals for a period of thre~ or taking lessons from the Mormon missionaries he said, four days. I pray~d so hard. I had never puyed so hard in my "You won't be able to give up your alcohol and whole life. Th~ doctor had given up .nd then the mir.cle cigarettes. I know some LDS people in our company and h.ppened. Eventu.Uy my gundfather's health was restored. they are really strict about living the commandments, If H~a\'~nly Father bl~ssed him. After two months he was out of you can join their church. I'll join with you." At this time the hospital Th~ first part of March I called our good this family had been having many problems. This missionaries and asked them to (om~ to our homt'o where I introduced tht'm to my grandparents. They wert' so rpceptive woman was baptized, and as she bore her testimony she said, "Brothers and sisters, my family has been unhappy They rpcPlved the diSCUSSions and bPlieved 10 the gospel Elder Kikuchi. thiS week after stale conft"renc(' I Will baptlu them I and our life meaningless. But because of Sister Asada's thank Cl.~ from the bottom of my hf'art because ht' has blessed kind food offered to my family at the kindergarten m~ so much I am 17 yens old When I am )Q I pl",n to go on '" sports festival. she was a life saver for my entire family." miSSion I wdlll\"~ righteously lAnd h~ w~nt on to say.1 With And she expressed with tears in her eyes, "You know the h~lp of th~ Lord. can I bnng my father back to my hom~7 something brothers and sisters? That food was life As you can see, Japan is no longer the family place of eternal to our family." Now her three children have been stability. Every three seconds, somewhere in Japan, blessed and her husband is taking the discussions from there is a divorce. A lot of children are suffering because the missionaries. of this. As far as I understand, this is second to the I am trying to show through these three stories how United States and RUSSIa. The divorce crime is people are brought together by the gospel. HI Go,ptl of unbelievable. HOW (lin IN Sal', anJ prol,eI our (amili,s anJ /lSUS ChTlsl is Ih, only 'olulion and prlll,nlaiiD' m,dicinl for our prrv,nlth;s,' I sa~ that ,'n'~ thr Gospr' of th, Lord /rsu, ChTl,t can probl,m,. hr," anJ prot,iI 'am,[/t, and prrr,nt this grrot ero,i,. I would like to share another experience with you. I want to share another wonderful story with you. In Three weeks ago one of our mission presidents called Japan, in the spring and the fall, we have what we call me. "Elder Kikuchi," he said, "help me. There is a young Undokai, which is a sports festival for kindergartens, missionary in my office who says that he wants to go elementary schools, and high schools. The mothers home. How can I help him? I have spent three hours with prepare a lunch and the families spend the day at school him, but he says he wants his ticket and passport and watching the children participate in sports events. On wants to leave." just such a day a Japanese sister, Sister Asada, had "I suppose you went over everything with him?" I prepared a lunch, and she and her family went to the asked. "President, could I just speak to him?" He put the kindergarten sports festival. As lunchtime approached, missionary on the phone and I said, "Elder, I understand Sister Asada began to spread her food on the table. you want to go home." Sitting nex t to her was a mother, grandmother, and "Yes, Elder Kikuchi, just give me my ticket. I don't three children. The mother had forgotten to prepare a want to stay here." lunch, and after about twenty minutes she said she must "Well. I understand, but I want to know the reason go home to get their lunch. Another twenty minutes why you want to leave." passed and this woman had not returned, so Sister "Oh, I explained everything to my president." Asada offered to share the lunch she had prepared with "Well. Elder, I don't want to force you to stay here, but the grandmother and the children. They refused, saying I would like to visit with you before you leave us." they would have their lunch soon. Well, they waited "Oh, you don't need to come here. I just spent a lot of about an hour and still the mother didn't return. They time with the president." found out later that she had forgotten to prepare a lunch "Eld..,I n"d ~ou. Ilov, you. H, Lord i' ,xl,nding his honds 10 and that it took her about an hour and a half to do so. In ~l)U 10 b, Ih, savior 'or Ih, JopanlSl plopl,. Art you rt{u,ing Ih, the meantime, Sister Asada again offered to share her LorJ's invilol;on? Art you going 10 I'ODI U, 01001',' Could you kindly lunch because she could tell that the children were sp,nJ ,v,n I,n minutrs with m,? I'll come up this afternoon. I'll hungry. This time they graciously accepted. From this catch the first plane,l don't want to force you to stay, but experience the mother and Sister Asada developed a at least let me talk to you before Isay it is okay for you to warm friendship. One day Sister Asada invited the go." woman to a Church fireside. Atthe fireside a missionary "Oh, you are a busy man. You don't need to come up sat down next to the woman, and she asked, "What is here and you don't need to spend the time with me," this Gaijin doing here?" (Gaijin is what we call "Eld.., 1,,1/ you, you Ort mort imporlan' Ihon my p"plrtDork, foreigners.) "They are missionaries of our church," You art importon' 'nough for ml'O (om, up 10 sp,nd Ihllim' wilh

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 b YOll." If yOIl don't pray, yOIl cannot be safe. Remember to pray. _ And he said, "Okay." , Another thought: The beallties in life come from bellerment of Before I hung up, I said, "Elder, tell me, tell me why seruice to others. The dilline natllre of the hllman S01l1 is hllmble you want to go home." And I could sense the tears. seruice to others. Neal Maxwell said, "Celestial criteria "Elder Kikuchi, my parents got a divorce. I've lost my measure service, not status." This gives us tremendous track." inspiration. J. Rueben Clark, Jr. said that "It is not "Did you talk to your president about it?" important where we serve, but how we serve."Happiness of "No." the hllman sOllllies in hllmble seruice to others. The great symbolic And I said, "Well, would you tell him about it, and I will beallty of Ollr lilies is simply to serue others, to gille of ollrsellles. The come up. Just wait 24 hours and then you can leave tlernal joy within IlS is a ref/ection of Ollr hearts. The law of a pllre tomorrow." And then I just hung up. Within 30 minutes heart and mind works lilet chemistry.·If we halle pllre lIision and a he called back. pllre heart, they will expand. "Elder Kikuchi, you don't need to come up. I felt YOllr From the Doctrine and COllenants: 101le. I will stay." Bllt no mer" is pos~ssor of lill things f:retp' ht ht pllrifirtl lind cltQnstd from Another experience: A mission president from all sin_ another mission at the south end of Japan called me. And ,1 yt art purifjtd lind cltal1Sld from Idl sin. 'It shall ask toludsofVtr yo .. There was another missionary who wanted to return to will ;" tht "amt of }t5IlS IHld it shall ht don,. fD&C SO:28.29J America. He had been born in the western part of the It shall be done. I belitlle that We will go as far as We belitlle we United States and had grown up there. For some reason, are able to go. I also belieoe that yOIl cannol get something from when he was sixteen he left his home and went to nothing. In the same sense, yOIl cannot get anything from negatille another area. He met the missionaries there and was thinking. YOIl go jllst as far as YOllr lIision. baptized. One year after his baptism, when he turned I would like to share Hugh B. Brown's story of the nineteen, he became a missionary. He was a stake bucket. President Brown once told what happened to a missionary first, and he worked and saved his money so ship's captain down in the South Atlantic. He had run that he could serve a full-time mission. Now he wanted out of fresh water and his crew was athirst. Another to go home. I told the mission president that I would ship came into sight and he signalled, "Send us water. come and talk to the young elder. I spent a couple of Send us water." And the signal came back, "let down hours with this young man. He just talked and talked your bucket. let down your bucket. There is fresh water and talked. For two hours he talked, and I just listened all around you. All around you. You are in the Gulf while he stated all the reasons he wanted to go home. Stream." They let down their buckets and found that After two hours I said, "Elder, those are not your real this was true. They had not realized that the course of reasons for wanting to go home. Is there something else the Gulf Stream as it was driven out had maintained its that is wrong?" And he started to cry. He explained pure water--its virtue, so to speak. President Brown said about his family situation and the problems his parents that they were able to save themselves by that which had. He received no mail from home. He said, "My was all around them, yet they did not know it. He said: companions get letters almost every week. I started to "Brethren and sisters, there is available to you wherever you get lonesome, you know? I need to feel that someone are. blessings and opportunities, the privilege of teaching the loves me." gospel of the Lord Jesus Christ if you let down your buckets, Brothers and Sisters, I think we can learn something which is your own prayer, into the gulf stream of the Holy from these stories. I, myself, have learned a great deal Spirit. which is everywhere." from these experiences. Brothers and sisters, thank you for your great service. I belitlle that listening--listening in the Chllrch. in priesthood The world needs you. I am proud of you--the way you metlings, as bishops, stalet presidents, cOllnselors, parents, in YOllr use the basic concepts of the Gospel of the lord Jesus profession--I firmly belitlle that listening is a dimension of 101le. I also Christ in helping others. I wish we could have ten or belitlle that the arl of listening is an tlernal qllest. I belielle that twenty or fifty thousand lDS psychotherapists like you, listening is a healing pOWer and is the most cllrable medicine. I feel so or counselors or professional people such as you, strongly that We need good listening ears in the Chllrch.I also belitlle because there is a tremendous need in the world for you. that listening, yOIl might say, is the best prtllentatille medicine. You know, in Japan, when they take care of some Listening to a child, a hllsband, wife, missionaries, stlldents, mentally retarded people, they just give them a shot; patients--I think this is the most preciolls expression of YOllr 10lle and that's all, because they don't have any basic or concern. fundamental understanding of the gospel. Therefore, I believe it was John Raskin who once stated: "Give a they cannot help. It is a hopeless situation. I have a friend little to your children and you get a great deal back." I whose daughter had this experience. I told him not to believe this principle can be applied in the Church. take her to the hospital. We went to an lDS Brothers and sisters, I am concerned abollt one·thing in the Chllrch. I psychotherapist and within six months he helped her think We need to listen more careflllly to Ollr people. We need to do return to normal. We must have the pure love of Christ better. and pray always when we face the problems of our lastly, could I just leave a few of my thoughts with professions. you: Man's joy and sllfferings are the reflection of his habitllal I am expecting a lot from you because the Church is thinking, He is the prodllct of what he thinks all day long. His going to need you, especially the lDS people need you. character is the total Sllm of his thollghts. compltttd on pAgr 3S

7 AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 A SELF-CONCEPT COMPARISON OF LDS AND NON-LDS HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS Elaine S. Robbins,· Ed.D. and R. Wayne Shute,· Ed.D.

" the self becomes a mirror reflecting Indeed, the United States of America is a its experiences."I conglomerate of ethnic, national, religious, social, and economic groups from all areas of the world, welded A Definition together in large part by a common value system. Some Purkey, a leader in self-concept theory and research, similarities and differences have been researched. has made it clear that the perception of self is the agent At this point there arose the question crucial to this around which an individual organizes his life: "More and study: In a country where society demonstrates the more there is a deepening interest in the individual's great leveling effect of the pull toward homogeneous perception of himself and his situation as a major values, is it possible to find a group whch holds influence on his behavior."> sufficiently peculiar beliefs, attitudes, and values that a Proliferating enormously in recent years, most measurement of their perceptions of themselves will studies of the self have settled on the term "self­ show significant basic differences? In order to explore concept" to name "the traits and values which the the poSSibility that such a group exists and to ascertain individual has accepted as definitions of himself.") whether or not their beliefs, attitudes, and values do According to Hurlock. "This concept of self is indeed result in significantly different self-views, this established in the early years of life, taking its study turned to a sampling of young people from t.he fundamental form in the years of babyhood and Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints. childhood.'" In addition, Mead held "that the individual's The Transmission of lOS Values attitude to himself is determined largely by the early The earliest members of the Church ofJesus Christ of attitudes of 'significant others' to him.'" Supporting latter-day Saints (Mormons) were part and parcel of the these views, Poussaint commented, "Like it or not, his fabric of America, but they chose to identify themselves image becomes a composite of how others see him or as early as 1830 with "modern revelation" from God,' how they tell him he should be seen."O the idea of a "personal" God with "body, parts, and There are numerous quotations of authorities past passions,"'o divine inspiration available to worthy and present in the fields of philosophy, psychology, individual Church members,1I eternal progression sociology, and education whch define the self-concept, toward eventual perfection and godhood,12 "priesthood its growth, stability, and consistency. However, in order authority,"U angels and divine intervention," the need to avoid the ensuing redundancy of doing so, those to perform certain ordinances for those who have died,u already quoted will suffice in order to establish a a unique explanation of North and South American working definition of self-concept. history,16 free agency,l7 personal stewardship and Statements regarding the emergence and responsibility," and, among other such uncommon establishment of the self-concept in the individual's beliefs, the view of the family as the central, repertOire of beliefs and attitudes about himself microcosmic, patriarchal unit for the divine purposes for increasingly engage the attention of thoughtful which the Church was organized.I' Members of this scholars. The writings of Mead, Maslow, lecky, Rogers, Church, hereinafter called the l.O.S. Church, also see Combs, Berne and others in the field of self-concept themselves as children of God in a real sense, made in theory, research, and practice are noteworthy for in­ His i~age and capable of reaching eventual perfection.>O depth study of the subject. These beliefs, acted upon, become the values by which The Minority Issue members of the l.O.5. Church identify themselves. The people of the United States are bound together in Furthermore, some of them at present run contrary to a political amalgam which is unified by such widely held the values and beliefs of the larger society from which values as a comfortable life, a sense of accomplishment, the Church member originates. Consider, for example, equality, family security, freedom, and self respect. 7 that l.O.S. theology defines very different roles for These values are reflected in the orientation often women and men in the family with the woman attributed to Americans toward "materialism, remaining in the home to care for the needs of her competition, and achievement.". husband, her children, and herself. The future expectations for girls are different from those for boys, ·Sister Robbins is a Teacher of English and French at based on the valuation of the family unit and the roles logan Jr. High School, School Inservice and assigned to members of the family. l.O.S. views toward Professional Development leader and Gifted Program abortion and over-population are in contradiction with Director for Ninth Grade English Students. Brother those of growing numbers of the larger society. The Shute is Professor of Secondary and Higher Education belief in a personal God is distinctive as are the beliefs in and Coordinator of the College of Education Internal eternal progression, the origin of the American Indians, Doctoral Program, Brigham Young University. and some aspects of life after death. The philosophical

AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 8 basis of the Church authority delegated to male of students' for each of the six cells shown in the -members is without modern parallel. following figure: As the family's relationship with the child is affected by religious values, so the child's view of himself is Sky View Mesa Cordova affected. Surely such a singular religion as that taught High School High School High School by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints provides experiences which are mirrored in the 1 2 3 Latter-day developing self. Much has been written of the self­ 62 32 5 Saint Students concept with relation to ethnic and socioeconomic boundaries. 4 5 6 Non-Latter-day 6 56 .95 Saint Students The Research Question We were intrigued by the possibilities of studying the Figure 1. self-concept with relation to Mormons. Teased by Distribution of LD.5. and Non-LD.5. Students observation, thought, and a partial survey of literature, in Three High Schools we formulated the questions to be answered by Three classes at Sky View High School yielded 68 research: Is it possible to establish the existence and the students, with six non-L.D.5. and 62 L.D.S. Like Mesa extent of differences, if any, in self-view between High School and Cordova High School, Sky View has Mormon youth and youth not of our faith? Along with 1,500 students. It is located in a somewhat rural valley in this general question, a number of other sub-questions northern Utah. Most of the students are bussed or travel were of major interest to us: 1) Do the self-concepts of by private car from small communities and farms in the Latter-day Saint high school students differ valley. The L.D.S.-non-L.D.S. population mix of the significantly from those of non-Latter-day Saint high valley, about 10 percent non-LD.5., is reflected in the school students? 2) Do the self-concepts of Latter-day number of students in the two Sky View High School Saint high school students differ significantly from cells. those of other Latter-day Saint high school students At Mesa High School, three classes yielded 88 under the following conditions: a. in a predominantly students, 32 L.D.5. and 56 non-L.D.5. The resulting L.D.5. population and in a pre-dominantly non-L.D.5. percentages showed 63.6 percent non-L.D.S. and 36.6 population? b. in a predominantly L.D.S. population and percent LD.S. students. This supports the population in an approximately SO percent L.D.S. population? c. in mix of Mesa, at approximately 40 percent L.D.5. Mesa an approximately SO percent L.D.S. population and in a High School is situated on the edge of the city, predominantly non-L.D.5. population? surrounded by growing sub-divisions and some small Methods and Procedures farms. Large numbers of students travel to school by bus The Tennessee Self Concept Scale was administered or private car with some foot and bicycle traffic from to three classes of high school students in each of three nearby homes. locations: Mesa High School in Mesa, Arizona, with an One hundred students were tested at Cordova High approximately SO percent L.D.5. population; Cordova School. Five of them were L.D.S. and 95 were non­ High School in Rancho Cordova, California, with a L.D.S. Again the numbers reflect the approximate mix predominantly non-L.D.S. population; and Sky View of LD.S. and non-L.D.S. population of Rancho Cordova, High School in Smithfield, Utah, with a predominantly the small city of approximately 38,000 outside L.D.5. population. The Tennessee Self Concept Scale Sacramento, California, in which Cordova High School (TSCS) was chosen as the instrument of measurement is located. Like the populations from which Sky View of the self-concept because it is statistically validated and High School and Mesa High School students derive, Widely recognized and respected on a national level. Cordova High School draws from a middle class area. Thus, any hint of bias or regionalism in the choice of For full explanation of the statistical procedures and instrument was avoided. It was also specified that the other detailed information of this study the reader is measurements corne from heterogeneous groups of referred to the dissertation from which this paper was both sexes. Since American history is a class required of developed.2l high school students in all three states from which The sum of the three L.D.S. cells in the study is 99 and subjects were chosen for this study, usually at the of the three non-L.D.S. cells is 157. The scores and sub­ eleventh-grade level, these were classes in which the scores resulting from the administration of the instrument was administered. Tennessee Self Concept ~cale to the two groups were It should be noted here that for this study no attempt statistically analyzed to ascertain the areas of difference was made to determine the degree of church activity of between the LD.S. and non-LD.S. students and to the L.D.S. population. This could be an important determine the statistical significance of any such consideration for future study. difference. In addition, results of the scores of the group The students were given the test booklets and answer in cell one were compared with those in cell three; sheets by the classroom teacher who then explained the results of the scores of the group in cell one were nature and purpose of the Tennessee Self Concept Scale compared with those in cell two; and results of the scores and supervised the time period required for completion. of the group in cell two were compared with those in cell Administration of the instrument yielded the numbers three. These three comparisons were then analyzed for

9 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 sta tistical significance. High, he tends to take his membership in that majority A listing of the scores which were statistically for granted. On the other hand, if one is a member of a analyzed in this study follows: very small minority, as are the L.O.S. students at 1. Total positive. This is the most important single Cordova High School, merely maintaining his identity score of the TSCS. may be a struggle. If, however, one's membership in a Pe~sons with high scores tend to like themselves, feel that large, somewhat select minority is assured, he is they are persons of value and worth, have confidence in confident of having friends who share his attitudes and themselves. and act accordingly. People with low scores are values. With L.O.S. students in Mesa being part of a . doubtful about their own worth; see themselves as undesirable; large minority whose forebears endured rigorous often feel anxious, depressed, and unhappy; and have little faith difficulties to pioneer the area, it is entirely probable that or confidence in themselves. 22 they have developed an esprit de corps which increases 2. Self Criticism. The ten items on this part of the their feelings of self-satisfaction. At the least, if the TSCS have been taken from the Minnesota Multiphasic actual forebears of an L.O.S. student did not help settle Personality Inventory. the area, as a resident and Church member he still These are all mildly derogatory statements that most people partakes of a vicarious kind of kinship of belief. This kind admit as being true for them. Individuals who deny most of of kinship is apparent to the most casual observer of the these statements most often are being defensive and making a L.O.S. scene worldwide. It cuts across national, deliberate effort to present a favorable picture of themselves. economic, and ethnic boundaries, and it would almost High scores generally indicate a normal, healthy openness and certainly help tie Church members of a geographic area capacity for seIF-criticism.,lJ 3. Self Identity. "This is what I am."24 together with shared pride. 4. Self Satisfaction. "This is how Iful about myself."" 2. Moral-Ethical Self. A satistically significant difference 5. Behavior. "This is what I dO."2. appeared in the data for the Moral-Ethical Self variable. Numbers three, four, and five represent the internal Reporting a probability of .0361, the difference was well frame of reference for the individual's self feelings. within the 5 percent level of significance determined for 6. Physical Self. The individual describes his view of this variable. The view of the L.O.5. students in this his body, health, appearance, and sexuality. study with regard to their moral-ethical selves was more 7. Moral-Ethical Self. Here the subject describes his positive than that of the non-L.O.S. students. view of his moral worth, his feelings of "goodness" and Teachings of the L.DS Church. Morality pertains to right "badness," his relationship with God, his satisfaction ideals or principles of human conduct, and ethics is the with the state of his religious belief or non-belief as the science of moral values: these two, morality and ethics, case may be. are the areas of greatest emphasis in the teachings of the 8. Personal Self. The individual reveals his sense of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. personal worth, his feelings of personal adequacy, and Right Principles. As reported earlier there are many evaluates his personality apart from his body or his areas of belief unique to the L.O.S. Church, several of relationships with others. which relate directly to right principles of human 9. Family Self. The subject describes his sense of conduct. Not only does the theology of the Church adequacy, worth, and value as a family member. This emphasize the Ten Commandments and the moral score reflects his self-perception with reference to his teachings of Jesus Christ, but it also emphasizes beliefs earliest and closest associates. in the ability of the individual to progress toward 10. Social Self. This score reflects the subject's feelings perfection and eventual godhood. Added to these beliefs about his adequacy and feelings of worth with relation is that the individual attains to that position in the life to people not of his family. after dea th which he has earned in this life by his degree The TSCS is broken into several "self-concepts." of "goodness" or "badness."27 The teachings of the When significant differences were discovered, the levels Church in virtually every conection with the developing of significance are stated and inferences drawn. child is with these beliefs in mind. Further, adults who Review of Significant Findings conform to the orthodox values of the Church tend to 1. Self-Satisfaction. With respect to the Self-Satisfaction pattern their own lives after such beliefs, thus adding variable, L.O.5. students at Mesa High School, Mesa, example to precept in the moral education of the child. In Arizona, reported a more positive self-view than did addition, the very young child of the L.O.5. family is led non-L.O.S. students at Mesa High School. Self­ to the powerfully climatical event of baptism by satisfaction among them was also more positive than it immersion shortly after his attainment to his eighth was among students, L.O.5. or non-L.O.5., at either of birthday. He has been taught that the waters of baptism the other two high schools. Significance was determined wash away his previous sins and leave him clean, but for this variable at the 10 percent level with an actual that from this time forth he is personally responsible for probability of .0618. This study shows that the L.O.S. the "good" and "bad" things he does. He is taught that iJ students at Mesa High School enjoy more positive he transgresses, he must repent in order to get back onto feelings in this regard than do the other students. the right path, that his eventual goal in life (life with Large minority. Investigation prior to the time of this God) at which only people who have totally lived study revealed that the population of Mesa is quite close acc()rding to the teachings of his Church arrive. In to 40 percent L.O.S. Ifan individual is a memberofa very addition to those which are unique to the L.O.S. Church, large majority as are the L.O.S. students at Sky View the child is taught moral-ethical beliefs which his

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 10 Church holds in common with others. leveling effects of the more or less universal, culture­ _ From his earliest days, the L.O.S. child has been wide aspects of adolescent development, the present taught the virtues of honesty and truthfulness through result seems somewhat less surprising. Three important stories, poems, and admonitions. He has been taught to factors may account for the lower self-concept of the avoid work and most forms ofrecreation on the Sabbath L.O.S. students with regard to family. Oay. He has been taught that it is "good" to give 10 First factor. First is the patriarchal order espoused by percent of his money whether earnings or allowance to Mormonism. The patriarch with relation to the family is his Church. He has been taught that it is right to act as a the father who calls upon his priesthood authority in missionary in expounding the rightness of his religious love and righteousness to invoke blessings upon his beliefs to people not of his faith. From a very early age, family. In some families patriarchal order is practiced family members have contributed to the young boy's under an authoritarian mantle. Often the philosophy of "missionary fund." Later he himself is encouraged to add home leadership as practiced is in direct contradiction to it. Girls are encouraged to prepare themselves to be a with the democratic teachings the child receives in worthy wife to a returned missionary, to be fit to be wed school. Moreover, in some settings the child encounters in one of the temples of the Church. permissiveness under the guise of democracy. Thus, the Added to these moral imperatives, by the time he developing adolescent must cope with areas of reaches adolescence, the L.O.5. child has learned to discontinuous value training. equate "good" and "bad" to a large degree with sexual Second factor. The second factor is that the eventual goal behavior. He must keep in close touch with his "Bishop," of members of the L.O.S. Church is perfection. Indeed, the leader of his "Ward"who looks after the spiritual and one of the favorite Mormon quotations is: "As man now temporal affairs of his 400 to 600 ward members, so that is, God once was; as God now is, man may become."28 he discusses at intervals the state of his moral The fact is, in L.O.5. theology, the family has been cleanliness. All people are expected to remain virgins ordained as the vehicle to carry the individual to until marriage. This condition is weighted with a large perfection. Auxiliary organizations within the Church measure of "goodness" or "badness." Immodesty of have been established to aid the family in its primary dress, homosexuality, masturbation, and abortion are task. Therefore, in some families there may exist great heinous in the L.O.S. view. The L.O.5. child is taught to pressure for its members to become perfect. This may support his bishop and the other Church authorities, to lead to a certain rigidity and lack of acceptance, and avoid criticizing them, and to make certain he abides by conflict between parents and child may be one their teachings. He is encouraged to seek the counsel of consequence of this effort toward perfection. his bishop in solving his problems of whatever nature. On the one hand, the growing child is presented with It is difficult to overstate the emphasis given to all strong religious teachings. On the other hand, he is areas of morality in the L.O.S. Church from the earliest bombarded by contrary forces. His self-concept reflects teachings and social activities in the home through his value conflict. His parents, as representatives of the weekly spiritual meetings whkh all faithful Mormons Church, tell him not to dOl te before he is 16. Society says are expected to attend--Youth Conferences, annual dating before 16 is acceptable. His parents say revealing recreational, spiritual "revivals" of two or three days' clothing is immodest. Fashion says the displayed body is duration, and Youth Camps, Boy or Girl Scout-like beautiful. His parents say he must not experiment with camps in an outdoor setting where self-sufficiency, sex. Society tells him sexual virtue is old-fashioned and responsibility, and moral values are emphasized. Added passe'. His parents say not to try tobacco, alcohol, and to these teaching activities is Seminary which is class drugs. Society asks him how he is going to be time spent daily during the school year in religion classes sophisticated if he does not try them. Often, while the under certified, carefully screened, orthodox L.O.5. family is working toward teaching the child obedience, teachers at those high- schools where it is available. other interests pull him away. The result of all this teaching is apparently successful Third factor. Of critical importance to faithful parents if in the moral-ethical self-judgments of L.O.S. that "eternal life" comes through obedience. If because a adolescents. child is lured away by contrasting values, or for other 3. Family Stlf. The statistical significance of the reasons, it is quite likely that the relationship becomes difference in the self-views of L.O.5. and non-L.O.5. strained to a point that a wedge is driven between parent high school students with regard to the Family Self and child. Feelings of guilt in the child are also likely to variable lay close to the .05 level at .055. Non-L.O.5. arise with a consequent result of lowering the child's students reported a more positive view of themselves in self-view toward his place. in the family. their relationships with their families than did LD.S. Add to these factors situations in which parents do not students. model the behavioral standards which they verbalize to Given the strong emphasis of the L.O.S. Church upon their children. The result is apt to be guilt and confusion family relationships, it was at first surprising to find the in the minds of the children. Under all these view of the L.O.5. students for this variable less positive circumstances, the young man or woman may than the view of the non-L.O.S. students. However, encounter difficulty in establishing his own value upon review of the literature pertaining to the system. According to Felker, the break with parents is a instability and confusion at work in the personality necessary adjunct to growing up. Apparently the non­ development of the adolescent and the strength of the L.O.S. family experiences less difficulty in letting its

11 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 young men and women find their own .paths and less theoretical. [t is fact, however, that using the conflict in doing so than do L.D.5. families. instrument of measurement and the population in this Stlf-Conctpl Similarilies. Despite some dtfferences in the study, these statistically significant differences measurement of the components of the self-concept as appeared. quantified by the TSCS, there are more similarities than For a long time the chief investigator of this study has differences between the ways in which L.D.S. and non­ observed particularly the behavior of adolescent L.D.S. students regard themselves. [t was not surprising students, has watched some of them behave contrary to that the present study indicated such widespread their stated purposes: they desired certain similarities in the self-views of teenagers. The achievements, they seemed to plan effectively, they developmental dictates of a culture such as the western possessed adequate capabilities, yet they failed to culture into which the students who were subjects of achieve that which they seemed overtly to desire. The this study were born are extremely powerful. exhortations of parents, teachers, and leaders Cullure pressures. Given the power of cultural pressures, apparently were ineffective. Many of these young it is surprising that any differences surfaced. Not only do people seemed "not to care." On the other hand, some young members of the middle class have the same kinds other adolescents seemed to succeed at everything they of extra-institutional experiences, there is pressure attempted. Doors of success opened to them. Their toward sameness in formal institutions. The L.D.S. difficulties were few, and they seemed to avoid the Church has been called a middle-class church by many struggles which beset many of their peers. Surely the writers, and after all, it embraces values in common with key to the contradictory behavior of these young people the larger American society. Among these are those lay in their concepB of themselves, their capabilities, widely-held values mentioned by Rokeach: a their possessions, their families, and all else suggested comfortable life, equality, family security, freedom, and by James as along ago as 1890.2' self-respect. [t is possible that these values are of such a Certainly in light of the abundance of literature on the widespread and pervasive nature that they take self-concept and in view of the difficulty of establishing precedence over others where there may be areas of empirical research on the self-concept, these findings conflict. When all is said and done, L.D.S. adolescents will prove valuable to those who wish to improve the grow up in situations parallel with and very often effectiveness of their efforts to help young people crossing into the growth paths of non-L.D.S. achieve happiness and success through the development adolescents. They hear the same music, see the same of strong self-concepts. For L.D.5. counselors and movies, are subjected to the same advertising teachers who work directly with the youth, the findings techniques, attend the same schools, participate in the will shed light on why generally L.D.5. youth on an same discussions, and talk informally to one another. No individual basis have high self-esteem and yet seem to wonder there are similarities. The wonder is that there struggle for a positive place in their families. are differences. The Composile Profile. Under final scrutiny in this review REFERENCE NOTES: was the composite profile of the subjects. [n every sub­ 1. Ptretifllllg. B,JIIJPilll. BUD,",",. Association for SUpf'rvision and score area, the means for these groups were below the Curriculum Development. 1961 Yearbook. Washington: National norm as standardized by Fitts. There appeared to be a Education Association. 1962, p. 103. discrepancy between the means for the norm and the 2. Purkey, W.W. Stlf ,._"pl ._J "hoot "hi,,,,",",,,'. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1970, p. 3. means for the students in this study. The means for all 3. Anderson. C.C. The many voices: A preliminary investigation into scores and sub-scores in this study in every case were the consistency of the self·concept. Albtrla }oll.rlltll of U",(tltional substantially below the norm for the Tennessee Self RtstRrch, Mar. 1959. p. 7. Concept Scale which may mean that the groups studied ~. Hurlock, E.B. Oili Drotl,p","I. New York McGraw-Hili, 1956, p. were low in self-concept in comparison with other 468. groups, or the validity of the TSCS is to be questioned 5. Op. cit.. Anderson, p.8. with regard to adolescents. 6. Poussaint, A.F., M.D. The black child's image of the future. For example, the sub-score mean for Self Identity for Ltlnning for tomOrTOW. tift rolt of tlu ("'flU in Nutlltion. ed. Alvin Tofnrr. the subjects in this study dipped below the first New York, Vintage Books, 1974, p. 57. percentile. It appears very difficult to believe that the 7. Rokeach. M. Tht ",~lllrt of ""mel" [lQllltS. New York.: The Free Press. 252 adolescents in this study were very different from 1973, p. 57. 8. Ibid., p. 91. other adolescents across the country. [t seemed 9. Ninth Article of F.ith of the Church ofJesus Christ of Latter-day reasonable to expect such a disparity between the norms Saints. established by Fitts and the composite means of the 10. TIlt Dodri"t lind COOna"'s of lht C,,",,1t of }nws Christ of LAtttr-dIlY 5Gin's. subjects in this study. S.lt Lake City, Utah, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day A Final Word Saints, 1962, 130:22. Obviously all that has been written with regard to 11. Doelr;"t Gnd CODlnll"'5, 9:7-9. reasons for self-satisfaction differences between 12. Smith, Joseph Fielding, compiler. T,.,hi_g"f th, P'.phet J05'ph S..ilh. Mormon students at Mesa High and all other students in S.lt Lake City, Utah: Deseret News Press, 1939, p. 345. this study is conjecture. Likewise, reasons for higher 13. Doc'ri"t anti CODtrtllnts. 84:17. 19. 21. 14. Dollri"t ani CODtnlln's. 84:88. moral-ethical self-concepts for Mormons and higher 15. Doelri", ani COll'tnanls. 128:8-9. family self-concepts for non-Mormons are somewhat co,"pleted •• peg' J5

AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 12 AN APPROACH TO DRUG CLASSIFICATION IN PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY Bruce H. Woolley,* Pharm.D. Presented at the AMCAP Convention 2 October 1981

In our fast-paced society, numerous .emotional and c. Oxymorphone (Numorphan) physiological factors often produce stress, anxiety, d. Methyldihydromorphinone (Metopon) depression, and other dysfunctional behavior. One of e. Codeine the significant stressors that appear regularly where f. Hydrocodone (Dicodidl there are family and/or emotional problems is the use g. Oxycodone (Percodan) and abuse of drugs and substances which affect the 2. Phenylheptylamines a. Methadone (Dolophine) central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). These b. Propoxyphene (Darvon) agents can include prescribed drugs improperly taken, 3. Phenylpiperidines over-the-counter drugs purchased at local pharmacies a. Meperidine (Demerol) or grocery stores, or illicit substances ingested for the b. Alphaprodine (Nisentil) "high" they seem to provide. However, when utilized c. Anileridine (Lentine) and administered bycompetent medical personnel, these d. Piminodine (Alvodinel agents offer excellent palliation for psychopathology. e. Diphenoxylate (in Lomotil) The therapeutic use of pharmacologically active drugs 4. Morphinans for behavioral dysfunctions requires competent a. Levorphanol (Levo-Dromoranl diagnostic skills, expertise in clinical pharmacology, and b. Methorphan c. Levallorphan (Lorfan) proper monitoring techniques. Each involves years of 5. Benzomorphans preparation and training and are far beyond the scope of a. Phenazoci'"e (Prinadol) this paper. Within this context the author seeks to b. Pentazocine (Talwip) provide the reader with a survey of the major B. HYPNOTIC·SEDATIVES classifications of frequently prescribed and/or abused 1. Barbiturates drugs only as a reference. a. Ultra short acting There have been many attempts in the literature to Thiopental (Pentothal Sodium) categorize and segment psychoactive agents. These b. Short acting attempts have varied, depending upon the reason for Pentobarbital (Nembutal) classification, from pharmacological approaches to Secobarbital (Seconal) c. Intermediate acting pathological approaches to therapeutic approaches. All Amobarbital (Amytal) have merit and clearly show that any attempt at drug d. Long acting classification is, at best, superficial. Add to these Phenobarbital attempts the ever-increasing abuse problem with Mephobarbital (Mebaral) psychoactive agents, and the problem of categorizing Metharbital (Gemonil) these agents becomes even more formidable. 2. Non-barbiturates For this paper the agents are classified into three a. Tertiary carbinols categories (Table 1) utilizing a pharmacological approach Ethchlorvynol (Placidyl) and taking the chemical structure into consideration. Ethinamiate (Valmid) b. Piperidinediones Major drugs of abuse have been included to show action Glutethimide (Doriden) correlation. It must be kept in mind, however, that Methyprylon (Noludarl I agents placed in one category can and do therapeutically c. Chloral derivatives 1 and pathologically fall into other categories. Chloral hydrate (Noctecl 1--, Chloral betane (Beta-Chlor) TABLE 1 Traclo!os (Triclos) Outline of Draa Cbssiflalion d. Quinazolones Methaqualone (Qualude) e. Monoureides I. CNS DEPRESSANTS Paraldehyde (Paral) A. NARCOTIC ANALGESICS Acetylcarbromal (Paxarel, Sedamyl) 1. Natural and semisynthetic opiate alkaloids 3. Phencyclidine a. Morphine . 11-(Phenylcyclohexyl) piperidineI b. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid) C. TRANQUILIZERS 1. Neuroleptics (antipsychotics or major tranquilizers) *Brother Woolley is Director of the BrighilDl Young a. Phenothiazines University Health Center. 1) Aliphatics (Aminoalkyls)

13 AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 Promazine (Sparine) 1. Amphetamines Chlorpromazine (Thorazine) 2. Other Triflupromazine (Vesprin) J1J, MOOD MODIFIERS 2) Piperidines A. ANTIDEPRESSANTS Thioridazine (Mellaril) 1. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors Mesoridazine (Serentil) a) Hydrazines Piperacetazine (Quide) Iproniazid (Marsilid) 3) Piperazines b) Nonhydrazines Prochlorperazine (Compazine) Tranylcypromine (Parnate) Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) 2. Tricyclic antidepressants Butaperazine (Repoise) a. Dibenzazepine derivatives Acetophenazine (Tindal) Imipramine (Trofranil) Fluphenazine (Prolixin) T rimipramine (Surmontil) Perphenazine (Trilafon) Desipramine (Norpramin, Pertrofrane) Carphenazine (Proketazine) b. Dibenzocycloheptadiene derivatives b. Thioxanthenes Amitryptyline (EIavil) Thiothixene (Navane) Nortriptylene (Avenlyl) Chlorprothixene (Taractan) Protriptylene (Vivactil) c. Butyrophenones Doxepin (Adapin,Sinequan) Haloperidol (Haldol) 3. Tetracyclics d. Dibenzoxapines Maprotiline (Ludiomil) Loxapine (loxitane) 4. Miscellaneous e. Indoles Amoxapine (Asendin) Molindone (Lidone, Moban) B. LITHIUM f. Rauwolfia alkaloids C. PSYCHOTOMIMETICS 2. Anxiolytics (minor tranquilizers) (HALLUCINOGENS, PSYCHODYSLEPTICS) a. Diphenylmethane antihistamines 1. Mescaline Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) 2. Psylocibin Hydroxyzine (Vistaril. Atarax) 3. Lysergic acid derivatives b. Propanediol carbamates 4. Tryptamines Meprobamate (Equanil. Miltown) 5. Cannabis (marihuana) Tybamate (Solacen) Central Nervous System Depressants (psycholeptics) c. Benzodiazepines Chlordiazepoxide (Librium) Generally, excluding the anesthetics, the CNS Diazepam (Valium) depresssant substances can be divided into five divisions: Prazepam (Centrax) the narcotic analgesics and antagonists, the sedative­ Chlorazepate Monopotassium (Azene) hypnotics, the tranquilizers, the antiparkinson agents, Chlorazepate Dipotassium (Tranxene) and alcohol. Alprazolam (Xanax) Clonazepam (Clonopin) Narcotics Flurazepam Trihexyphenidyl (Artane) Tolerance' develops quite rapidly with these agents, and Procyclidine (Kemadrin) 2 Cycrimine (Pagitane) cross-tolerance exists in this category. The narcotics Biperiden (Akineton) are divided into the natural and semisynthetic opiate Ethopropazine (Parsidol) alkaloids. 2. Antihistamines The opium alkaloids are contained in a white milky Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) substance obtained from the unripe bulb of the poppy Chlorphenoxamine (Phenoxene) (Papaver somniferum). The milky substance expelled Orphenadrine (Disipal) contains many drugs, including morphine, codeine, 3. Miscellaneous ethylmorphine, apomorphine, and papaverine. Amantadine (Symmetrel) Morphine is the most important alkaloid; however, . E. ALCOHOL codeine is the most widely used. II. CNS STIMULANTS (THYMOLEPTICS) A. XANTHENE ALKALOIDS (PURINES) 1. Theophylline 1. Tolerance is a resistance and/or accommodation that is developed 2. Theobromine to the effects of the drug as that drug is chronically ingested. As • 3. Calfeine result of tolerance, over a prolonged period of time, more of the B. ECGONINE DERIVATIVES drug is needed to get the same effect one experienced with the 1. Cocaine initial dose. 2. Misc. atropine-like compounds 2. CrQss-tolerance refers to a condition in which tolerance toone kind C. PHENYLETHYLAMINES of drug builds up and is carried over to other drugs. Drugs in many (SYMPATHOMEMETIC AMINES) categories exhibit this property within their particulardrug family.

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 14 TABLE 1 development of dependence. They are classified by their Commonly Us~ NarcotiC'S chemical structure and include the tertiary carbinols • (Placidyl, Valmid), the piperidinediones (Doriden, Usu,l Sinsle Dur.tion Noludar), chloral derivatives (chloral hydrate), the Proprietuy NU''le Generic N.me Aduh Dou~e of Action quinazolones (Quaaludel, and the monoureides (Paral,

Opium S hrs_ Paxarel). They are used in medical practice to induce Morphine Morphine Sulf,te ISmS 4 hrs. sleep. Codrine Codeine Phosph,te 30-6sm. 4 hrs. TABLE 4 Heroin 2-3 hrs. Nonbubitur..tes Dilfudide Hydromorphine 2m, 4 hrs. Perroc"n- Oxycodone HCI I t.blel '" hrs. Demer~e Meperidine SO-100m. 4 hrs. Usu.. 1SinKle Dur.. tion OoIophine- Meth,done 5-10 m, 4 hrs. Adult Dose of Action

Many.other agents have been developed to produce Doridens Gh.tethimide 0500 ma "blels .5hrs analgesic and antitussive properties similar to the opiate .nd upsules PbodylS Ethchlorvynol sao ma t.blets alkaloids without the problem of dependency. However, Quuludea Meeth,qu.. lone 1.50·)00 ma dependency has proven to be a problem with all of these upsules agents. Noclec· Chlor..1hydr.. te leo m~ upsules S hrs. Usual short-term effects include sedation, analgesia, Nolud.. ra Melhprylon laO ma upsules euphoria, and impaired intellectual functioning and coordination. Chronic effects include constipation, loss Usual short-term effects of the barbiturates and of weight and appetite, and temporary impotency or nonbarbiturates include relaxation and sedation, sterility together with dependence and tolerance. drowsiness, sleep induction, euphoria, impaired Sedative-Hypnotics judgment and reaction time and, to some degree, muscle One group of sedatives and hypnotics are derivatives relaxation. Chronic effects include irritability and of barbituric acid and are referred to as barbiturates. weight loss as well as dependency. They induce a high degree of both physiological and Another sedative-hypnotic agent is a drug psychological dependence and tolerance develops quite synthesized in 1957 called phencyclidine (Sernyl, rapidly. Barbiturates (Table 3) are divided into four Sernylan). During clinical trials it soon became apparent groups by their duration of action. The ultra short­ that the adverse effects of agitation, disorientation, and acting barbiturates, such as thiopental (Pentothal), act hallucinatory phenomena precluded its use in humans. very rapidly and have a duration of roughly an hour, Since that time, phencyclidine has been available for depending upon the individual. The short-acting legitimate use only as a veterinary sedative and hypnotic barbiturates, such as pentobarbital (Nembutal) and for primates. secobarbital (Seconal), react at a slower rate and have a On the streets, it is called "PCP" or the "peace pill." duration of around three to four hours. The Recently, it has been called "angel dust." This agent is intermediate-acting barbiturates such as amobarbital extremely toxic in large doses, and the illegally produced and butabarbital have a duration of action between four thiophene analog appears to be even more toxic. and six hours. The classic example of long-acting Tranquilizers barbiturates is phenobarbital, which has a duration of Another subcategory of central nervous system five to eight hours. depressants is tranquilizers. The tranquilizers are TABLE .) divided into two basic groups, the neuroleptics and Commonly UHd B.ubltur.ltn anxiolytics, and are used medically in the treatment of psychoses and neuroses. Dur..ion The neuroleptics (major tranquilizers or of Action ProduCl Hypnollc Dot.e antipsychotics) include (1) the phenothiazines-­ including the aliphatics, the piperazines, and the Uhruhort II hour) Thiopent,l (Penloth,I-J piperidines; (2) the thioxanthenes, such as Short (.) hours) Secob,rbit,IISecon,le, 0.1-0.2 1m Penlob,rbit,l fNembul"-' O.lam chlorprothixene (Taractan) and thiothixene (Navene); Inlermf'di,te Bul,b.,bit,1 fButilOle) 0.1·0.2 am (3) the butyrophenones, such as haloperidol (Haldol), (4·6 houn) Amobubit..i (Amyt.. I-) o.OS-O.lam whose action resembles that of the piperazine Lona (More Phenob.rbit.1 0.1-0.2 1m phenothiazines; (4) the in doles, such as molindone th,n 6 hOuri) B.. rbit.1 (Veron,I-) 0.3-a.Ssm (Moban); and (5) the dibenzoxapines such as loxapine (Loxitane) and chlozapine. The neuroleptics are used to Another group of sedatives and hypnotics (Table 4) is treat the psychoses. similar in action to the barbiturates, but is not a The major drug-induced aclverse reactions from derivative of barbituric acid. In the past there was some neuroleptics are called extrapyramidal symptoms and question about whether these drugs produce real are generally broken down into five distinct disorders or physiological. dependence; however, as new data syndromes: becomes available, evidence now points to a 1. Tardive dyskinesia (Table 5) is a hyperkinetic

15 AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 TABLE. disorder developed by some patients. on long-term Acut.. Dystonic R...tIOM antiphsychotic therapy (particularly phenothiazines) • which appears and persists after drug withdrawal. This I. SHn in only .Ibout 2-. of tr....lt'd plli..n1'. disorder, at least at present, seems to be irreversible. 2. U,u,lIy .un within 14-48 houn .. hlE'r dNa adminiltr.lton hu bnn in,UtutN. Nl.....ty ptrc..nt of IhlE' curt occur within 4 1/1 d..y,. TABLE .5 3. Sun morl!' ofllE'n in m.I.., under Iht' 'St' of 40 .nd in children. Tudlvt' O)'lkln"', 4. Sten more lrfllut'nlly with piptr'linl!' phl!'nothi.linlft .nd wilh h.klp.,idol. .5. Ch"Ktt'm..d by oculoayric crili•. torticollis.•nd protrutMM of IN 1onlulE'. ~. RlE'sponds well to Irl!'.Ilml!'nt with .50 mR 01 hn.-dryl. I. Incidence m.y ~ u hilh u 1S·20"t0. 2. .Occurs mort' oEtrn in elderly p",tients. lr'pKi.lly ,hOJr with .. hIStory of br.ln d.lm.&t'. J. Moay not b«OfM .p~r.nl unhl the .ntiptychollc druB is IIOpP'f'd or Iht' dOH' rf'duCH The anxiolytics (minor tranquilizers) (Table 9) can 4. Chu.cleflud by Itt'rfOly~ mOYt'mtflts of Iht' lips .nd lon~u••nd wmelime, of the trunk or ."In'mili.,. lead to a psychological and physiological dependence, 5. Anllpolrk!",,," droIt m.. k. II more ~Y.. re. Symptoms ue luu·ne-d by .nllpsycholtc and tolerance is developed. They are divided into three mf'd,c.tion. groups: (1) the propanediol carbamates, (2) the b. OUr.ltion of dlsord.r molY ~ from WH", 10 yr,". 7. Possibly dut' 10 .Irv.tf'd ,.nlr,,1 level, of dop.mlnt' diphenylmethane derivatives, and (3) the benzodiazepines. Most common short-term effects 2. Akinesia (Table 6) is a drug-induced disorder include drowsiness and fatigue. Effects of chronic characterized by muscle rigidity and weakness. ingestion include insomnia, delusions, and anxiety. TAlLE 9 TABLE' Srlmed Anxlolytk Apnb Akln"l,

Occurs ,n .bout 15"- of p.lM-n'S 'rto",tf'd With .nIlPl)'chohC drUB' 'n 90".. of Ih.. US" It Vt"",ISlnlM- Dur.hCMt occurs within th. finl 71 hours of ',••Imenl. rrC'p'lri.lry N.. _ Gt-fWric N.. _ Adul,~ 01 Anion 2 Occun more fre-qut'ntly In f.m.lu Gvrr olaf' so ,nd morlE' ohlE'n WIth IhlE' .1,ph'hC lyplE' ul phlE'nolhiuinlE's .nd butyrophl!'non". 3. Ch,u.cll!'riud by. m.uldikl!' I.cl!'. rf'dueed um movcml!'nl.shulfllnl B.,I, .nd rulhnM h.nd rr",...",.J,ou movl!'ml!'nl •. Equ.nll· MlE'proNlNlt' 400 m8 I",bfell 4 hn. 4. Rudily conlrollf'd wilh tr,dllion.1 .nliplrl..in,un dru81 Millown- Ml!'p,ob.ItNt.. 400 ms r",bI..u 4 hn. D,rll",,,,I,,,,....,A.. "l,.,~",,'lI(' 1'.l.lr....-.\'"I.ril· Hydrollyzint' 100 ml ,..bMIs 4h~ 3. Akathisia (Table 7) is the name for a condition of 8A:#OI'eur"I"" inner disquiet accompanied by an uncontrollable motor Llbflum· ChlordunpolKt' .5-10 ml up'uln 5hn restlessness. The most frequently observed symptom is 2.5ma o ps.u1n the patient's inability to sit or lie quietly. \·.llum· (A.lle~m 2me.''''8- 4-' hn. 10 ms t.lbkt. SlE'rn- (huep.un IOma.l.5ma 4-5 hr... TABLE 1 Alullhl'.... JO rna uptu.... Tr,nllel'll!'· CIOr.lzepoillf 3.7S rna,. 7..5 ml- 4-' hn.. 15 rna "p'uln 1. Inddl!'nee of .Ibout 2t..... 'Hn Al!'nlE'ully .hl!'r .. 'lE'w wnl..l oJf Ihl!'upy o.polu1ium 15 mit "p'uWs 2 Inddl!'ncl!' is hi~htr '" yuunA fl!'m.ll!'l. 3. Ch"ull!'riud by .In in.bihly to III ur II.nd still OnHt is ohl!'n prt'Ct'df'd by muKul" dlscomlort. Alcohol ..I. Rl!'spondl rudily h' lriE'.tmiE'nt wilh l,.dillon..1 .nhp,,}.,n$OJ\ drugs. s SI!'t'n moriE' fr~uiE'nlly wllh ptPlE'rn'nt' phlE'no.llhl.. lInt's Another category of depressants commonly used is alcohol. Usual short-term effects include central 4. Dystonic reactions (Table 8). The dystonias are nervous system depression and impaired judgment, acute disorders of muscle coordination, particularly in coordination, and reaction time. Chronic ingestion the face--e.g., grimaces, protrusion of the tongue, effects include possible obesity and irreversible damage dysarthrias (imperfect articulation of speech), and to the brain and liver. oculogyric crisis 1. Other symptoms include tics, Central Nervous System Stimulants (Thymoleptics) opisthotonos2, and torticollis'. The central nervous system stimulants can be divided s. Dyskinesia is an acute disorder characterized by the into three main divisions: the xanthine alkaloids impairment of the power of voluntary movement. This (purines), the ecgonine derivatives, and the impairment results in fragmentary or incomplete phenylethylamine sympathomimetic amines. movements. The xanthine alkaloids (purines) include theophylline, theobromine, and caffeine. Usual short-term effects 1. Oculogyric crisis is an adverse reaction to antipsychotic medication include central nervous system stimulation, reduction of that is characterized by a sudden turning up of the eyeballs. The fatigue, and diuresis. Chronic ingestion and abuse patient is unable to move them and experiences severe pain due to dosages elicit such effects as insomnia, tolerance, and the muscle spasms of the eye. psychological dependence. 2. Opisthotonos - when a person's back muscles go into spasms causing his head and feet to bend backward and his torso to arch Ecgonine derivatives include cocaine and other forward. miscellaneous atropine-like compounds. They are 3. Commonly called wry n«k, torticollis is a unilateral spasm of neck included here because of their high abuse and muscles. The IT'!ost easily recognized symptom is the turning of the psychotoxic potential. Cocaine is obtained from the head to one side. leaves of Erythroxylon coca trees and other species of

AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 16 Erythroxylon. These trees are indigenous to Peru and to moderate psychological dependence, and tolerance Bolivia and have been used by the natives for centuries can develop. It should be pointed out that even though to increase endurance. There are many plants growing these drugs are classified as "hallucinogens," they do not freely in almost all climates that are related to this cause true hallucinations every time they are used. alkaloid. Many times they cause the person who abuses these The third category includes the phenylethylamine substances to perceive the environment in a distorted sympathomimetic amines (Table 10). The major group form--synesthesia, not strictly hallucination. The of agents in this category is the amphetamines, but must psychotomimetics can be classified into four agents or also include other phenylethylamines with action similar groups of agents. These are mescaline. psylocibin, to that of the amphetamines. lysergic acid derivatives, and the tryptamines. These agents have a potential for inducing both psychological and physiological dependence and they TABLE 11 develop tolerance. Current medical uses include the Psychotomimetics (HallucinOiens or Psychodysleplics) treatment of narcolepsy and as a therapeutic agent for hyperkinetic children. Usual SinJtle Durati~ln Common Name Cheminl Name TABLE 10 Adult Dose of Achon Phnlylethylaminn (Sympathomimetic Aminn) LSD LyMrSK acid 150-"'00 mit 111'1" dirthy"mide tartralll' USWlI Sin~le Duution Propri""y Psylocibin Dimethyl..... Ij InJt 3hn. N..... Genene N.me Adult Dow of Act.on hydro.y-Iryptamlne DH OJethyllryp.amlne 0.7 mltJkJt 1/1-1hrs. ~nudrint'· Amphet.. min.. 1.5-5.0 m~ ~·o hno DMT Dimethyltryptamlnr 0_1 mit/kit 112·2hn. sulf.,,, IS mil: MDA Methyline dlmtthol.Y- 100 mit 12hn Out'drin..e OucrOoimphet.. mine 2.'·5.0 rnA 4·0 hn phenrthy"mlnr sulf.,.. ISml\: STP "'-mrt"yl-2.S dime· ).2·10.0 mit 0·24 hrs, Drumy'8 Dtudrinl' .nd 2..5·.5.0 mil: "'0 nn. t"o:l:y-mrthylphl'nf'- .mob..,btt..1 t"y"mlnr Didrl'lIe 8f'nzphltl.lminl' SO mJt 4-0 hn. Peyotl' Tn mrt "Ol{y,u:l:yphrn. 112.·31-1 l1l or Uhn. Btphltl.llmin..- R".n comptu", of 2.S-'.0 mil: -4-0 hn. rlhylaminr 0-12. bultons .. mphrt.. mln.. .-nd IMuuhnel IMethyl.led sao·aoo mit dUlrGolmph.'.rrunl' cat«hobn'llnnl Ml'ltwdrin..e Mt"lh"mphlrlolminl' 2 .5-S.0 m~ ~·o hn o.-yn· hydrochlondl'

PI.,."I,.""t.••-.n 11'''' ""_ j ••,l.r lit TIl..' ~ "'lIIr.tf...r~n Mescaline is a pharmacologically active alkaloid from various species of the cactus Lophophora. The top of the Pr.ludi"· Phfnml'lrUlnl' 2.S-S.0 m~ "-0 hn hydrochlonde aerial shoots is cut off and dried. the needles removed, R,ulin· Mf.hylphl'ntCbll' 10-20 rnA 4-0 hrs and what is left is called a peyote button or mescal hydrochloride button. Mescaline is a phenylethylamine and has actions T..nlU'''· OifthylproptOn 2.'-'.0 mil: 4'0 hn those agents. hydrochloride similar to lon.mi"- Ph..nl..rmin.. 1$·30 mx 4·0 hrs Psylocibin comes from the sacred Mexican mushroom (Psylocybe mexicana). It is an alkaloid with Mood Modifiers phenylethylamine properties and is reported to be up to Antidepressants 100 times more potent than mescaline. Monoamint oridast (MAOI inhibitors. MAO inhibitors can Lysergic acid derivatives are numerous. Many plants be divided into the hydrazines and the nonhydrazines. including morning glory seeds and ergot, are precursors They are used as antidepressants, and the dosage varies to lysergic acid. Ergot comes from the rye plant in the with each individual agent. lsocarboxazid (Morplan) and form of a copper-colored rust that grows around the top tranylcypromine (Parnate) are the most potent on a when the plant remains too moist. The most commonly milligram per milligram basis, and nialamide (Niamid) is abused lysergic acid analog is LSD (d-lysergic acid the least potent. MAO inhibitors have numerous diethylamide tartrate). The dose of LSD is 1140,000 gm. adverse effects including insomnia, hallucinations, Tryptamines are generally shorter acting than the muscle weakness, headache, dryness of the mouth. and lysergic acid derivatives. Lysergic acid "trips" can range blurred vision. Other effects include hypotensive up to a day in length. Tryptamines last two hours. reactions, infrequent anorexia (loss of appetite). Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is sometimes called hepatobiliary reactions, and inability to ejaculate. "businessman's trip" and lasts about 45 minutes. Tricyclic antidtpmsants. Tricyclic antidepressants are Diethyltryptamine (DET) lasts about two hours and is divided into the dibenzazapine derivatives (Tofranil and similar to DMT. Fertofrane or Norpramin) and the dibenzocyclohep­ Usual short-term effects of the psychotomimetics tadiene derivatives (e.g., Elavil and Aventyl). Another include visual imagery. increased sensory awareness, compound, doxepin, (Sinequan) is closely related to the anxiety, nausea, and impaired coordination and sensory dibenzocycloheptadiene derivatives. perception. Chronic ingestion effects are generally no Psychotomimetics (Hallucinogens or Psychodysleptics) different from short-term effects; however, long-term The psychotomimetics (Table 11) are agents with no use has been shown to produce a more pronounced panic currently accepted medical use. They produce minimal reaction.

17 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 CANNABIS (Marihuana) R,port". 1982, 5(7):1-3. Cannabis is not a narcotic, not a depressant, not a Gay, G.R., Matzer, A.D., and Bathurst, W. Short-term heroin detoxification on an outpatient basis. 'nltrnt{lion,,1 jOllrnll1 of Iltt stimulant, not a tranquilizer, and not '8 hallucinogen-­ although it has properites similar to each of these. In IIddic/ions. 1972,6:241-64. animals, cannabis potentiates barbiturate sleeptime. It Goldberg, G.J., and Korczyn, A.D. Intravenous diazepam in drug­ also potentiates amphetamine stimulation in animals. induced dystonic reactions. Brit. f. Psychial. 1972,121:75-77. Gonzales, E.R. Alter drug structure--Avert induced lupus. JIIMA. All the agents listed under psychotomimetics have cross 1981, 246(15):1634. tolerance; however, cannabis does not have cross­ Goodman, L.S., and Gilman, A. (eds.) H, pha ...... cologico' basi' of tolerance with the hallucinogens. /htrap,utics. 4th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1968. Use of cannabis creates a moderate psychological Greenblatt, D.J .• and Shader, R.J. Benzodiazepines. H, NtID Engl..d dependence, and it has moderate tolerance potential. JOIl,n,,1 of Mtdi(int, 291:1011. Cannabis is not a single substance. A number of Groth, A. Psychopharmacology. Mldical Pharmacology. 5th ed.; C. V. different varieties have been isolated. Examples of Mosby Co.. St. Louis, MO., 1970. various types include Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, Guymon, A.C. Textbook of medical physiology. Philadelphia: W.B. Cannabis americanus, and Cannabis mexicana. Saunders, 1970. Differentiation has been made between several varieties Hollister, L.E. Tricyclic antidepressants. H, NtID England Journal of such as michoacan, columbian, and synsimillia. These Mttlirin,. Nov. 1978, 16:1106. varieties can have such a low potency that the person The how of anxiety. H, lanCt/. Aug. 1981. 1:237. lippmann. Steven. Lithium's effects on the kidney. Posl G,,,JII,,'t ingesting the substance has almost no discernible effect. Mldicin,. 1982,71:99. On the other hand, there are some varieties that have Mangla. J.D., and Pereira. M. Tricyclic antidepressants in the shown toxic manifestations in the nerve pathways in the treatment of peptiC ulcer disease. Arcltitlts o/lnft,n,,1 MtJicint, 1982. brain. 172:173. Usual short-term effects include relaxation, euphoria, Martin, W.R .. and Jasinski, D.R. Physiological parameters of morphine increased appetite, and possible impairment in and dependence in man; Tolerance. early abstinence, protracted judgment, time perception, and coordination. Possible abstinence. JOIl,nal 0/ Psychitflric Rtsta,ch, 1969.7:9-11. long-term effects include subtle personality changes and Meyers, F.H., Jawetz. E.. and Goldfein. A. RtoitID of mttlical pharmacology. diminution of intellectual acuity. 3rd ed. Los Altos, CA: Lang Medical Publications. 1970. Conclusion Nichols. J.R. How opiates change behavior. Stirnli!ic Am";c"",,, 1965, The drugs or agents mentioned, as well as the 212:80-88. O'Malley. J.E., Anderson, W.H., and Lazaare. A. Failure of outpatient terminology presented, are given as an overview with treatment of drug abuse. I. Heroin. A.mmcan JOllrPUlI 0/ Psychiatry, the expectation that there will be a closer health 1972, 128:865-68. professional team relationship. This closer relationship Physicians' 0". R'ftrtnCt. 30th ed. Oradell, N.I.: Medical Economics, can lead to more adequate understanding of and rapport 1976. with patients who are being treated (or are otherwise Rech. R.H .• and Moore. K.E. A.n ;nt,odllcl;oll to psychopharmacology. New involved) with agents having an effect on mood, York: Raven. 1971. perception, and behavior. This presentation is made Reed. K. Trcyclic antidepressant blood levels. Post G,,,dIlJllt Mtdicint, with the hope that better management and monitoring 1981,70(5):81. of the patient will occur to reduce possible drug sIde Rickels, Karl et al. A working model from psychopharmacology for effects and adverse reactions or interactions. clinical research in family practice. Tht JOllrnal of Clinical Pharmacology. 1977. 17(10):541-554. REFERENCES: Schuster. C.R.. and Thompson, T. Self-administration of and All psychotropics said to cross placentai some may harm fetus. OB behavioral dependence on drugs. AnnlUlJ RtOi$ of Pharmacology. GYN NEWS. Oct. 1981, 15:6. 1969,9:483-502. Anderson, W.H .. O'Malley. J., and Lazare, A. Failure of outpatient Siegal, R.P. lithium for steroid-induced psychosis. H, NtID England treatment of drug abuse. II. Amphetamines. barbiturates. Jqurnal of M,dilin,. 1978. 299(3):155. hallucinogens. IImtrican Journal of Psychialry. 1972, 128: 1572-76. Silsby, H., and Tennant, F.5., Jr. Short-term ambulatorydetoxification Ban, T.A. Psychopharmacology. 1969. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins. of opiate addicts using methadone. Inltrn"tiontll journal of tht Benzodiazepine compounds. Facts ""d Comparisons. Dec. 1979, 26l. Addictions, in press. Browne. T.R. C1onazepam. H, N'ID England fournal of M,dirin,. 1978, Stimmel, Glen. Drug therapy in affective disorders. In Woolley, B. et al 299:812. (eds). Psychopharmacology 1(4):67; Chicago, IL.: Yearbook Medical Burns, R.S. et a!' Phencyclidine: States of acute intoxication and Publishers. fatalities. W"ttrn Journal of Mldicin,. 1975, 123(4):345-49. Stimmel, G.L. The role of drug therapy in depression. Postgraduate Cheer up, without side effects. Sri,nu NtlDs. Nov 7, 1981, 120:294. Education, USC, 1974. Choice of benzodiazepines. H, Mldical utltr. 1981. 23(9):41. Talley, I.H. Here's how J treat depression. Palitnl Ca". Mar. 1982, DeGennaro, M.D. et a!' Antidepressant drug therapy. AmtritQn Journal 30:104. of Nursing. July. 1981, 1304-1334. Vaillant, G.E. A 20-year follow-up of New York narcotic addicts. Delay, J. A review of psychotropic drugs. What's N'ID. 129:8. IIrchi." of G,ntral Psychiatry. 1973,29:237-41. De Lemos, G. Outpatient treatment of heroin addiction: Patterns and Wender, P.H., and Klein, D.F. The Promise of Biological Psychiatry. problems. fournal of Drug Issu", Fall 1972, 21-28. Psychology Today. Feb. 1981, 25. Dole. V.P. Narcotic addiction. physical dependence, and relapse. Ntro Winkler, A., Pescor, F.T., Miller, D., and Norre), H. Secondary England fournal of Mldilin,. 1972,286:988-92. reinforcrment in morphine dependence. Psychophanntlcologia. 1971. DuPont, R.L.. and Greene, M.H. The dynamics of a heroin addiction 20:103-17. epidemic. Sci'hCt. 1973, 181:716-22. Woolley, B.H. A survey of drug classification and nomenclature in Fieghner, J.P. Clinical efficacy of the newer antidepressants. Symposia applied psychopharmacology. P,ychopharmalology, 1977, 1(4):13-36.

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 18 BURNOUT IN THE HOME David C. Willis,* A.C.S.W. and Harold Fondren,* M.A.

Currently there is tremendous concern and talk about apathy, negativism, lack of attentiveness, cynicism, the subject of professional burnout. The literature has decreased energy and motivation, and increased distance mainly centered around caseworkers and from husband and children. After reviewing these administrators. But in the last few years there has been symptoms and characteristics, it is easy to understand an increasing number of women in the Church who how one can misdiagnose cases of burnout and have re-evaluated their own mental health as a result of depression (Lewis, 1980). a documentary film produced by K5L television called It was also determined that there are higher rates of "Depression in Mormon Women." This film has been burnout among: aired on public television, and the film has been 1. Younger, inexperienced homemakers--especially presented in numerous firesides and conferences. The those homemakers who compare themselves with older result has been an increasing number of Mormon and seemingly better women and mothers, and try to women seeking ecclesiastical and professional live up to the myth of the "perfect mother in Zion counseling to combat the depression symptoms syndrome." mentioned in the film. 2. Homes where there are many children and the However, in working with women whose presenting leadership is autocratic--such as the father being the all­ problem was depression, the authors discovered that knowing patriarch, who dispensed "wisdom and there was a large number ofw-omen who did not respond counsel" without first understanding the situation and to either medication or to individual psychotherapy. It without recognizing free agency. was then determined that the problem might not 3. Homes where pa triarchal structure and support are necessarily be depression, be it situational or biological. lacking at key times--such as the active husband who but burnout. The authors then reviewed some of the always finds time for his "important" church meetings literature on administrator and caseworker burnout and but rarely has time to really play and be with his children discovered amazing similarities between the demands and wife consistently. on helping professionals and homemakers. 4. Homes in which the homemaker does not know Burnout has been defined with variations as a what is expected of her and communication of family debilitating psychological condition affecting individuals rules and regulations is unclear. These families are who work in high stress jobs, brought on by the usually characterized by patriarchal leader dominance. cumulative effects of prolonged stress. The burned out 5. Homes in which there is little autonomy for the homemaker may indicate burnout by: homemaker, few opportunities to use innovation, and 1. Loss of concern for her children that in the extreme low spouse support. This can be illustrated where the evolves into cynical hostility and a demeaning needs of the wife and children rotate basically around perception of herself, which in turn lead to increased the needs of the husband. guilt and self-depreciation. 6. Homes in which the mother is overly conscientious 2. Deterioration of the quality and sometimes and has too high an expectation of herself. quantity of care offered to children. 7. Homes in which the homemaker has not learned to 3. Emotional isolation from children, homemaking set priorities or when she does follow her own priorities, chores, and duties. This can be expressed by increased and feels guilty for not doing more (Lewis, 1980). involvement in outside work, church work (often during Homemakers are accorded a high status in the daytime hours). or increased time spent in the home but literature of the Church,and have the important and with little accomplished. difficult assignment of bearing, training, and raising 4. Correlations with drug and alcohol abuse, neurotic children in righteousness. Unfortunately, the welfare of and psychotic symptoms, suicide attempts, family homemakers is a concern, but not a critical consideration conflict and disorganization. in terms of many family, ward and stake priorities. Their 5. Lowered morale, higher rate of sickness, lowered right to a higher priority ranking as judged by resources productivity and a high desire to break out of the and time allotted for their support and training suggest a marriage, family, and/or church. relatively low status (Lewis, 1980). 6. Physiological changes such as higher blood It is our feeling that· examples of low resource pressure, poor appetite, insomnia, and psychosomatic allocation for support of the homemaker are found in symptoms (Daley, 1980). most homes where burnout has occurred. This may be There are additional symptoms such as: irritability, evidenced by the husband coming home from work and, exhaustion, desperate measures to deal with routine rather than relieving his wife, saying he needs to rest. So problems, impatience, distrust, resignation, withdrawal. he reads the paper, eats dinner, has a five-minute interview with the kids, goes to his ward basketball game, then attends his leadership meeting. He returns "Brothers Willis and Fondren serve with lDS Social home refreshed and invigorated but returns home to Services in Fremont, California. and is confused by an angry wife--a wife who has

19 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 probably been taught to sublimate her needs to that of consistent appreciation, and 4) allocated more resources her husband and children, and is angr~ because he to support her in her role as homemaker. doesn't know how to communicate with her. She feels We also recommend that the homemaker review the guilty because of these feelings of anger directed article by louise A. Brown,in March 1982 issue of the towards her husband, especially since he is a "nice man Ensign, and that she be taught and practice the following and faithful in the Church." skills and principles: Another example of low response allocation might be 1. She is responsible for her own behavior and the apparent lack of woman support activities such as a decisions. consistent effort in each stake to encourage women 2. learning to turn off inappropriate negative sports, mother-daughter outings, mother overnighters, thoughts and appreciate the good in herself. and women's conferences. It appears to be much more 3. Setting realistic expectations. acceptable for men to do these things than women. Also, 4. learning to look at repentance as growth and for many homemakers experiencing burnout there forsaking sin as meaning forsaking things that limit seems to be an attitude of the male spouse that the growth. mother is basically responsible for the children, rather 5. learning to follow her own inner confictions, and than realizing that the responsibility for parenthood learning to think in terms of "different," saving the should be equally shared. concept of "right" and "wrong" for appropriate moral The Mormon homemaker also faces severe attacks situations. from society. Although she might have been prompted 6. Setting priorities and recognizing and working to enter motherhood with expectations of a high order within her limitations. and expected to exercise influence on her children and 7. Being able to accept help, but not expecting it. (It others who would seek her help, she quickly discovers should be noted that Sister Brown was able to'deal with that her abilties are not so powerful as she thought nor the "darkest hour of her life" through a supportive, can she apply them as need dictates because family caring husband who listened to her and helped her to support resources are deficient. She may also learn that find the positive in herself. One wonders what the end her work is not highly valued in circles that distribute result would have been had Sister Brown not had the resources and that her efforts are demeaned along with support of her husband. Here again is testimony of the the idea of even having children (lewis, 1980). importance of the supportive relationship of the The rewards of motherhood are usually intangible husband to the wife (Brown, 1982). and come after much effort. Children's curses may be It is also our recommendation that all counselors more frequent than their praises. In addition, objective carefully evaluate those individuals they are counseling measures of success or failure are absent. Homemakers with the presenting problem of depression, and to must make decisions for their children, but the criteria determine if the problem is one of burnout. If it is upon which the decisions are based are subjective and burnout, we recommend that they be treated according the homemakers are many times uneasy about their to the psychosocial treatment method in which the validity. This search for tangible measures of success worker recognizes the interplay of both internal might account for the importance parents place upon psychological and external social causes of visible symbols of spirituality in their children, such as dysfunctioning (Hollis, 1968). the Duty to God Award, temple marriage or mission. Even though in actuality the person might not be worthy or fully comprehend such, they have the REfERENCES: appearance of doing the right thing. Bala. N. Burnout among social workers. Unpublishod papor, April Conclusion: The purpose of this paper is to present 1979. the possibility of misdiagnosis of depression in certain Brown, L.A. En,i,n. Mar. 1982. pp. 29-31. Mormon women, and to clarify some of the dynamics of Daley, M.R. Prosenting worker burnout in child welfare. Chi'" WtlfQTt. burnout. It also has the purpose of suggesting these Sept.. IOct. 1980, pp. 463-468. DHEW Publication No. (Adm) 78-537. Fitld 5

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 20 FEELINGS, SELF-DECEPTION,AND CHANGE . C. Terry Warner,* Ph.D. . Presented at the AMCAP Convention 2 October, 1981

Feelings and Circumstances see any meaning in life; he could not believe that God I would like first to share three brief stories. I have could have permitted this tragedy. He was so bitter that cleared the use of these and the other stories I shall use he made a special plea that the boy who had hit little in this presentation. Craig be tried as an adult so that he could get the full The first story concerns a young woman who was measure of justice. He wrote this: certain all her life that her father didn't want her. He was So this was my Frame of mind when the thingoccurred which in fact a very austere man and treated her coldly. He changed my liFe; I cannot explain it; I can only describe it. It never told her he loved her. She had spent most of her happened in the space of time that it takes to walk two steps. It third decade--her twenties--going from mission was late Saturday night. I was pacing the hall outside our president to stake president to counselor to bedroom. My head in my hand!, I felt sick and dizzy and tired. So psychotherapist seeking help. She could barely function tired. "Oh God,'" prayed, "show me why." Right then, between in life; she was a failure at almost everything she did. She that step and the next, my life was changed. The breath went went to her bishop and told him of her problem. out of me with a great sigh and with it all the sickness. In its place was a feeling of love and joy so strong it was almost pain. . From the age of three she had been troubled by 'n that moment my heart was completely changed. I haunting dreams. In these dreams a motorcycle gang experienced an unspeakable solace and comfort to my spirit. It attacked the family car, pulled her parents out, and was the suddenness of it that dazed me. It was like a lightning savagely beat and killed them. She alone was left .troke that turned out to be the dawn. I stood blinking in an surviving. She would wake up from this dream every unfamiliar light. Vengefulness, grief, hate, anger--it was not night screaming. that I .truggled to be rid of them-- like goblins imagined in the It's obvious that she was a party to this dream. There dark. in the morning's light they simply were not there. are overtones of vengeance.. Her bishop felt impressed to The third story is of a woman whose sister was dying say to her, "The day that you feel to go to your father of a painful terminal illness. The invalid was incontinent and ask him forgiveness for your feelings--that is the and severely paralyzed. None of her siblings would take day that you will be free." She could not accept that. In care of their sister--except the woman I am telling you fact, she asked for a clarification. "You are forgetting about. She happenecd to be the poorest of all the that it is he who has hurt me; I haven't done anything to brothers and sisters. She had a family of her own to him." But in spite of this initial resistance, she spent raise, she lived in humble circumstances, she bore many about three weeks in meditation, fasting, and prayer responsibilities. Yet she was willing to care for her sister. over the matter. She returned and said to the bishop, At first, she felt grudging resentment about her lot. The "You are right. I have sinned more against my father little freedom she had enjoyed was now gone. There was than he has against me, for I have hated him for all these no way out of the situation short of abandoning the years." She took the train home that weekend and went sister herself, and that she couldn't do. So she fell into to her father. She asked his forgiveness for her hatred depression. She worked like a robot, dead inside. She felt toward him. She did not say, "I'll forgive you if you'll herself sinking into emptiness, and felt her personality forgive me." She said, "Please, Father, forgive me." He being obliterated. Almost against herself she decided broke down and wept. "No," he said, "it is not for you to that she had to fast and pray to get some relief, so that ask my forgiveness, but for me to ask yours." That she might no longer despise her life and what she had to moment changed his life and hers--permanently. She is a do. One morning, her feelings changed miraculously. functioning person now. What had been a prison became a source of joy. She The second story was published in a Relief Society wanltd to do what she was doing. The depression was manual. A man named Max Ellerbusch was raised by a gone. stern, brooding father. He had known no love in his These stories that I've shared are, in a certain sense, childhood home. He was determined that there would be about disturbed feelings. In each case the individuals love in his own family of four children. involved felt their feelings to be beyond their control; One day, the five-year-old child who was his most they felt themselves to have been caused to have the vibrant and sensitive--the child who' spread love feelings by the adverse circumstances they found everywhere he went--was killed by a teenage driver who themselves in. If you were to have asked any of these had stolen his mother's car while she was at work. Max people, in the midst of having the feelings, how they Ellerbusch was deeply embittered. He could no longer would ever get rid of them, they would have .told you that the only vyay would be for Int circumslances 10 cnange. • Brother Warner is Professor of Philosophy and For them their feelings were rtsponsiue to the Chairman of the Moral Studies Group at Brigham circumstances. "I did not decide to have these feelings; I Young University. was caused to have them," anyone of them might have

21 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 said. "I have been overwhelmed by my situation. I am are initiatives that we take. Then we are wrong when we unfortunate." In their eyes, their affective life--their suppose that they can't be given up. If they are psychical wholeness and serenity--was disturbed by something we are doing, then we can 510p doing them. their circumstances. Max Ellerbusch is one who now knows what I am Yet, even though this is how each of them once felt, talking about. When he was overcome with bitterness each was wrong, for each eventually changed. The toward the teenage boy who killed his child, he had no feelings ended even though the circumstances remained question but that the youth was responsible for his the same. I repeat: the feelings ended, but the feelings, but in this he was wrong. He discovered as circumstances remained the same. much in that lightning moment when his heart totally What did nol happen is clear enough. These people did changed. The circumstances hadn't been responsible for not learn how to cope with situations they felt to be his mental agony. His mental agony was, at least adverse. They did not learn how to deal with their partially, something that he was doing. It was an feelings of resentment or anger or failure. Instead, the accusation, active on his part, against the youth who had situations they were in Wtrt no longtr sun 10 bt advtrst. The killed his boy. His bitterness then was not a passive situations remained but the problems--the disturbed response to the situation; it was an initiative that he was feelings--disappeared. taking, an accusation. This is true of disturbed feelings This is contrary to what the individuals anticipated. generally. They are not merely passive, but instead are From their earlier point of view, their only way out was initiatives--things that we do. It is for this reason we can for the situation that had caused their feelings to stop doing them. It is for this reason that, as the change. But when they gave up their feelings, the Ellerbusch and other stories show, disturbed feelings problem disappeared. can be abandoned. These cases, and others like them, suggest that it is But if this is true--if disturbed feelings ca" be possible to do more than just cope with disturbed abandoned--why doesn't it seem that way to the person feelings: it is possible to abandon them. This, I believe, is whilt lit is havillg Ihtm? Why does it seem to him that he true of a wide range of such feelings, including anger, can't give up his feelings if he really can? hatred, bitterness, despair, jealousy, irritation, The answer to this is: Because these disturbed feelings resentment, and so forth. are lies. Remember, it is the very nature of such feelings The Incredibility of the Thesis that, in having them, the person takes himself to be Most people do not believe such changes are possible. passive. To play the passive role is to blame others for Let me explain why. Most of us have feelings of the kind the feelings. It is to accuse. To have an accusing feeling is I have described, such as resentment or irritation or fear. precisely the same thing as taking oneself as passive. 115 Precisely because we have them, we do not believe we 101lg. rhtrtfort. a5 lilt ptr50n i5 havi"g Iht accu5alory fu/illg. ht can give them up. The reason for this is that to havt the "tetssarily SU5 himstlf as ovtrwhtlmtd by circum5Ia""5. a/lll i5 feelings is exactly the same thing as believing that they cauml 10 ful as I" dots. That is what having such a feeling are being caused by the circumstances and are not within men"s. our control. 11 is pari of Iht Vtry nalurt of such fulings Ihal Wt Thillk of II" colltgt girl. Htr di51urntd fuli"g5--II" bi/ltrllt555ht who Ilnvt II"m lak. our5t1Vts 10 bt pa55ivt in having thtm. We f,lt toward !ltr falhtr a",1 Iht gtlltral hOptlt55"t55 sht ftlt ill lift-­ think they are responses to circumstances, not cOlIslilultd her view of herself as passive, as overwhelmed initiatives that we take. by adverse circumstances, as helpless to feel any way bul This, then, is why the thesis that disturbed feelings bitter and despairing. As long as she felt this way she can be given up seems so incredible: to have a disturbed could not conceive the possibility of 1101 feeling this way. feeling at all is to see oneself as passive in having it and is The feeling itself precluded her from seeing the truth. therefore to see oneself as powerless to give it up. The person who has such disturbed feelings, then, is Think about being angry and having someone tell you self-deceived. Though he actually can abandon the that you can stop being angry if only you want to badly disturbed feelings by which he asserts his own passivity, enough. You might well be offended. From your angry this is precisely what he can't see as long as he is thus point of view, what is making you angry is the person or asserting his passivity. This is why in self-deception one situation you are angry about. When someone says that /iVt5 a lie. It is not a lie told with the tongue. It is a lie that you can stop your anger, there is only one way you can is lived with one's feelings. Whenever we have such take this. He must be suggesting that you aren't caused feelings we are deceiving ourselves about them -- we are to be angry at all. He is questioning the sincerity of your taking ourselves to be passive when we are not. anger. He's saying that you're only pretending to be I am not saying that the disturbed feelings a person angry. Ridiculous! If there's one thing you know, it is has aren't genuine--that the person doesn't really have that your feelings are genuinely agitated. Would you be them. He does. The college girl wasn't pretending to be this worked up if you weren't being mistreated? How bitter; she wa5 bitter. The point is that the bitterness was dare anyone say that you can simply stop being angry! not the passive response to the situation that it took Why, you are being told that you don't really feel what itself to be. It is in this respect that it was a lie. It is in this you feel. Absurd! respect that a person haVing such a feeling is self­ Self-Deception deceived. Suppose, though, that we are not passive in the Self-Betrayal disturbed feelings we have. Suppose that such feelings In what context do such disturbed feelings arise? If

AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 22 they are not caused, how do they come about? itself an accusation of David. I accused him with words To suggest an answer to this question let me share a but also with feelings. It was as if I said: "Look how personal story. weary your laziness is making me'" It was the way I Some time ago the toilet in one of the downstairs bathrooms shifted the blame for my own moral failure onto him. broke. This annoyed my 14-year-old son. David, because the Later, when David blared at me in the bathroom, my other bathroom downstairs, by the children's bedrooms. was wounded feelings were again a declaration of my also unavailable. Consequently, David and the other teenagers innocent and victimized state. Toful angry and hurt was were forced to come upstairs to a bathroom off the rear to accuse him and to shift responsibility from myself entrance to our house in order to use a toilet. This was a onto him. harrassment in the mornings, as the smaller chHdren too were All this is to say that my self-betrayal was hypocritical. competing for the use of that one facility. Immediately David In the very act of betraying myself I shifted began to badger me, "Why don't you get our toilet fixed? You are causing aU of us a great inconvenience.'" And indeed they resopnsibility so that the blame for my failure would fall were inconvenienced. But the sword of accusation cuts both elsewhere. I did this through my victimized feelings. By ways. Iwas far busierthan he. I felt; he had a brain and at least as feeling burdened, hurt, angry, etc., I showed that there much mechanical aptitude as I-why didn't he fix it? was a great deal to overcome in these circumstances and Two days elapsed before I addressed the problem. Under the therefore that I could't be blamed if I failed to overcome lid of the water chamber. the float-the plastic ball-was cracked them. And if I did overcome them? Well, then I would be and half-full of water. Emboldened by the simplicity of the positively stupendous. To overcome such odds and to prospective solution and enlivened by a distinctly dutiful reply with softness in the face of such ingratitude -- that feeling, I went to the home center. bought a new float. and. is a remarkable feat indeed. returning, screwed it on in place of the broken one. But a test What, then, was the nature of my disturbed feelings in flush failed. The rocker-arm assembly at the end of the float was stuck; I couldn't free it. 'abandoned the task. promising myself this situation? Thty Wtrt part and paml of my stlf-bttrayal. of that the next morning I would call a plumber. my al/emptto justify mystlf in doing what I ftltto bt wrong. They That evening I was upstairs in the rear-entrance bathroom were not passive. They were the way I actually blamed changing the baby and occupying strategic territory. when the circumstances in order to exonerate myself in my David. with no place else to go. burst through the door and with own wrongdoing. Moreover, in the episode with David, a trembling chin screamed at me: "When aTe you going to get they were how I demonstrated the contrast between my the downstairs toilet fixed, anyway?" I was pierced. Given the own spectacular virtue and David's crass selfishness. unreasonable demands he had made of me, and my sincere The very fact that the situation was so trying--as effort that afternoon, this affront was inexcusable. evidenced by my wounded feelings--was proof of how Nevertheless, in a mature, controlled, and even calm manner I virtuous I was in responding as"maturely"and calmly as quietly answered, '" don't think I should answer a question put to me in that tone of voice." This was the perfectly just I did. My wounded feelings showed just how much response. But he did no concur. He shot back loudly. "Oh. so unkindness I had to overcome. These feelings were the you're not going to speak to yourown son. huh'''' felt betrayed. way I made the wrong I was doing appear to be right, So he was going to be a defiant teenager! Nevertheless. even virtuous. The self-betrayers version of virtue restraining myself. I recounted the events of the day and my always involves accusing others by means of his own determination to have the toilet fixed in the morning. Contrary disturbed feelings. Virtue and peace never go together in to my expectation, it neither shamed nor subdued him. "That's the self-deceivers view of things. all' wanted to know!" he blared-and marched out. slamming What does this story of mine have to do with the cases the door as he went. I shared earlier? I will explain. Think again of the college During and following this episode I was angry, hurt, girl. Despite all his cruelty to her, this girl felt that she and irritated. How could this ungrateful boy of mine should love her father--this was a moral obligation that treat me in such a disrespectful and unthinking manner? she felt profoundly. But she didn't love him. She I had spoken quietly to. him, it is true, but behind my betrayed herself. And her disturbed feelings--her hatred verbal sophistication was a mountain of hurt and of him and her despair in life generally--were her despair. manner of justifying herself in this self-betrayal, in What is the proper analysis of this case? Only laterdid doing what she herself felt to be wrong. More I discover it. To begin with, I initially felt that I should fix accurately, her refusal to love her father took the form the toilet. I had a personal sense that this was morally of bitterness toward him, a bitterness which right for me to do. But still Ididn't do it. I procrastinated. demonstrated the preposterousness of what she was Now I call this act, in which a person violates his own refusing to do and thus justified her in not doing it. Her sense of right and wrong, an act of stlf-betrayal. So I bitterness, in other words, was a way of trying to show betrayed myself. I violated my own sense of what was that her non-loving was not her fault, but his. In this she right to do in the situation; I failed, simply, to fix the was self-deceived. Her disturbed feelings were toilet. initiatives on her part--they were accusations--but just But this is not all. In my act of self-betrayal I worked because of this they constituted a view of themselves as up emotions by which I showed myself not to be passive. Thus, as long as she was bitter toward her responsible for this failure. Early, even before the blow­ father, she saw herself as caustd to have the bitterness up, I felt greatly burdened by the situation. I thought, and thus saw the possibility of abandoning it as absurd. wearily, "Why doesn't David fix the toilet? Where's his That's why she reacted as she initially did to the counsel ambition?" Notice that this feeling of weariness was of her bishop.

23 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 ,.

I believe that the proper analysis of this case, then, is "I do not think I should answer a question put to me in I the same as the analysis I have offered of my own. This that tone of voice," I said, in spite of the wounded girl was betraying herself and part of the self-betrayal feelings I was mustering. Proverbs says, "A soft answer was the generation of victimized feelings by which she turneth away wrath." Mine was not a soft answer, but a shifted responsibility from herself onto someone else, biting answer spoken in low tones. It was pharisaically-­ namely her father. All of her bitterness and despair can hypocritically--soft. Its veiled message was: "You are be seen in this attempt at self-justification, an attempt hurting me, your own father. You're making me bleed inherent in every act of self-betrayal. inside, you insensitive and inconsiderate kid. What It is important to notice that nothing I've said implies makes you think I ought to talk to you?" Icould not have that this girl was "bad" or "sinful" in her refusal to love degraded him more effectively had I screamed at him. her father. I've not even said that she should have loved The principle here is that by the victimized and self­ him. The point is, she felt she should. In not doing so, she justifying attitudes and feelings that are always part of was betraying a moral sense that was not someone sin, we tend to provoke or elicit the very behavior that else's, but her own. we blame our victimizers for. By this means we obtain How widespread is hypocrisy like this? Does it proof that they are to blame and we are innocent. Thus account for all disturbed feelings? Is it the root of serious these attitudes and feelings are ruthless. Sin is ruthless. pyschological problems, for example? I don't know. I It uses people insensitively in a desperate effort to be don't want to say that all emotional and personality excused or justified. Sin and love are constitutionally problems are ultimately hypocrisies that accompany incompatible. self-betrayal. But I do want to say that at least sometimes It is important to try to appreciate how engulfing, how they are. I believe it's true in my own case and in the case completely self-deceiving, is a sin such as mine. I didn't of this college girl, for example, as well as in the other set out deliberately to provoke my son into bad behavior. stories I've shared. I also think it is the correct account of Had this been my procedure, I could have stoppedat any the cases Freud treated, and in general covers what he point. I could have said to myself, "Should I continue on called the neuroses. It is the act of self-betrayal that I this course or not?" and could have chosen to desist. But believe accounts for these cases. The disturbed feelings, this was not what happened. I saw him in the first place as at least here, are not passive; they are self-deceptive deserving the treatment he was getting. My very attempts by the person to justify himself in wrongdoing. perception of him was part of the lie I was living. The Sin, Hypocrisy, and Psychological Bondage choice I faced was not whether to see him accusingly--I It is important to understand that self-deception is not was already doing that--but whether, in seeing him an accomplishment that consists of a sequence of steps. accusingly, I should yell at him as many fathers no doubt We do not first sense that something is right to do, then would" or else refuse to stoop to his level and restrain begin to live a lie, then concoct a feeling or emotion by myself. This so-called choice was pari of my lie: it wasn't a which to shift blame away from ourselves and hide from choice at all. The real choice had been made by my self­ ourselves our wrongdoing,and so on. This is precisely betrayal; my "choice" of whether to punish my son or the sort of thing that is impossible to do. Instead we take his punishment patiently was only sin deceive ourselves in and by the very act of self-betrayal; masquerading as choice. Both courses of action were it is a self-regarding, posturing, responsibility-evading morally wrong. The sin was in the seeing. It always is. To see act. That is its essence. There is no other way to perform others as the problem is the problem. it. We do it this way or not at all. Every sin is a lie--a My very perception of my son was accusing; the submersion in darkness. options of conduct I therefore gave myself were the You will be interested in another aspect of the lie. options for an accuser: I could accuse him either overtly Typically, the individual suffering from disturbed and and immaturely or covertly and "maturely." I "chose" victimized feelings longs to be rid of them. This means the latter, supposing that he gave me no other that he wants his circumstances to change, because in alternatives. Was not this bondage? My lie might as well his view it is the circumstances that are causing his have been true; he might as well have been giving me no feelings. But this desire for the circumstances to change alternatives. For it was impossible, as long as I continued is as much a self-deception as the feelings are. He is the in self-betrayal, for me to make the real choice of one who is interpreting the circumstances in this way. whether or not to see my son as Jesus saw his He needs them to be just as they are, in order to feel executioners, with compassion rather than accusation. justified in what he is doing. When my son yelled at me in I was using my free agency to abdicate my free agency. the bathroom, I had my proof that I was doing all I could As one philosopher said, "I was systematically denying in a very difficult situation. What father could have done my humanity in order to be justifed." I want to revise mo~e, I asked myself, while being cut to the heart by a that saying a little. I was denying my diVinity. That is an defIant teenager? I could excuse my self-righteous interesting trade-off. Justification--wanting to convince refusal to love him freely only so long as he was treating ourselves that we are worthy of a good judgment--is an me cruelly. Because I needed my suffering, I needed my obsessive concern when we betray ourselves. We deny persecutor. what we are; we contrive personalities or role-masks; we That is not all. My accusing attitude toward him dissipate ourselves in artificiality. And we lose touch provoked the persecution that he inflicted. That attitude with others, obliterating our love as we accuse, demean, came across to him, even though Idid not raise my voice. and retaliate--all in order to obtain a good judgment.

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 24 This bondage is related to the unpopular fact that not a horrible thing because, as he said, "We're not "dealing properly with people is not a matter of responsible for our feelings." technique, but of purity of heart. In my self-deceived Often the first therapeutic step, then, is to try to condition, anything I could have conceived to say to my overcome resistance to admission of the feelings son would have been wrong. For example, suppose you disturbing us, and to be "open" and "truthful" about had been standing by me and had whispered in my ear. them. "You shouldn't accuse your son. He's only fourteen. He The probable next step, if you believe the standard is not a mature person. He's got his own pressures." theory, is to get me to have the right attitude toward the From within my self-deceived perspective, I would have feeling that I may previously have tried to hide. Precisely said to myself, "Oh, I know that I should not be so because these feelings are not my responsibility, you irritated. But it's not my fault. After all, he yelled at me. don't want to "lay a guilt trip" on me. You don't want to Still, he's no doubt learned his rebelliousness from his condemn me for what isn't my fault. You may say things friends. It's not all his fault either. I'm not really angry at like, "It's natural to feel the way you do. Anybody in your him. I just pity him. I pity him, that he would be so circumstances would." Freud told Elisabeth von R. that warped at so young an age to defy his father. He needs her coverup of her affections proved what a moral help. I've got to get him some help." This new attitude is person she was, so that she had no reason to condemn no less accusing than the old one. And no matter how herself. this attitude would have been expressed, it would have This second therapeutic step, then.. is to assuage or been felt by my son for what it was. You can see that it forestall guilt. It is step based squarely upon the did not matter how I tried to change my behavior, as long assumption that we cannot be dishonest in our feelings, as I remained a self-deceiver, whatever I did would have Le. self-deception with respect to feelings is impossible. been but a variation of my basic lie. It would have been a The third step conCl'Tns what has come to be known as continuation of my accusing heart. Until sin is gone achieving congruence. You will want me to conduct there is no way out of self-deception. myself in a manner congruent with my feelings. You Theories and Therapies might suggest that I be open with my son about my Suppose that all I have said is true. Suppose that at frustration and irritation--that, for example, I say, "Son, ., least sometimes disturbed feelings are self-deceptions: it irritates me that you keep pestering me to fix the not caused by circumstances or other people, but self­ toilet. It would irritate you, too, if you were in my victimizations. One's disturbed feelings are the manner position. You could do it, you know, just as well as I, and in which one makes it appear that he is others' victim and a lot more easily." The concern here is for me to avoid thus justifies himself in doing what he feels to be wrong. suppression of feeling, so tha t it does not "build up How does one help such a person? What is the preferred inside" and manifest itself in the form of some neurotic therapy in this kind of case? symptom or other, such as ulcers. It is better to give It is helpful to answer this question by first civilized expression to one's feelings than to seethe considering the usual view and treatment of disturbed inside. So teaching congruence is the third therapeutic feelings. The contrast, then, is instructive. step. Standard Theory and Treatment Finally, a person holding to the standard theory of The standard view of disturbed feelings is that either feelings will teach the disturbed individual to cope with they are genuine and sincere, and therefore actually his situation, change it, or remove himself from it. These caused as they seem to be caused, or else they are are all strategies for neutralizing or eliminating the pretended or "cooked up"in order to hide some other, source of troubling feelings. Winston Churchill said that deeper, feeling--which itself is caused in the way that it he and his wife got along as well as they did and stayed seems to be caused. No one in mainstream psychology married only because they never saw each other before believes that a feeling can be genuine, i.e. "really felt," noon. This, on the standard view, is a paradigmatic and at the same time dishonest, i.e. a lie about its own solution. Be assertive. Negotiate for satisfaction. Insist nature. upon rights. Rearrange relationships. Now if you accept this standard view, your first step in The pattern I have just traced is instructive, even if a therapy would no doubt concern whether, in the little simplistic. The helper who relies on the standard bathroom incident, I was being honest and open about kind of theory necessarily has as his aims not joy and my feelings. (On the standard theory, though I can't be perfect peace but accommodation and/or adaptation. dishonest in my feelings, I can be dishonest about them.) The approach is that, because we can alter neither our You might suspect that underneath my controlled psychological vulnerability nor the abusiveness of exterior I am deeply angry but will not ·admit it. Your circumstances and society, our only option is to arrange first step will be to get me to admit it. You might even our circumstances in order to minimize our pain. I'll call say, "You can't deal with these feelings you have unless such a helper a "standard helper." you are willing to be open about them."This was Freud's This approach makes sense if the standard theory that strategy almost from the beginning of his work. He we're not responsible for our feelings is correct. But if sought, for example, to dig beneath Elisabeth von R's it's not correctc-if we can be dishonest in our feelings-­ insistence the her attitude toward her brother-in-law then there is something else to say about contemporary was innocent and to admit a secret love. He tried to break psychological helpers. It is that they are taken in by the down her resistance by saying that such an affection was lies the client lives. Often they accept his self-deceived

25 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 belief that his feelings are caused by circumstances. are led to yield to comparable truths in their own lives. That, of course, is folly, because if the dient is 'self­ For example, a 36-year-old woman hated Saturdays deceived in his feelings then he's the' least reliable because her husband yelled at the children, disrupting witness there is concerning the nature of those feelings. her plans for a family day of cooperative work and loving By undertaking to help a client be honest about and have play. When she understood some of the stories she the right attitude toward his feelings, and act h~ard, she realized that the problems of Saturday congruently' with those feelings, the helper is endorsing mornings were not her husband's fault alone. When the and reinforcing him in his self-deceived view of the yelling would begin, she would roll her eyes in a origin of his feelings. Whether he works with the client despairing, "Here we go again" and "He's going to ruin on resistance, guilt-feelings, congruence, or coping, he is everything once more" attitude. Sometimes she would saying to him, "Yes, your feelings are not dishonest and cry, the victim of the domestic autocrat she had married. therefore it's not the fact that you have them that we By this accusing attitude she was blaming him and in need to worry about. It's what you do about the situation that moment abandoning all honest hope of changing that's causing the feelings, or else, if the situation can't things. Her project became one of exonerating herself by be changed, how you behave even though you have the finding him at fault. No longer did she try to achieve the feelings." cooperative and happy Saturday she said she wanted-­ You may be saying, "Not at all. Many counselors and though she made numerous posturing attempts in that psychotherapists are very sophisticated about the direction, by which she showed how impossible it was to baloney that's thrown at them. They see through it." be a mother in association with such a father. She now Certainly standard helpers do not always accept all they saw that the "Oh, no, here we go again" feeling was hear. But my point is that when they don't, they are still accusing and, in its own way, even vicious. Her husband being taken in by the client, in a very subtle way. For felt the rebuke, and considered her unfair and unfeeling. when they reject the client's story they usually suppose He would feel abused and become impatient. She was ,the client is amalingerer--is simply "faking it."There are helping to create the very situation she suffered from. malingerers, to be sure. But the supposition that anyone This is the kind of realization that comes regularly to who's not a victim is a malingerer is the supposition that most participants about one-and one-half hours into the there's no self-deception--no psychological bondage seminar. resulting from a free act--and that genuine cases are still We do not try to get people to see themselves in these to be treated as I've outlined. The client has seduced the stories. Whether or not they do is their own, anonymous therapist into living his lie with him if the therapist business. If they do, they are already beginning to take supposes that malingering is the type of diagnosis to be responsibility for their own problems. They are given if the client isn't genuine victim. beginning to give up their determinist way of viewing their disturbed feelings. This means that they are giving An Alternative to Standard Therapy up the feelings also, since one can't have the feelings and Let us contrast to all of this the kind of help you would simultaneously admit that the feelings are one's own give a disturbed person if you believed that he can be responsibility. dishonest in his feelings and consequently responsible At various points in the seminar we ask the for them. My associates and I have developed a special participants to write stories or case studies from their kind of teaching that for many people, at least, is an experience, observation, or imagination. We don't alternative to counseling and therapy. It is a seminar we specify that they should write about themselves, but have given to both Mormons and non-Mormons, from most of them do. Typically their minds are filled with the California to Florida. The participants in these seminars discoveries they are making about past events and are not asked to divulge their problems or life-stories. No diagnosis is made of their situations. No advice is relationships that they experienced and now recall with hurt feelings, anger, or bitterness. The act of telling or given. The sanctity of confession and of privacy is writing the truth is liberating; the bitterness or anger main tained. More significantly, responsibility for changing individual problem feelings is never shifted dissipates. You can't tell the truth and keep living a lie. from participant to teacher. By virtue of their honesty, the lie they are living is abandoned. The learning exercise is itself restorative One important element of the seminar Iam describing and therapeutic. is the presentation of stories or parables of self-betrayal Here is another example, told by the person to whom and its consequences. My repeated observation is that it happened. participants find these stories to have about them a spirit of truth and because of this often see themselves in the My husband and I are both writers. We have a baby. Shawn stories. Yielding to accept the truth in the stories, many insists without sympathy that I keep the house clean, prepare the meals, stay well-dressed and appealing, and, most of all, keep the baby absolutely quiet during his writing hours. I write IThe idea of congruence is firmly based on the assumption that during the baby's afternoon nap if (can, but usually late at night feelings are always straightforward responses to situations, and never and early in the morning. dishonest. And both these notions are related to the idea that the only If there is any noise from the baby, Shawn is not patient. He way to be hypocritical is to behave incongruently. I have already shown bitingly asks whether I understand the importance of what he is that if we give up these assumptions about feelings. it is not primarily writing or its crucial place in his career or what it means for our in OUT behavior that hypocrisy is to be found, but in our attitudes, future. Until recently tears would well up in my eyes in perceptions, memories, and thoughts. response to this harshness. Sometimes I would protest that he

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 26 had no right to speak rudely to me. A quarrel would ensue. But people felt the same way, and that is no doubt why he more often I would suffer this sharpness silently and bitterly. 1 had personality conflicts in his work. But as I did this could not understand why I had to suffer so when I had done exercise I suddenly sawall the same qualities that had nothing wrong. offended me in a different light. I saw him as a little boy On~ morning I was doing this 3ssignment--writing a case. I left the bedroom door ajar and the baby toddled out. She was who was afraid of life and of everyone around him. He scattering some of Shawn's pages-when he saw her. He began to didn't change, but I did. Where I had been heavy inside yell at me. Immediately I felt attacked; I began to burn with with self-pity, I now felt only love." resentment and to search my mind for some way I could This corroborated another insight (that appeared on respond in kind. But all of a sudden Ithought··.. i!'s a lie. What I the list I gave you:) When we no longer need the other am doing now is a lie," I was doing the very thing that I was person to validate our lie, he becomes real to us. imputing to him. My rage just dissipated. I )Nas filled with Why does this liberation come? I will tell you. When compassion for the first time, and aliI could think of was how 1 we have accusing and self·justifying attitudes towards could help my husband. people, we are living self-deceivingly. We are not in Now so~one who has not had this kind of experience touch with reality. In the way we see things, it is may well think it impossible, or at best mystical. But necessary to protect and defend ourselves, to lick our those who have know otherwise. It is liberation from wounds, to justify and explain our behavior, and to get self-deception, and is as straightforward as it is peaceful our share before others take it from us. The world thus and renewing. seen is a lie. To understand about some of our own self· We also do a number of exercises during the siminar. betrayals is to begin to repent of living that lie. Our One of them has to do with imagining that you are living entire way of looking at the world changes. Because we in a world that is precisely like the present one except in are no longer making ourselves its victim, we enjoy a one respect: you are not taking offense of any kind. You sense of profound freedom. Because we are not agitating are asked to think of someone who has injured, ourselves to demonstrate how victimized we are, we feel inconvenienced, or offended you at some time in you serene. life, and to describe that person from you imagined Let me tell you about Lolly, who, like many others, perspective. You do not "white-wash" the individual; illustrates what I am takling about. Lolly is the mother of you do not simply describe all his or her good qualities. a large family of small children. Her husband is a rising Instead you tell the truth about him or her. Being young executive with heavy demands on his time. properly prepared by their experience in the seminar, Before the seminar she felt under continual pressure, most of the participants can do this exercise. They find apprehensive about money and in need of her husband's their feelings changing toward those they write about. time and assistance. There were poor relations with With their realization of the truth, their accusing some members of her husband's family, particularly attitudes--the attitudes by which they had been with her father-in-law; with him there had been much maintaining a falsified relationship toward another tension for 13 years. She had a handicapped son whose person--disappear. disposition was, she thought, harassing her beyond her We do not encourage them to tell what they wrote, for limits. that is and ought to remain private. But we do ask them By the time Lolly had gotten to the point of whether they want to share any insights they may have undertaking the "imagine" exercise, her heart was gained from the exercise. At one of the seminars Iwrote softened so that she was prepared to do it. She took her the responses on the chalkboard, as follows: father·in-Iaw as the person whom she would describe. I discovered that what the other person is doing isn't being She wrote an account of her feelings. When she was done to me. done, she had compassion and respect for him. She told The irritability of her ~ualities is something I have bepn her husband, Rob, that his father was a pretty fine man; contributing. needless to say, Rob had difficulty believing his ears. I was flooded with compassion. His self·betrayal didn't offend Several nights later, there was a family party which in me, but 1 felt sorrow for him. I longed for him to change. previous times she would have dreaded attending. But It hurt me to think of all the things 1 have done to hurt him. By being offended I have added fuel to her offensive ways of she went. Rob reported that she did not try to do acting. I have promoted her destruction. - anything particular to rebuild the relationship with his Doing this exercise releases you from reacting. It sets you father; she simply felt differently about her father-in­ free. law and as a consequence everything she did came over The same features that can be described irritably can be to him differently. He reciprocated. They spent all described compassionately. evening with each other, talking delightedly; and as she Though we do not encourage individuals to divulge was about to go, they embraced. He said, "I see you must their private experiences, sometimes they want to. The have made a New Year's resolution to be sweet and woman who shared the last insight on the list told about lovable for the rest of your life." the individual she had described in the exercise. She did The handicapped child was almost two years old. He not say he was her husband, but I knew this, for he had had been born with a physical problem that is not taken the seminar on a previous occasion. She said, "For noticeable to the untrained eye; but the doctor had said it twenty years I have seen this individual as cocky and would give him headaches and make him very irritable demeaning in his manner. In my eyes he acted so all his life. Lolly and her husband had difficulties with superior that I felt put down in his presence. Other little Charles: he dominated the household, biting and

27 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 attacking whenever he wanted somehing .and generally many of them felt sorrow for the offended feelings they taking out his misery on the closest party. In order to were giving up and for the way those feelings had pacify him, they put a bottle in his mouth on what provoked disturbed feelings in others. This sorrow is to seemed innumerable occasions each day. They found be strictly differentiated from a certain kind of guilt, other special ways of treating him to compensate for his however. This kind of guilt is itself an aspect of sin or problem. One is reminded of Helen Keller before Annie self-betrayal. It is different from the guilt that leads to Sullivan came along. After learning the concept of self­ sorrow and repentance. You might think of it as sin on betrayal, Lolly came to understand it in terms of her own the pay-as-you-go plan. If I feel badly enough about family. She began to see how she and some of the other what I am doing, I don't have to give it up. Counselors family members were provoking Charles, whom they and religious leaders are very familiar with the kind of were blaming for many problems, into doing the very person who feels terrible about the life he is leading, things they were blaming him for. They were pampering even to the extent of bitter tears, but he does not change. him and making him dependent upon them, so as to He is not seeking release from his problems, but assuage the guilt they felt about his handicap. The more reinforcement of his lie that they are too great to be they pampered him the more he indulged himself in wild solved, that he is their victim, and that his guilt is an behavior, and the more, in turn, they saw him as needing honorable if insufficient self-inflicted punishment. On special attention. Lolly could think of dozens of ways in the other hand, sorrow is what one feels about a self­ which his behavior had been systematically induced by betrayal in which one is no longer involved. her. So, in the spirit of kindness rather than All of this has to do with hope. It as become a well­ punishment, she went home and told Charles he would accepted piece of mythology that the kind, no longer be drinking from a bottle; and she began to campassionate view to take of people is that they are not expect of him a high standard of behavior in every aspect responsible for their disturbed, victimized feelings. To of his life. That night he announced to the family, hold such people responsible is to be judgmental and "Bottle: no, no." From that moment, he changed. Her unsympathetic. It is to condemn them for what they husband reported to me that he is now a happy child, seem unable to do anything about. It is to leave them proud of his responsibility and progress. without excuse. But I say that it is the other view--the Rob says that their marriage generally has improved. view that people are not responsible--that is the message Whereas Lolly was before so tense about finances and of despair. For it implies that we can do nothing about other problems facing the family that she could not talk our condition--that, for example, the college girl was about them, she now is serene; they talk openly about helpless to change her miserable lot in life and therefore, the challenges facing them. This is new. Her husband in the absence of some miraculous (and therefore was asked to assume a leadership position in the improbable) feat of human engineering, was doomed to community for which he was well-qualified and needed. live it out. But this is not true if her misery was He said that instead of fussing about the time this would something she was doing. If it was something she was take him away from home, adding to her burden, Lolly doing, t hen, as I said earlier, it was something she could spontaneously and actively planned ways to enable him slop doing. So the idea that people's emotional problems to spend the increased time away from home without are of their own making, that therefore they can feeling guilty. And this, he says, is completely new. unmake them, and that they can taste a happiness of Beyond Guilt and Compromise which they previously could not have dreamed--this is a Some might think that to talk about self-betrayal, as message of hope. To suppose otherwise, in the name of we do, would "lay a guilt trip" on the seminar compassion, seems to me an extreme case of misplaced participants, and that the sessions would indeed be liberalism. gloomy. It seems that it would be like one of those Love and Technique sacrament meetings from which you go home semi­ When I talked about our alternative to therapy, I uplifted and semi-depressed. This would happen if it outlined some of the things we do and don't do. But I were true that we cannot help our negative feelings. probably misled you a little. For helping other people has Talking excessively about them would indeed tend to very little to do with technique, and everything to do induce guilt, at least in our culture. But if we are with love. Psychotherapy outcome studies indicate that responsible for these feelings--if we produce them as this is so. part of our attempts to justify ourselves in self-betrayal­ A helper who is living in self-betrayal and self­ -then in giving up such attempts we cease producing deception has severely limited perceptions. The only them. We feel them no more. And then there is nothing things he can see to do are those that will justify himself in us to feel guilty about. This is what the seminar and accuse others. When I spoke of the bondage of sin, I participants discover; they discover the joy of liberation. said the choices that lie before a self-betrayer are all By gradually freeing themselves of such feelings, many accusing; they are the restricted options of a person who become inspired and "ungloomy" for the first time. The has already, by sin, made the choice to blame others and sessions, for this reason, are not heavy, but light and exonerate himself. He cannot see the non-accusing buoyant. They are inspiring and the time (though we option. generally meet in five-hour sessions) passes very That is one point. Another is that whatever he does quickly. Most don't want the sessions to end. choose to do, no matter how he tries to make it seem We saw from the list of participants' insights that gentle and mature, will be an accusation, will have a sting

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 28 in it, and will tend to provoke the person he purports to right because the helpers heart was right. And it will be -help to maintain his disturbed feelings. What we are obvious that it is not something that could be comes through, however we may try to disguise it. recommended, for unless it were felt to be right because Now you ask about what I should have said to my son. of Christlike love in the helper, and indeed necessary in There is no answer to that question. What words I used the situation, it would backfire. Only love can see what didn't matter very much. What mattered was my heart. I to do, and only love can do it. could have said the very same words without fueling my A woman, married for several years, came to her older son's rage, had my heart been right--had I not been brother (their father was dead) and said that she was taking offense. Or I might have told him we'd go fix the going to divorce her husband. She had discovered that toilet there and then. Or I might have confessed my he had committed adultery several times over the years, procrastination and thoughtlessness, and asked his and her heart was broken. She was ashamed and hurt; forgiveness. In any case, he might or might not have she could do nothing but leave him. The brother was responded in kind, but my attitude would not have incredulous--he had had no hint of this--and sought an provoked him to betray himself, accuse me, and seek to occasion to speak to his brother-in-law. When the exonerate himself. My attitude would have been a occasion came and they spoke, he sensed that something compassionate, loving one. was wrong. So he began to pry: Why did you do this? So powerful can this compassionate attitude be that it Why have you been a philanderer? What about my can often elicit a new kind of response in a moment. This sister? Has she been loving? He pried and finally is illustrated by a friend of mine who wanted to write discovered that in all their married life they had never about the principles that I am discussing. He took these had intercourse--she had let him lie on top of her and so principles home (there were about fifty of them on on, but they had never had intercourse. Now the brother several sheets of paper) and shared them with his wife knew that his sister had been raped when she was twelve one evening. They began to read about 10 o'clock. For years old. She had seemed to recover fairly well and to each one of the principles, they thought of an example in have lived a normal girlhood. But now, he realized, she their extended family. After about an hour they felt that had spent her whole married life frightened and their own attitudes toward one another and their family withdrawn and had always withheld herself from her had changed. They went to bed at 2:00, and the the next husband. The brother was astonished. He said a fervent, morning when the children got up, his 6-year-old said, silent prayer and asked his brother-in-law to go get her. "Hey, what's different here?" Then they sat down at the He felt he had to do something, but what? Should he "let breakfast table, and his son, Chad, pulled his sisters her off?" After all, given what she'd been through as a pigtail. Chad was 9. He was a boy who would never take child, wasn't her behavior understandable? Shouldn't he correction. Whenever his father told him to stop doing be sympathetic? What counsel could he give? He spent something, he would make excuses. He would say that the intervening hour sobbing almost uncontrollably. his father had done things like that when he was a little After a short while they came back, and he said to his boy; he would say that someone else hurt him first. On sister, "Tell me how you feel about you husband.""Oh, I this occasion he said that his sister pinched him under think he's terrible," she cried. "He's shamed me so much. the table, and that's why he pulled her pigtail. Then this I can't do anything but leave him, because he has left writer related that he said somthing to Chad that he had me." He responded: "I understand that you've never had said at least 100 times before. But he had a different intercourse." "Oh no, that's not true," she said. And he feeling toward Chad when he said it. He said, "Chad, said, "Let me tell you what intercourse is." He told her we're not going to do that anymore." Suddenly, and for and then he said, "I understand, then, that you have the first time that the parents could remember, Chad never had intercourse." She replied, "Oh, but that part melted in his fathers arms and cried. isn't important." And then he said, with love in his soul, I have been told many other similar stories. Attitude is "I want to tell you something. What you did is worse everything. "We will be judged according to our works, than what he did--and what he did was reprehensible. according as our desires shall be." The commonplace You have been mean and stingy and shriveled and small question, "Doctor, what shall I do with my children (or and unwilling to love just because of something that my spouse) when they ... ?" is a misguided question. But happened to you years ago. If you don't go home with it is the sort of question always asked by those who don't your husband tonight and love him, I will testify against believe that feelings can be dishonest. Since according to you in the divorce proceedings." this view, we can't determine what our feelings will be, She was stunned, even livid. She left angrily. But she our only recourse is to determine our outward behavior. came back to her brother the next day and embraced "What do I do when ... 7" The answer is, it doesn't him. Weeping, she repor'ted that those few minutes matter much what you do. It's what yoti art. how you talking to him the night before had changed her life. "I feel, that matters. "Now I would that ye should have found peace and joy," she said. "I love my husband remember that God has said that the inward vessel shall with all of the physical and emotional completeness that be cleansed first, and then shall the outer vessel be a person can, and I am no longer afraid. I no longer hate cleansed also" (Alma 60:23). the person who did that to me years ago." I want to share an illustration of this, of a helper who Now this case is rather unusual. What this brother did did something that is not recommended in any book, and is not a technique that can be prescribed and copied by indeed would not even occur to most helpers, but was other counselors. The primary factor was love. It was

29 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 the brother's love for his sister that permitted him to see minImIze her suffering. He pushes a choice on her: that she was ruining her own life and Ihal s'h. didn'I hall. 10. either she must resist him or else start to consider the She could give up her fear and bitterness and possibility that she has had hidden, evil intentions all resentment. She didn't have to be shackled all her life along. Which every way she turns she will have been with a crippled personality. His love enabled him to see manipulated into continuing her lie in this new,clinical that her crippled personality was her own dOiflg. His setting. For she is neither innocent norcynically evil, but love enabled him to help. she will find a perverse comfort if she can only extract I will not talk extensively about the pitfalls of from her clinical experience a validation that she is one techniques--any techniques--when they are used or the other, for then she has an explanation that without love. But I will say that in such cases--and they absolves her of responsibility. She is either the victim predominate--the actions, words, and gestures of the she always thought she was orelse she can't help herself, clinician amount to no more than manipulations. And because she is really no good. when the client succumbs to manipulation, no matter These issues are very complex; they require an how artful and sensitive it may be, he is shifting extensive treatment. I mention them briefly only responsibility for his problems to the manipulator. It is because many of you will recognize in them a pattern true that he may abandon the symptoms for which he that you are already familiar with. There are myriad has come to the clinic, but always they will be replaced by ways in which a client can evade responsibility, even other symptoms. when "confessing" the truth, and if his heart is not A woman appears for a first appointment. It is obvious completely pure, the clinician, self-deceivingly seeking that she is struggling to put up a valiant front, but it is validation for some lie he himself is living, will abet the equally obvious, once she begins to tell her story, that evasion in one direction or another. And he will not her husband's abusiveness and infidelity and her comprehand what he is doing, for he will be exactly as children's rebelliousness have her on the ropes self-decived as the person he thinks he is helping! If the emotionally. She is barely in control of herself. The clinician takes responsibility for the client, he himself is clinician initiates a routine series of responses designed being manipulated.Their positions mirror one another. to ensure that all the facts come out. As the story The clinician is evading his responsibility to help his unfolds he feels a particular sympathy for this woman's client take responsibility. He is using the client to suffering, and is reminded again of a question he has validate his lie that he is doing what must be done, asked himself a thousand times: Should someone as responsibly. And the client is using him reciprocally, to sensitive as he be in this profeSSion? Should a counselor validate his own lie that he, the client, is being as feel his clients' pain as deeply as he does? He searches his responsible as he can be in the circumstances. This is as mind for ways he can help her. The responsibility he much acollusion as the scene in the bathroom between bears weighs heavily. It is obviously a crossroads my son and me. Client and clinician are manipulating moment for this woman; what he does for good or ill will one another--provoking, pleading, judging, managing, affect her future irrevocably. It is as if she has given him etc.--in order to gain reinforcement for their individual her agency temporarily--placed herself in his hands. He conviction that they are not doing what they are doing. knows his task is to take over direction of her life in And the interesting thing is that very often one or both order to prepare her to receive her agency back soon, to of these colluders will change; symptoms may disappear. regain control of herself, and to stand autonomously. But you can be certain that they are replaced by other "What can you do to help me?" she asks. He asks himself, symptoms. The theme continues, but in a new variation. "Do I have a right to play God?" But he is a poor Now I touch upon this complicated subject, even theologian: God never did anything like what he is about though I may cause confusion because I cannot discuss it to do. adequately here, since I need it as background for an Already the counselor has accepted her proposition impor.tant point. Understandably, individuals in the that her feelings are sincere, that she is a victim, that she helping services want anxiously to know what they can is not responsible for what has happened. Whatever he do, now, practically and concretely, to help their clients does now will indulge her in the lie she is living by means more effectively. I will tell you. We can repent with all of her distraught feelings. The indulgence is an our hearts and become pure by partaking of the accusation and an insult: "You are not responsible," it influence and power of Christ's atonement. When I says. "You need me." This is true even if he is, as they suggested that people can abandon their victimized and say, non-directive--for given the state of his heart, the self-deceiving feelings I spoke incompletely. They can, so-called non-directive responses accept and reinforce but only be receiving and yielding to the Spirit ofTruth, her self-deceiving view of the world. which originates in but one Source and speaks directly to But, you may say, suppose he doesn't buy her story? the heart, and, ultimately, by accepting the constantly Suppose he recognizes at once that she is a self-deceiver, available psychological miracle that in the scriptures is pulling the wool over her own eyes in order to excuse called the baptism of fire and the Holy Ghost. herself for her contribution to the family's problems? My experience is that people can shed many of their Why then, of course, his skepticism will be expressed in self-deceptions by yielding their hearts to do exactly as his responses to her, whatever they may be. She won't they feel they ought to do, obeying the Spirit of Truth, feel protected a.nd indulged; she will feel accused of being whether or not they recognize that it is God's Spirit. To a sham, a faker. His lack of sympathy will seem to become completely pure, however, they must come to

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 30 this recognition and believe in Christ and accept His gift, power to 'be reconciled with him. - which includes having His pure love within us for all Qutslion: Aren't you defining the word "cause" a bit creatures. narrowly? If I insult you and you get angry, I have surely If we do purify ourselves, we will possess powers of caused you to be angry. influence beyond anything we could have Answtr: It is proper to use the word "cause" in the way anticipated.We will neither manipulate nor provoke, not you are using it. And i am indeed using it in a narrower even inadvertently. It is, of course, true that some may sense, which is this: a cause of a particular response is an take offense, as they did to Christ. But that is very event that, taken together with prevailing conditions, is different from the active collaboration in their sin for a sufficient condition for that response. A provocation the purpose of gaining proof the that they are guilty and isn't cause in this sense because whether it is a sufficient we are innocent. It is different because only in charity condition depends upon that very response. In other are we not active collaborators in the sins of those words, we determine by our attitude--it may be the self­ around us, and our skirts free of their blood. No clinical justifying and responsibility-evading attitude of the program was ever d'evised that nullifies this truth. sinner or the open and guileless attitude of the upright President Kimball has repeatedly said that if we have individual--how the circumstances will influence us, i.e. problems with our marriage or our children, the cause is whether or not they will seem to uS provocations. our own selfishness. The prescription is repentance. We If circumstances could determine our response to tend to respond: "What a simplistic answer. He does not them independent of that response, then our freedom, comprehend the complexities of human behavior. But such as it is, could be exercised only in that little sliver of then we shouldn't be harsh in judging him; he hasn't time between stimulus and response--between what I studied the literature on these subjects, or had our get from the world and my decision of what to give back. clinical experience." I say that behavior is only complex I have heard important psychologists espouse this view, to those who are caught in self-deception and thus including Rollo May. It is a theory that might be stated: regard disturbed feelings as complicated products of "controlling behavior in spite of the character of the history and injury. It is onlycomplex to those enmired in stimulus." sin themselves. To say that the diagnosis is simple is, of I do not accept this view. Freedom consists not in how course, not to say that the cure is easy. There is bondage we act, given how we see and feel about our in sin for which repentance is the only solvent. If there circumstance. It consists in how we see and feel about it was an atonement, if we can follow in the footsteps of in the first place. Once we see it, most of our agency has Christ, if we can be pure and free and whole and at peace, been exercised. lf I see my son offendedly and "nobly" then it is possible to be victims of neither history nor control myself, my conduct is hypocritical and, accident nor those who would injure us, but to walk in specifically, pharisaical. But also I can see him newness of life and to look back upon our former self as compassionately, even when he is yelling at me. The way upon someone we once knew and pitied and have all but I see him is the primary exercise of my agency. But once I forgotten. see him offendedly and accusingly, any "self-control" I exert is but whitewash laid over grime--a kind of sham. Freedom Once again we see that psychological wholeness does Let me share with you some questions that have been not consist in successful coping but instead in not seeing raised, as well as my responses to them. Perhaps the the circumstances as having to be coped with. same questions have risen in your own mind. You may object that we cannot decide how we are Qutslion: Have you suggested that I can't injure going to respond to circumstances. In one sense of another person, because if they are suffering "decide" this is true. We do not deliberate and choose. psychologically this is because of their own sin and self­ We do decide whether to sin, but once this decision is deception? If so, then it doesn't make any sense to ask made we do not then decide whether, having sinned, we their forgiveness. The only harm you could inflict is on will struggle in the bondage of sin. We do not then decide yourself, and if they were harmed they did it to whether we will see others and circumstances themselves. accusingly and self-justifyingly. Fundamentally, our Answtr: There is truth in what you say. Yet it needs to agency is exercised in the choice whether to sin or not to be understood carefully. I do not cause another to sin, sin; how we see the world is a manner of carrying on our but when I provoke him by my unloving attitude I do sin or our guilelessness. bend all my effort to promote his sin. I conspire, I If freedom were a matter of self-control, eternal life cooperate, I validate his lie, I give him provocation and would be characterized fundamentally as keeping a lid excuse. I lay my life upon the altar of his unhappinness. on our wayward desires and acting in spite of offenses, That is why the Savior said that if someone has aught irritations, and provocations. I do not believe this. I against us, we must first go to him and be reconciled, if believe it is instead serenity and joy--a liberation from all we desire to come to the Lord himself. Otherwise, we evil inclinations, all need to fight against our desires. are not innocent of the other's sin: we have not caused it, This is what the people of King Benjamin discovered but we have worked with our might to promote it. when they repented wholeheartedly. They When I ask forgiveness, then, I am not asking for his comprehended their carnal state, they pled with God for absolution for causing his downfall, but am repenting of mercy, they testified that they were born of God and rid my sin--confessing and forsaking it--and doing all in my compldtll on pagt 3 S

31 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 TESTING THEORIES OF BEHAVIOR WITH SCRIPTURE Stephen L Brower,* Ph.D.

This paper suggests procedures for testing behavioral various strategies employed by Cain to avoid the theory with scripture. A theory of self-betrayal consequences of killing Abel is paralleled by a behavioral (Warner, et. al., 1979) is examined against the series of analysis of this scripture presented at a BYU Six-Stake self-betrayal "strategies" Cain used to avoid the Conference. Spring 1977. These in turn. are juxtaposed consequences of killing his brother Abel. The theory fits with the descriptions proposed in the theory of self­ and explains well the behavior of Cain. A second betrayal outlined by Dr. Terry Warner and others at example of testing theory with scripture deals with BYU (1979). guidelines for assessing fundamental assumptions upon The purpose of my analysis in 1977 was to provide a which theories of behavior are constructed. set of behavioral indicators or "red flags" that signal the presence of destructive behavior, behavior that is damaging to self and others. Each strategy used by Cain Chidester, at the April 1981 AMCAP Workshop, was related to our present behavioral reality. Suggested proposed that Warner's theory of self-betrayal provides means for eliminating or changing these destructive "the missing link, to a large extent," in the development behaviors, based on the repentance process, were also of a "philosophy of human nature and behavior which is presented at that stake conference. However, only the consistent with the Gospel ofJesus Christ." (Chidester, descriptive analyses of the strategies used by Cain are C. Richard. "An Additional Dimension to Marriage used in this paper. Enrichment: A change of Heart." Journal of tht Association of The Behavioral Analysis Mormon Counstlors and Psychothtrapists. 1981,7:3,9-13,23.) Cain kills his brother Abel, and the Lord calls Cain to If Chidester's observation is valid, one could expect to account for this behavior. Cain's response includes a verify it by an analysis of scriptures that underlie gospel number of typical self-protective. yet self-betraying, principles dealing with human nature and behavior. strategies. They are behaviors we may use ourselves (or It is my conviction and experience that exploring the have seen others use) when we are refusing to scriptural roots of theories of personality and human acknowledge our responsibility for various errors, behavior can help one test the adequacy of a theory. mistakes, sins. etc. expand one's understanding of the scriptures and gospel To begin with, Cain chooses to reject and disobey the principles, and aid in formulating more adequate counsel of his parents and the Lord and to follow Satan. theories. This paper seeks to demonstrate procedures "Wherefore Cain was called Master Mahan, and he for using scriptures to assess the validity and adequacy gloried in his wickedness." (Moses 5:31, see also verses of theories of behavior. Two uses of scripture for testing 18-30.) theories of behavior are presented. In following the scriptural record. it is possible to The scriptural account of the Lord's confrontation compare my analysis with Warner's, as follows: with Cain after he had slain Abel serves as a vehicle for analysis of the self-betrayal theory. Without question. Scriptur.1 WarM"'s Dttcription Cain's behavior before and after he killed Abel Accounl of Self.~r.ayal represents an extreme example of self-betrayal. Y. )1. ~C.jh tOM c.,,_ MIf,ulIrrnl. 1. When .. pt'~n does Therefore. one should expect Warner's theory of self­ up oI••in.1 A~I. hi' Mlf·S,·lificoIlton. WNI h. fMb to ~ wron&­ betrayal to provide means for analysis and an brother, and sl~w hlm.­ HIf·.oIin b.h.vio, h. bel,.y. lu"!NIt. v. 33. -And Colin over concern for explanation of Cain's behavior. gloried in th.at which alhen' wtlfuf. A behavioral content analysis of this scripture is hf hold done. wyina: .nd drcfive Mlf. I oIIm fr••; surely Ih. paralleled with the principles outlined by Warner, et. al. flocks of my brother to check the fit of the theory to the scripture. Obviously, fllletn into my ~ndl.- this analysis operates on the assumption that the theory. v. J4. - And the lord lit. deny 1. When. person bftr.ys wid unto Colin: WMre I'tsponsibtlity or himself. he liv~ • lie- in if it approximates an explanation of reality, will be is Abel they brotht-r1 H invol't'ement. Act order to nloiIke the wrona supported by a careful analysis of scripture. For the C.in .nswered. HI innocent. .ppeu nlhl (or.t purposes of this paper, self-betrayal is defined as an know not. leul not wrona). individual doing wh"t ht feels is wrong. Such Am 1 my At/.{i. 10 on 1M brOlher"s keepe:r1 N offensive. usinl wrongdoing is attended by various forms of self­ c1eonr S1N.te.ies to jU5tifying attitude and behavior. put the other person on the defensive. The account in the scriptures (Moses 5:31-39) of the TAe ..J.ord now .directly· confront9 Ca,jn wit"- his. "Brother Brow.er is ,,'Professor i~' the Gradu-ate School behavior and specifies the consequences. "And the Lord of Management, Brigham Young University. said: What hast thou done? The voice of thy brother's

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 32 blood cries unto me from the ground." (v. 35) And thus he shrewdly reminds the Lord that Abel, not himself (Cain), is accountable to the Lord for his v. 38. -And C.in Hid BlAM' ",lim for 3. As .. put of this unto the Lord: S.tiln the problem to divert lie. the person whereabouts and actions. tempted me bK.UH of attention ilW.y insists tluI somrone However, the Lord does not fall for Cain's strategy. my broth~r's floc~ .. fTOm self. or something else is tobll.me. He ignores Cain's attack and continues to deal with the real issue at hand--that with malice of forethought Cain And I wu wroth M.ittJrlali~,,-IIIJtfI 4. This insistence .Ito: tnldlS for why it ,..ke, the form of .. had killed Abel. is not one', bult. concocted emotion. Attacking or going on the offensive is a common for his offerina SHit to.ppt'U s. By this displ.y of strategy used to block further questioning. or challenge thou didst .cc~t to bt tltt vidiPfli emotion. the person m.k~ by trying to divert attention away from the real issue .lind not minr. "' lilt ",.rlyr. it .ppeu th.. 1 he wu .II victim of the with the smokescreening tactic of attacking the other people ~r circu"mst;lncl' he is bl.tming. person. Smokescreening, if succ~s~hd, relieves the "self­ betrayer," for the time being, :from having to deal with my punishment is e"IPI,I.i" ;lbout the 6. His insist~ncl' Ih..t J~der. Ih..n I h.nhness of the others ne victimizing the discomfort of directly·fqcing the reality of the lie. It an be...,.- punishment. him is his WoIY of victimizing them. gives "the guilty one a sense of being in control and having the upper hand. Y. 39. "Behold. &,Iai" how th. 7. Such 10 person tries to thou hut driven me consequences lore set the prople he is blloming This principle seems to me to be missing in the Warner oul Chis cUy from the unfloir ..nd unjust. to ..c1u.lly do the thins he formulation. It could be stated: "To detract attention floce of che Lord. is ucusing them of. 8y this he crutes proof th..t from the lie or wrongdoing, the person attacks or goes they were to bl.. me .. 11 .Iong. on the offensive by attempting to put the other person .041 from thy bee MII·,IIIp/IIIY (Continued insistence of . on the defensive." Some have pointed out thqt perhaps sh.lI I bt hid; /Qr J)'IIIp1111l1y. being ... ictimiud &. tre.ted unF.irly--see 6.) Warner would see this attacking behavior described under his principle number eight: "the self-betrayer .nd I sh.lI be • Set the st..ge to fugiti...e .nd ...... - w!Jdiu,or insists that something, other than what is right, is bond in the euth; pJe. bug..in. supremely valuable." It would be my contention that

,,041 it sholl! come to Belin to pUwJ (III~ 5. In order 10 lustify "going on the offensive" behavior is such a common pus. th.t he Chat "'"y by dum.tizing himself in not doinl the strategy that it needs to be clearly and separately Findeth me will the wont pouible right thins-the nlf- swy me, mults. betr.yer insists th.t specified. something. other d.... n One key to understanding dysfunctional behavior is wh.t 15 right is supremely .... Iu.ble. to explore the roots of manipulative, self-protective,

bK.use of mine In pseudohumility, 9. A self·betr.ayer c.nnot responsibility-avoidance behavior. One will find this iniquitin, for theW' .._il,.ilI.1Ii achieve his g~l. The more kind of behavior associated with those whose lives are thinss ..re not hid IIIlltJllpl I,Jtf ,'', he succt't'ds in .Ppurinl ~ from the lord. filii" 'Q~ III rrJ"rrJ to be justified, the Ins characterized by constant reactive strategies aimed at f'f"Ullly .nd olVold- justified he feels self-protection and self-interest with little or no concern .nee of consequenc" for others. In this example, it seems to begin as a At this point the Lord provides some safeguards to companion to justifying the initial lie. If successful, in insure that Cain will not be subject to the judgments the short run, it then allows the self-betrayer to think he others might impose. "And I the Lord said unto him: has laid the issue to rest, thus deceiving himself into whosoever slayeth thee, vengeance shall be taken on feeling he now will not have to deal with the problem him sevenfold. And I the Lord set a mark upon Cain, lest any further. any finding him should kill him." (v. 40) Examining Behavioral Theory Assumptions As will be noted, there is a remarkably good fit Another example of the use of scripture for testing between the descriptions of the processes of self­ behavioral theories deals with exploring the underlying betrayal in Warner's theory and Cain's behavior. assumptions upon which the theory rests. I believe it is Chidester's evaluation of the theory seems to be safe to say that a majority of the theories of human supported. However, this analysis seems to uncover at behavior have as a central focus the explanation of sick, least one important principle not treated in Warner's pathological, or dysfunctional behavior. These theories description of self-betrayal. have spawned a wide variety of treatment strategies. Cain's initial strategy after his outright lie is to attack-­ They seem to be based first upon an assumption that if go on the offensive--with smokescreening tactics and one can describe and explain a behavioral problem and if the challenge, "Am I my brother's keeper?" This is an one has a viable treatment strategy, the pathology will extremely subtle, manipulative strategy to try to put the be corrected and the pa!'ient will be equipped to be a Lord on the defensive and attempt to detract Him from functional, contributing member of society. the issue at hand. Cain seeks to use the principle of free The fact is, a client under therapy may no longer agency as taught by the Lord to attack the question and exhibit dysfunctional behavior, but there is still no the questioner. Cain cleverly tries to focus attention on assurance that he has learned how to be functional. the aspect of the Lord's question which he (Cain) seeks Behavioral theories that even attempt to define to construe to mean that the Lord is asking him to functional behavior usually do not detail and explain account for his brother's activities or whereabouts. Cain memtal health and growth processes with the clarity and knows the Lord holds sacred the free agency principle precision one finds for dysfunctional, sick behavior. which permits Abel to be free to be wherever he chooses. Second, many behavior theories seem to be based

33 AMCAP JOURNAl/APRIL 1982 upon an assumption that human behavior and animal of dysfunctional (reactive) behavior and based heavily behavior are equivalent. Hence, it is assumed one can on experimental work with animals will have some build theories of human behavior "by observing, relevance for animal behavior, for the processes of analyzing and studying animal behavior. learning, and possibly for understanding some mentally Consider the implication for behavioral theories in ill people, but will have a built-in error when applied to two scriptures dealing with the expected outcomes of functional human behavior as well as to much of human behavior. In the BOOK of Mormon. Lehi instructs dysfunctional human behavior. Jacob, his youngest son, on the nature of man and the The bulk of research into the nature of human pla.n of salvation in 2 Nephi 2. At four points in this behavior focuses upon studies of pathological, chapter, Lehi emphasizes and reinforces the concept dysfunctional, or sick behavior. Comparatively little that God created two types of organisms-- one to "act" effort has been expended in the study and definition of and the other to "be acted upon." healthy, well, or functional behavior. Generally, "God ... created all things, both the heavens and the behavioral theories do not differentiate between animal earth, and all things that in them are, both things to act behavior except possibly as they relate to thinking and things to be acted upon." (2 Nephi 2:14) "And if processes, and even there researchers continue to use there is no God we are not, neither the earth; for there non-human primates as a vehicle for exploring and could have been no creation of things, neither to act nor testing learning theories. .to be acted upon." (2 Nephi 2:13) The kinds of human behavior that are similar to Lehi then teaches Jacob that man was created toacl, or animal behavior are those behaviors that are generally be accountable for his behavior. The rest of earth's dysfunctional and destructive for man. Much behavioral creatures were created to be acltd upon, and thus behave research and behavioral theories fail to differentiate in response to external influence. these issues: man was created to act, animals to react or "Wherefore, the Lord God gave unto man that he to be acted upon; and healthy, functional behavior for should act for himself." (2 Nephi 2:16) "And ... become man is more than freedom from pathology or free forever, knowing good from evil; to act for dysfunction. themselves and not to be acted upon, save it be by the If the scriptures conceive of man as a being who can punishment of the law." (2 Nephi 2:26) choose to act, and if current theories of human behavior Thus we find there is an inherent difference between examine man as a being "acted upon," then one could the nature of man's behavior from that of other propose that current theories of human behavior are creatures. Each behavioral theory can be tested against inadequate and misleading. They are inadequate both this fundamental knowledge. Theories that explain for explaining dysfunctional human behavior and for human behavior as equivalent to animal behaviordistort defining functional human behavior. Lacking the our understanding of human behavior and thus can underlying definitions provided by these and similar encourage the "helping" professions to design and use scriptures, present theories of human behavior tell us inappropriate treatment strategies, or to have false precious little about how to be functional, to choose, to expectations as to what constitutes a "cure." decide, to be accountable, and to manage and improve Abraham, in his account of the Creation, similarly self. reveals and further specifies the differences between the I suggest that the self-betrayal theory is an example of behavior of man and that of other creatures. Abraham one which makes important gospel-related reports that a directive was given for all creatures except contributions to the theories of dysfunctional human man to "be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters ... behavior. It is clearly based upon the agency principle and ... to multiply in the earth." (Abraham 4:22) Later, found in the scriptures and is consistent with Lehi's the Lord's instructions for behavior expected of man definition of the basic behavioral capacity for man, that included not only the directions given to the rest of is, to act rather than be acted upon. creation, but also set additional specific expectations for However, it is an explicit assumption in the theory of the way man should behave. "Be fruitful and multiply, self-betrayal that when self-betrayal behavior is given and rtpltnish the earth, and subdut it, and to havt dominion up, what is left is the "purityof soul" to act in functional, Ovtr ... every living thing ... upon the earth." (Abraham healthy, non-self-betrayal ways. Similarly, it seems to be 4:28, emphasis added) implicit in many theories of behavior upon which Thus man, in each of these scriptural accounts, is current therapies are based that by eliminating self­ singled out to behave according to a different and defeating, dysfunctional behaviors one solves the expanded set of guidelines compared to the rest of person's problem and he/she is well and functional. creation. Man is to act (make ra tional choices, not just be My alternative view is that the elimination of self­ acted upon or react to the pressures or influences about betrayal behavior leads one to the point of a new him). He further is to replenish {leave things in as good beginning, like repentance and forgiveness of sin leads or better condition than before}, subdue (improve, to a new beginning. It is a ntCtssary precondition to be develop, moderate existing conditions), and have achieved before one can effectively begin the process for dominion over his environment (manage, organize, achieving functional growth (righteous living). But it is direct, have responsibility for or stewardship over). not a suf{icitnf condition to insure that the processes for These scriptures suggest to us that theories of functional, productive behavior will occur. behavior derived largely from descriptions and studies If one calls self-betrayal behavior "losing" behavior,

AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982 34 then the elimination of self-betrayal behavior signals back to the hotel to pray about it? Do you think you can _that one is no longer a "loser." But is one automatically a accept?" I just couldn't answer. Finally he said, "You "winner"at that point? No! To become a "winner"(after folks stay here. I will go out." He started walking out the the elimination of self-betrayal behavior) one must, "line door and said, "You folks talk and then tell me." upon line," learn, understand, practice, and apply After about 30 minutes I said, "President Kimball, principles and processes for productive, functional please, I just cannot accept this. I know the gospel is true. behavior. As repentance leads to forgiveness and opens I know you are a prophet of the Lord." the door to a new beginning, so also, I believe, the And then he said, "Let me tell you something. The elimination of self-betrayal behavior performs the same Lord revealed to me that I should extend the call to you function. from the land of Japan. Is that a sufficient answer for Once the "purity of soul" or the new beginning is you?" achieved, one is required to both maintain that state of My brothers and sisters, I hope and pray, humbly, that humility and purity and also initiate and struggle to in a small way, a very small way, Ican serve the members acquire new skills and behaviors leading to productive, of the Church and can serve this great kingdom. I know functional well-being (joy) for self and others. that this gospel is true. I know that Jesus is the Christ. I For an example of the new processes and skills that know it. I know it. I love Heavenly Father. I know he come into play after the elimination of self-betrayal lives. There is no name under the heavens whereby we behavior, look at a scripture that outlines the skills might be saved other than Jesus of Nazareth. And this is needed for the righteous use of power (D&C 121:41-44). his Church and we are his disciples. Thank you very This revelation specifies at least eleven qualities needed much for your patience. I humbly pray this morning in in order for power or influence to be appropriately the name of the Lord Jesus Christ. Amen. (righteously) used. The behavioral skills which this scripture reveals one must master include: persuasion, (ontinlwl from pagr J1 long-suffering, gentleness, meekness, love unfeigned, 16. Smith. joseph. jun.• translator. Th, Boo. 0' Mormon. Salt lake City. kindness, pure knowledge--without hypocrisy and guile, Utah: The Church of jesus Christ of latter-day Saints, 1963, reproving betimes with sharpness when moved upon by preface. the Holy Ghost, and then showing an increasing love. 17. Th, Boo. 0' Mormon. Second Nephi, 2:16. Such behavioral skills come not automatically as a result 18. DOd""' tin' CDOlFl/lntS. 72:3. of eliminating self-betrayal behavior. It may well take a 19. Doclri", lind Cot'tnQ"'!. 132:19. lifetime of practice to master the skills needed for the 20. Op. cit., Smith. joseph Fielding, pp. 345-346. righteous use of power. 21. Robbins, Elaine S. A stlr-conupt comparison of LDS and "0"·LD5 shu/mls. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young Again, I suggest the self-betrayal theory makes an University, 1979. important, gospel-related contribution to the theories of 22. Fills, W.H.• PH.D. Ttnn",,, sa, (onupl S,.I, M,n••l. Nashville. dysfunctional human behaviior, but, like many current Tenn.: Counselor Recordings and Tests. 1965, p. 1. theories of behavior, gives us little specific guidance for 23. Ibid., p.2. learning how to be functional human beings after we 24. Ibid. have eliminated self-betrayal behavior. 25. Ibid. Functional human behavior processes, too,need to be 26. Ibid. detailed and specified. Such processes will specify and 27. Doctrine and Covenants. 76. 28. Snow, lorenzo. In a General Conference Sermon, May 22, 1892. detail how one can aef in order to gain, maintain, and build mental-spiritual health and productive function. Mil/,ni./ SI.r. 54 (1892). 404. 29. james, W. Th, pri.,ip/" of psy,hology. New York: Henry Holt and Co., These processes will adhere to and build upon the wealth 1890, pp. 291-292. of revealed principles in the scriptures for functional, productive human behavior. continlln from IUIlt 31 conU,ulttl from Plllt 7 of all disposition to do evil, or in other words, rid of that You know, I shouldn't take the time, but I would like to carnal state. leave you my testimony. Three and a half years ago Quts/ion: Isn't your position idealistic or solipsistic? President Kimball called me and asked me to come to Salt You are saying, are you not, that we determine the Lake. As I arrived and went into his room, he said, "The nature of our circumstances. Do you mean that we can Lord has called you to serve in this capacity. Will you live in an external hell and still be in heaven? accept?" Answrr: Viktor Frankl said we could. And I could hear and I understood what he said, but I On the solipsism issu~ I will say that we insulate just could not comprehend it. I said, "Presiden.t Kimball, ourselves form reality only if we are deceiving ourselves. could you kindly say it again for me?" And even then we are in contact with the world. It is my With his husky voice he said, "The Lord has called you boy I see in the bathroom. It is his yelling that I hear. I do to be a general authority." not devise these things. But there are dimensions of my And then my wife and I. we just started crying--not experience of them that I do determine, namely, because I was happy--I wasn't! I wasn't ready! I never whether they are offensive to me. Furthermore, if I do thought in my whole life that I would be a "G.A.". not deceive myself and am guileless, far from being We cried for a long time, and finally President Kimball insulated, I live at one with others. I see things as they asked, "Are you there, you folks? Do you want to go are, for I have no investment in misconstruing them.

35 AMCAP JOURNAL/APRIL 1982