Nevada National Security Site Tour Booklet

Nevada Site Specific Advisory Board

October 15, 2015 Prohibited Articles On Nevada National Security Site Public Tours The following items are prohibited within the boundaries of the Nevada National Security Site public tours. Tour escorts are required to do random checks.

• Cellular Phones • Recording Devices • Bluetooth Enabled Devices • Pets and Animals • PDA, BlackBerry, etc. • Explosives • Computers • Ammunition • Portable Data Storage Devices • Incendiary Devices • Global Positioning System (GPS) • Chemical Irritants • Cameras/Camcorders • Alcoholic Beverages • Binoculars • Controlled Substances • Optical Instruments • Any Item Prohibited by Law

Possession of these items may delay the tour and prevent your participation. If at any point during the tour these items are discovered, the tour may be terminated.

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 2 Log No. 2015-128Page 2Title Page 2 Tour Agenda* 7:15 a.m. NSSAB meets charter bus in front of lot 3 at 10:25 a.m. Arrive at Area 5 RWMC, Revegetation at CAU Centennial Hills Transit Center Park and Ride 111, Area 5 Closed Mixed Waste Sites, Work in Las Vegas Plan #3 7:30 a.m. Bus leaves Park & Ride promptly for 11:30 a.m. Depart for Stockade Wash Overlook Mercury, NV 12:15 p.m. Arrive at Stockade Wash Overlook, lunch, 8:20 a.m. Arrive at Mercury Badge Office Path to Closure for Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain, Work Plan #6 8:40 a.m. Arrive at Gate 100 for badge check 1:05 p.m. Depart for U1a Complex 8:45 a.m. Depart for Frenchman Flat Overlook 1:30 p.m. Arrive at U1a Complex 9:00 a.m. Arrive at Frenchman Flat Overlook, French- man Flat Long-term Monitoring Plan (Closure 2:00 p.m. Depart for Mercury Report), Work Plan Item #5

9:30 a.m. Depart for Frenchman Flat 3:00 p.m. Arrive at JLON Building for rest stop

9:45 a.m. Arrive at Frenchman Flat, Corrective Action 3:30 p.m. Depart for Gate 100 for badge Alternatives for CAU 573, Work Plan #1 check

10:15 a.m. Depart for Area 5 Radioactive Waste 4:30 p.m. Arrive at Park and Ride in LV Management Complex (RWMC)

FY 2016 Work Plan at back of tour booklet. * Subject to change

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 3 Log No. 2015-128Page 3Title Page 3 Nevada National Security Site (NNSS)

• Approximately 1,360 square miles of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-controlled land – Surrounded by approximately 4,500 square miles of federally-controlled land • Located approximately 65 miles northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 4 Log No. 2015-128Page 4Title Page 4 DOE Site Comparisons

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 5 Log No. 2015-128Page 5Title Page 5 NNSS Tour Map

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 6 Log No. 2015-128Page 6Title Page 6 Life in Mercury

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 7 Log No. 2015-128Page 7Title Page 7 Life in Mercury (continued)

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 8 Log No. 2015-128Page 8Title Page 8 Nuclear Testing Road to the NNSS

• U.S. enters World War II in 1941 after Japanese attack Pearl Harbor • U.S. Manhattan Project begins developing first atomic bomb in 1942 to influence the outcome of the war • Manhattan Project tests first atomic bomb in New Mexico on July 16, 1945, called “Trinity” • U.S. drops two atomic bombs on two cities in Japan on August 6 and 9, 1945 – Japan surrenders August 14, 1945 • Nuclear testing begins in the South Pacific Ocean in 1946

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 9 Log No. 2015-128Page 9Title Page 9 NNSS Established in 1950 • Atomic testing in the South Pacific presented challenges – Logistics – Weather – Security – Safety • Urgent need for continental test site – Top secret feasibility study, code named Nutmeg, commenced to search for a continental test site – Study concluded arid, southwest section of U.S. as an ideal location • President Truman officially established Nevada Proving Grounds, now the NNSS, on December 18, 1950

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 10 Log No. 2015-128Page 10Title Page 10 Historic Activities

• First NNSS atmospheric nuclear test detonated on January 27, 1951 • 928 atmospheric and underground nuclear tests conducted between 1951 and 1992 • Development and testing of nuclear weapons generated radioactive waste

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 11 Log No. 2015-128Page 11Title Page 11 United States Nuclear Tests Location Tests Detonations South Atlantic 3 3 A test is defined in the Pacific 106 106 Threshold Test Ban Alamogordo, NM 1 1 Treaty as either a Amchitka, AK 3 3 single underground nuclear explosion Carlsbad, NM 1 1 (detonation) or two or Central, NV 1 1 more underground Fallon, NV 1 1 nuclear explosions Farmington, NM 1 1 (detonations) Grand Valley, CO 1 1 conducted within an Hattiesburg, MS 2 2 area delineated by a Nellis Range 5 5 circle having a Rifle, CO 1 3 diameter of two NNSS Atmospheric 100 100 kilometers and NNSS Underground – U.S. 804 conducted within a NNSS Underground – U.S./U.K. 24 921 total period of time not to exceed 0.1 second. 1,054 1,149

Source: NV-209 Rev 15

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 12 Log No. 2015-128Page 12Title Page 12 Atmospheric Testing at the NNSS • 100 atmospheric tests conducted at the NNSS from January 1951 through July 1962 to study weapons-related effects, as safety experiments, and to study peaceful effects of nuclear explosions • Conducted aboveground in the atmosphere − Tower 43 − Balloon 23 − Airdrop 19 − Surface 13 − Rocket 1 − Airburst 1 Climax – an airdrop test at the NNSS on June 4, 1953

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 13 Log No. 2015-128Page 13Title Page 13 Frenchman Flat Seated at these bleachers, located alongside the Mercury Highway, official observers viewed the detonation of 14 atmospheric tests in Frenchman Flat

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 14 Log No. 2015-128Page 14Title Page 14 37-kiloton Priscilla test detonated on June 24, 1957 on the NNSS Frenchman Flat

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 15 Log No. 2015-128Page 15Title Page 15 Nonproliferation Test and Evaluation Complex (NPTEC)

• Unique 67-acre facility equipped to test sensors using a variety of release methods, including chemical releases, wind tunnel releases, and portable release systems • Provides sensor arrays for ground truth data, an explosives pad, weather data instrumentation, calibrated release systems, and 24-hour release capability • Environmental Impact Statement allows release of hazardous materials for training, field-testing of detectors, plume dispersion experimentation, and equipment and materials testing • Includes activities at various other locations on the NNSS

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 16 Log No. 2015-128Page 16Title Page 16 Soils

• Atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, nuclear safety experiments, surface releases from underground tests, nuclear testing done in support of nuclear rocket development in Area 25, and evaluation tests for peaceful uses of nuclear explosives conducted at the NNSS and Nevada Test and Training Range (operated by the U.S. Air Force) resulted in the radioactive contamination of surface soils • Soils Activity includes142 Corrective Action Sites (~ 84% closed as of 8-31-15) – Characterizing and remediating surface soil contamination – Ensuring appropriate controls (i.e. postings, barriers, etc.) are in place at the sites and conducting long-term site monitoring, as needed

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 17 Log No. 2015-128Page 17Title Page 17 Atmospheric Test Relics

Concrete shelter domes prior to the Effect of the test on the concrete 1957 Priscilla test shelter dome

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 18 Log No. 2015-128Page 18Title Page 18 900-square foot underground dual purpose garage and mass shelter built and tested for Priscilla in 1957

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 19 Log No. 2015-128Page 19Title Page 19 Mosler Safe Company designed a 12-foot by 8-foot reinforced concrete vault for the Priscilla test in 1957; trim on the steel door was loosened by the blast, but the door itself was not damaged – contents placed within the safe remained intact

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 20 Log No. 2015-128Page 20Title Page 20 Four railroad trestles constructed for Operation Plumbbob in 1953 – only one structure remains in place today with visible significant bowing of the steel “I” beams

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 21 Log No. 2015-128Page 21Title Page 21 The End of Atmospheric Testing • U.S. agreed to observe Limited Test Ban Treaty in October 1963, effectively ending atmospheric testing

Little Feller I test location 46 years after the last atmospheric test on the NNSS was detonated on July 17, 1962

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 22 Log No. 2015-128Page 22Title Page 22 Industrial Sites • Industrial Sites are facilities and land used in direct support of historic nuclear testing which resulted in environmental contamination – Sites include leach fields, sumps, disposal wells, tanks, contaminated waste piles, ordnance sites, etc. • 1,126* Corrective Action Sites (CASs) – Completed remediation activities at 1,124* sites with state approval * Does not include Defense Program funded sites

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 23 Log No. 2015-128Page 23Title Page 23 Use Restrictions • Use restrictions consist of contaminant boundaries that are entered into the site-wide geographic information system (GIS) • Use restrictions are put in place to warn site workers of the presence of contamination at levels of potential concern

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 24 Log No. 2015-128Page 24Title Page 24 Use Restrictions (continued)

• FFACO use restrictions are implemented where contamination exceeds action levels or dose could exceed 25 millirem/year (mrem/yr) based on current and projected land use – these require a higher level of control to include warning signs • Administrative use restrictions are implemented where dose could exceed 25 mrem/yr if the site were to be used for industrial activities – this is a lower level of control and do not require signage • Both use restriction types are controlled administratively

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 25 Log No. 2015-128Page 25Title Page 25 Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 111, Area 5 Closed Mixed Waste Cells

• Closure Date - February 21, 2012 • Contaminants of concern - buried radiological and hazardous waste • Inspection requirements: – Quarterly visual inspections of use restriction signs and monuments and to assess the soil cover for erosion, subsidence, cracks, animal burrows, and evidence of intrusion – Visual inspections on the following business day if precipitation is recorded in excess of one inch within a 24-hour period

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 26 Log No. 2015-128Page 26Title Page 26 CAU 111 – Revegetation History

• December 2011 – revegetation of the CAU 111 cover was completed. • May 2013 – the first vegetation survey was completed. Due to low germination success and high rates of plant mortality, it was concluded that the covers required remedial revegetation. • June 2014 – vegetation monitoring indicates a viable plant community had not been established on the test plots. Additional test plots on the southern section of the north cover were proposed to evaluate the effects of supplemental irrigation and a no-mulch alternative.

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 27 Log No. 2015-128Page 27Title Page 27 CAU 111 – Revegetation History (continued)

• October 2014 – broadcast seeding was performed in using the highest quality seed available at a rate that was 20 to 30 percent higher to compensate for the reduction in seed viability and germination experienced this year. A rabbit fence was installed around the base of the cover. • June 2015 – vegetation survey indicates no desirable vegetation is present. Herbicide will be used on undesirable plants and irrigation and monitoring discontinued.

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 28 Log No. 2015-128Page 28Title Page 28 CAU 111 – North Cover Vegetation – June 2015

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 29 Log No. 2015-128Page 29Title Page 29 CAU 111 – Schematic

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 30 Log No. 2015-128Page 30Title Page 30 CAU 111 – Schematic (continued)

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 31 Log No. 2015-128Page 31Title Page 31 Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Complex (RWMC)

• Low-level radioactive waste disposal began in 1961 • DOE and Department of Defense waste generator sites across the complex ship packaged low-level and mixed low-level waste (MLLW) for disposal • In addition to disposal, MLLW may be stored at the RWMC in accordance with a Resource Conservation and Recovery Act permit

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 32 Log No. 2015-128Page 32Title Page 32 Area 5 RWMC (continued)

• Total disposed volume • Six (6) active disposal since inception is more cells than 27 million cubic feet (ft3) • Eight (8) operationally closed disposal cells • Available capacity in and 26 permanently existing cells is greater closed cells than 5 million ft3 • Disposal Cell 28 is being constructed, ~450,000 ft3 in a new shallow cell

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 33 Log No. 2015-128Page 33Title Page 33 Area 5 RWMC (continued) Monitoring Locations •Air (2) • Groundwater (3) • Meteorology (1) • Radon Flux (1) • Evapotranspiration(2) • Soil Moisture (8) • Soil Temperature (8) • Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (12) Depth to groundwater is over 770 feet

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 34 Log No. 2015-128Page 34Title Page 34 Mixed Low-Level Waste (MLLW)

• Per DOE Order 435.1, MLLW is low-level waste determined to contain a radioactive component subject to the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, and a hazardous component subject to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act • Generators must meet the following criteria in order to ship MLLW to the NNSS for disposal: – Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations land disposal restrictions (including treated waste) – NNSS Waste Acceptance Criteria (including Performance Assessment requirements)

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 35 Log No. 2015-128Page 35Title Page 35 MLLW Disposal (continued) • Nevada Field Office has submitted a five-year renewal application for active MLLW Cell 18 – NDEP accepted public comments through the end of August 2015 – Renewal application currently pending – NDEP has final approval authority • Nevada Field Office initiated preliminary planning activities, including discussion with NDEP, and submittal of permit modification for construction of a new MLLW cell in FY 2017 – At current MLLW disposal rates, MLLW Cell 18 will be at capacity in fourth quarter of FY 2017 or first quarter FY 2018

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 36 Log No. 2015-128Page 36Title Page 36 MLLW Temporary Storage Locations • Four MLLW temporary storage locations at Area 5 RWMC: – Transuranic (TRU) Waste Pad Cover Building and storage pad (1) – Sprung Instant Structure Building (2) – Visual Examination and Repackaging Building (3) – Drum Holding Pad (4) • Combined storage capacity limited to 18,426 cubic meters • MLLW storage at NNSS is permitted by NDEP

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 37 Log No. 2015-128Page 37Title Page 37 Underground Test Area (UGTA)

• 828 underground nuclear tests conducted at depths ranging from approximately 100 to 4,800 feet below the ground surface • About one-third of tests occurred in, near, or below the water table, which resulted in some groundwater contamination

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 38 Log No. 2015-128Page 38Title Page 38 Underground Testing at the NNSS

• First underground nuclear test was Uncle on November 29, 1951 • Last underground nuclear test, Divider, detonated on September 23, 1992

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 39 Log No. 2015-128Page 39Title Page 39 Underground Testing at the NNSS (continued)

• Holes were three to 12 feet in diameter • A large hole required the removal of more than 4,280 cubic yards of soil • If the depths of holes drilled for underground nuclear tests since 1961 were combined, it would total about 280 miles • Drilling techniques developed at the NNSS continue to be used throughout the world

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 40 Log No. 2015-128Page 40Title Page 40 Underground Test

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 41 Log No. 2015-128Page 41Title Page 41 Underground Testing at the NNSS – Subsidence Crater Formation

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 42 Log No. 2015-128Page 42Title Page 42 UGTA Groundwater Characterization • UGTA evaluates historic testing impacts on groundwater resources and studies the extent of contaminant migration • Groundwater characterization scope includes collection of multiple sources of field data in order to create 3-D computer models – Models include groundwater, flow and transport parameters • Models will be used to aid in the selection of monitoring well locations

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 43 Log No. 2015-128Page 43Title Page 43 Joint Actinide Shock Physics Experimental Research (JASPER) • Study properties and responses of special nuclear materials under high pressure • 133 shots to date (60 plutonium [Pu] shots)* - First shot: JAS001 March 19, 2001 - First Pu shot: JAS021 July 8, 2003

*as of September 22, 2015

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 44 Log No. 2015-128Page 44Title Page 44 Homeland Security Increasing Activity at the NNSS • Radiological / Nuclear Countermeasures Test and Evaluation Complex – National test bed for radiation detectors/sensors – Realistic operational environment allows use of significant quantities of nuclear material • Advanced Spectroscopic Portal (ASP monitoring) • Aerial radiological surveys

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 45 Log No. 2015-128Page 45Title Page 45 Device Assembly Facility (DAF) • 100,000 square-foot facility • Assembly cells designed to withstand effects of explosions • Glovebox for JASPER and U1a target assembly • Current location for National Criticality Experiments Research Center

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 46 Log No. 2015-128Page 46Title Page 46 Control Point-1 (CP-1)

• Command post used for conducting nuclear tests

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 47 Log No. 2015-128Page 47Title Page 47 News Nob

Soldiers pose by News Nob, a vantage Journalists set up on News Nob to point for atmospheric tests established witness an atmospheric test in March for the media 1953

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 48 Log No. 2015-128Page 48Title Page 48 U1a • Underground laboratory for subcritical experiments • Data for National Laboratories • Safety and reliability of stockpile • 48 experiments conducted at U1a

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 49 Log No. 2015-128Page 49Title Page 49 Huron King Test Chamber

• Visual line of sight underground nuclear test (yield less than 20 kilotons) conducted June 24, 1980 • Tested effects of a system generated electromagnetic pulse on a full-scale operating military Defense Satellite Communications System

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 50 Log No. 2015-128Page 50Title Page 50 CAU 573, GMX Overview • Twenty-nine experiments conducted between December 1954 and February 1956 • Bunker present at ground zero (no environmental concern inside bunker) • Drainage – sampled and no migration • Field activities conducted in 2015, including: – Terrestrial radiological surveys – Radiological soil sampling and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) placement – Geophysical surveys

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 51 Log No. 2015-128Page 51Title Page 51 CAU 573, GMX High Contamination Area and Bunker

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 52 Log No. 2015-128Page 52Title Page 52 CAU 573, GMX Corrective Actions

• Corrective Action required for High Contamination Area which contains the ground zero bunker – Removable contamination present on soil/debris

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 53 Log No. 2015-128Page 53Title Page 53 CAU 573, Hamilton Overview • One tower test with yield of 1.2 tons • Conducted October 1958 as part of Operation Hardtack II at a height of 50 feet • Debris/soil pile present near ground zero • Lead items identified at site • Field activities conducted in 2015, including: – Terrestrial radiological surveys – Soil sampling (chemical and radiological) and TLD placement – Geophysical surveys – Characterization and removal of lead items

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 54 Log No. 2015-128Page 54Title Page 54 CAU 573, Hamilton Debris Pile

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 55 Log No. 2015-128Page 55Title Page 55 CAU 573, Hamilton Corrective Actions

• Corrective Action required for soil/debris pile located near ground zero – Pile consists of radioactively-contaminated soil and testing-related debris

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 56 Log No. 2015-128Page 56Title Page 56 Icecap Ground Zero

• Location for underground nuclear test scheduled for Spring 1993 – Moratorium on nuclear weapons testing on September 23, 1992 • Planned test range was 20 - 150 kilotons and would have been conducted 1,550 feet underground • Tower is 157-feet tall • Inside is a 300,000 pound diagnostic canister suspended from the top of the tower

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 57 Log No. 2015-128Page 57Title Page 57 Big Explosive Experimental Facility (BEEF)

• Non-nuclear high-explosive tests • Capable of 70,000 pounds of explosives

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 58 Log No. 2015-128Page 58Title Page 58 Tower Test Example Smoky – tower soars 700 feet into the air above Yucca Flat at the NNSS; first atomic tower test of this height (Smoky detonation below)

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 59 Log No. 2015-128Page 59Title Page 59 Balloon Test Examples

Fireball of Charleston lights Yucca Flat at the NNSS; 12-kiloton device was suspended by a balloon at a height of 1,500 feet

Balloon used in the detonation of Charleston on September 28, 1957

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 60 Log No. 2015-128Page 60Title Page 60 Sedan Crater

• Excavation experiment using a 104-kiloton thermonuclear device (part of the Plowshare Program) • Conducted July 6, 1962 • Detonated 635 feet underground • Displaced 12 million tons of earth • Crater is 1,280 feet in diameter and 320 feet deep • Released seismic energy equivalent to a 4.75 magnitude earthquake

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 61 Log No. 2015-128Page 61Title Page 61 Sedan Crater (continued)

• Listed on the National Register for Historic Places on April 1, 1994 • Completion of remediation activities and implementation of a closure in place with a use restriction and posting, approved by the State in July 2011

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 62 Log No. 2015-128Page 62Title Page 62 EPA Farm • Operated 16 years • Studied radionuclide uptake in cows, horses, pigs, goats, chickens and crops • Closed in December 1981

AEC had its own brand

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 63 Log No. 2015-128Page 63Title Page 63 1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 64 Log No. 2015-128Page 64Title Page 64 T-1 Training Area • Counter Terrorism Operations Support (CTOS)/Center for Radiological Nuclear Training • Includes more than 10 acres with more than 20 separate training venues • First responder training to take action in preventing or mitigating terrorist use of radiological or nuclear devices • More than 170,000 first responders trained since 1999

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 65 Log No. 2015-128Page 65Title Page 65 Apple II Houses

• 29-kiloton test was detonated from a 500-ft tower on May 5, 1955 • 7,800 ft to the east of the tower are the remains of a wooden two-story house • Part of a Civil Defense exercise

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 66 Log No. 2015-128Page 66Title Page 66 Located 7,800 feet from Apple-2 ground zero, this existing two-story wooden house was one of two identical structures erected for civil effects tests; the other one, located 5,500 feet from ground zero, was severely damaged

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 67 Log No. 2015-128Page 67Title Page 67 Located 10,500 feet from Apple-2 ground zero, this existing two-story brick house was one of two identical structures erected for civil effects tests; the other house located 4,700 feet from ground zero was demolished beyond repair

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 68 Log No. 2015-128Page 68Title Page 68 Apple-2 – 29-kiloton nuclear test detonated from the top of a 500-foot tower at the NNSS on May 5, 1955

65 associated experiments conducted at various distances from ground zero, including 48 civil effects tests on different types of typical American homes

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 69 Log No. 2015-128Page 69Title Page 69 Two colonial, two-story homes were erected at 3,500 feet and 7,500 feet from Annie ground zero House at 3,500 feet was completely destroyed House at 7,500 feet was badly damaged

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 70 Log No. 2015-128Page 70Title Page 70 1 2 3

4 5 6

Sequential photos show the complete destruction of the colonial style house located 3,500 feet from Annie ground zero

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 71 Log No. 2015-128Page 71Title Page 71 Nuclear Rocket Development at the NNSS – Project Rover

• U.S. launched nuclear rocket development program in 1955

• Ground tests conducted at facilities in southwest corner of NNSS

• Four basic segments:

– KIWI tested non-flyable nuclear test reactors

– PHOEBUS Extension of KIWI, designed to produce higher power levels and longer duration operations than KIWI reactors

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 72 Log No. 2015-128Page 72Title Page 72 Nuclear Rocket Development at the NNSS – Project Rover (continued)

PHOEBUS 2A was the most powerful, non-flyable nuclear rocket reactor ever built. Reactor operated for about 32 minutes; 12 minutes at power levels more than a million watts

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 73 Log No. 2015-128Page 73Title Page 73 Nuclear Rocket Development at the NNSS – Project Rover (continued)

– NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Applications) developed the first nuclear rocket engine suitable for space flight; and – RIFT (Reactor In-Flight Test) objectives were to design, develop, and flight-test a NERVA-powered vehicle as an upper stage for a Saturn V launch vehicle

Project Rover, a technical success, terminated in 1973 as a result of the cancellation of Saturn V launch vehicle program in 1969

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 74 Log No. 2015-128Page 74Title Page 74 March 1963 President Kennedy visits Nuclear Rocket Development Station in Area 25 Engine Test Stand 1

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 75 Log No. 2015-128Page 75Title Page 75 Nuclear Rocket Development at the NNSS – Project Pluto

• Code name for the project to develop a nuclear powered ramjet for a Supersonic Low-Altitude Missile (SLAM) • Principle was to draw in air at the front of the vehicle under ram (great pressure), heat it to make it expand, and then exhaust it out the back, providing thrust • Reactor designed for experiment named Tory and was capable of 35,000 pounds of thrust • Testing conducted at the Pluto Facility in NNSS Area 26

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 76 Log No. 2015-128Page 76Title Page 76 On May 14, 1961, the world’s first nuclear ramjet engine, Tory II-A, mounted on a railroad car, roared to life for just a few seconds

Three years later, Tory II-C was tested for 5 minutes. Despite its success, the Pentagon and Pluto sponsors had second thoughts about the project and on July 1, 1964, seven years after its inception, Project Pluto was cancelled.

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 77 Log No. 2015-128Page 77Title Page 77 Homeland Security and Defense

• Train responders in prevention/ response to terrorist radiological/ nuclear material • Unique NNSS training complexes and capabilities simulate realistic scenarios in radiation and chemical environment

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 78 Log No. 2015-128Page 78Title Page 78 NNSS Plays Central Role in National Emergency Response • Remote Sensing Laboratory (RSL) provides technologies, equipment, and national response teams to search for improvised nuclear devices and radiation dispersal devices (“dirty bombs”) – RSL-Andrews provides the national capital region response – RSL-Nellis provides other national response • Also provides consequence management teams if a device were to detonate • Provides support during other emergencies including response to the Nuclear Power Plant disaster in Fukushima, Japan

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 79 Log No. 2015-128Page 79Title Page 79 NSSAB FY 2016 Work Plan

Item 1 Work Plan Item: Corrective Action Alternatives for Corrective Action Unit (CAU) 573, Alpha Contaminated Sites

Deadline for November 2015 Recommendation: Description: In November 2015, the Nevada Field Office will provide a briefing to the NSSAB that outlines the nature and extent of contamination, the potential risk to human health and the environment, and an overview of the Corrective Action Alternatives for CAU 573.

From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide a recommendation on which corrective action alternative (closure in place or clean closure) should be selected by the Nevada Field Office.

Item 2 Work Plan Item: Proposed Changes to Long-Term Monitoring at Closed Sites

Deadline for May 2016 Recommendation: Description: In May 2016, the Nevada Field Office will provide a briefing to the NSSAB on proposed changes to some of the current long-term monitoring requirements for closed Corrective Action Sites on the Nevada National Security Site.

From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide a recommendation regarding the proposed changes to current long-term requirements

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 80 Log No. 2015-128Page 80Title Page 80 NSSAB FY 2016 Work Plan (continued)

Item 3 Work Plan Item: Revegetation at CAU 111, Area 5 Closed Mixed Waste Cells

Deadline for May 2016 Recommendation: Description: In May 2016, the Nevada Field Office will provide a briefing to the NSSAB on the revegetation efforts on the cover at CAU 111, Area 5 Closed Mixed Waste Cells on the Nevada National Security Site.

From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide a recommendation suggesting a path forward regarding the cover at CAU 111.

Item 4 Work Plan Item: Air Monitoring Stations at the Tonopah Test Range

Deadline for July 2016 Recommendation: Description: In July 2016, the Nevada Field Office will provide a briefing to the NSSAB on air monitoring stations collecting data at Soils sites on the Tonopah Test Range.

From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide a recommendation for whether air monitoring at these stations should be discontinued, the stations should be moved to different locations or continue at the current locations, or a combination.

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 81 Log No. 2015-128Page 81Title Page 81 NSSAB FY 2016 Work Plan (continued)

Item 5 Work Plan Item: Frenchman Flat Long-term Monitoring Plan (Closure Report)

Deadline for November 2015 or January 2016 Recommendation: Description: In November 2015, the Nevada Field Office will provide a briefing to the NSSAB explaining the draft Frenchman Flat long-term monitoring plan (Closure Report).

From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide a recommendation as to if the draft plan meets communities expectations and if there are any recommended changes.

Item 6 Work Plan Item: Path to Closure for Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain

Deadline for January 2016 Recommendation: Description: In January 2016, the Nevada Field Office will provide a briefing to the NSSAB describing the current status of Rainier Mesa/Shoshone Mountain groundwater. The briefing will include a planned path forward to closure for this Corrective Action Unit.

From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide recommendations on if the Board supports the plan and how it could be enhanced.

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 82 Log No. 2015-128Page 82Title Page 82 NSSAB FY 2016 Work Plan (continued)

Item 7 Work Plan Item: Radioactive Waste Acceptance Program (RWAP) Assessment Improvement Opportunities

Deadline for March 2016 Recommendation: Description: In March 2016, the Nevada Field Office will provide a briefing to the NSSAB on the RWAP assessment process. Up to two members will be able to observe a generator surveillance (March 22-23, 2016) at the Nevada National Security Site.

The NSSAB members who participation in the observation will present their observations to the Full Board. From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide a recommendation for ways to improve the RWAP assessment process.

Item 8 Work Plan Item: FY 2018 Baseline Prioritization

Deadline for March 2016 Recommendation: Description: In March 2016, the Nevada Field Office will provide briefings on planned FY 2018 baseline activities.

From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide a recommendation ranking the activities.

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 83 Log No. 2015-128Page 83Title Page 83 NSSAB FY 2016 Work Plan (continued)

Item 9 Work Plan Item: Low-Level Waste Transportation

Deadline for September 2016 Recommendation: Description: Transportation related briefings will be provided throughout the year during educational sessions and Full Board meetings.

From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide recommendations on how waste transportation could be improved by the Department of Energy.

Item 10 Work Plan Item: Communication Improvement Opportunities

Deadline for September 2016 Recommendation: Description: From a community perspective, the NSSAB will provide recommendation(s) at each Full Board meeting on ways that DOE can improve/enhance communication to the public (i.e. presentations, open houses, documents, fact sheets). These interim recommendations would be documented in the official minutes of each Full Board meeting with a final recommendation letter submitted to DOE at the end of the fiscal year.

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 84 Log No. 2015-128Page 84Title Page 84 For More Information

For more information on U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office programs and activities: visit our website at www.nv.energy.gov or call the Office of Public Affairs at (702) 295-3521

1153FY16 – 10/15/2015 – Page 85 Log No. 2015-128Page 85Title Page 85 Geologic Setting of Frenchman Flat

Stratigraphic Column Stratigraphic Nomenclature Hydrostratigraphic Unit

Qp Playa deposits AA3 PCU2 Yucca Flat Qay AA3 Qai Alluvium SynclineRidge OAA QTa Frenchman Flat Model AA2 Tybf Basalt of Frenchman Flat BLFA Area Boundary QTc Older altered alluvium OAA1 AA2 AA1 Tertiary/Quaternary Yucca QTp Older playa deposits AA1 PCU1L Lake Mid Tma Ammonia Tanks Tuff Valley French Tmab Bedded Ammonia Tanks Tuff Peak TM-WTA Tmr

Group Rainier Mesa Tuff TM-LVTA A CPCP BuriedHills BasinBasin Mass. Timber Mountain Timber TM-LVTA Mtn. Tmrh Tuff of Holmes Road Tpt Topopah Spring Tuff TSA Wahmonie Lincoln Co. Th Calico Hills Formation LVTA Volcanic Frenchman Clark Co. Center Flat Nye Co. Lava Tw Wahmonie Formation Tertiary Cenozoic WCU Frenchman Lava

Lake Miocene Cane Spring Fault Tws Lava Salyer Member LTCU Tc Crater Flat Group Ranger Tcb Bullfrog Tuff LTCU1 Skull Mountain Mountains Tn/To Tunnel Beds and Older Tuffs A / Rock Valley Fault Zone Tgp YOU ARE HERE Rocks of Pavits Spring

VCU

Frenchman Flat Tgw Rocks of Winapi Wash S playa (PCU2) cene p ed Range Oligo- ecter tt Cambrian - Devonian carbonate (Thrusted) LCA3 D - C Drill Mercury Spo Late Devonian - Mississippian siliciclastic rocks UCCU Holes Ra Valley MDe

nge & Cambrian - Devonian carbonate LCA L OeD - C a sVe Paleozoic LCA

Precambrian LCCU g a sVa p C Proterozoic - Early Cambrian siliciclastic rocks lley Shear clay/shale Zon welded ash-flow tuff andesitic/dacitic lava e Rock silt/siltstone LCCU alluvium nonwelded and bedded tuff conglomerate Quaternary Playa Type Looking northeast 4048m2 k Tertiary Volcanic Rocks Deposits basaltic lava inter-bedded tuff and flow breccia limestone/dolomite with alluvium removed. Quaternary/Tertiary Precambrian and Paleozoic Modified from Figure 4-1 in BN, 2005 40482 mi± Alluvium Sedimentary Rocks Stratigraphic and Hydrostratigraphic Columns Generalized Geologic Map 3-D Hydrostratigraphic Framework Model A A’ Northwest Southeast Frenchman Flat Ranger Mountains 1500 CP Basin UGTA Well Frenchman Lake Playa LEGEND 1000 ER-5-4 #2 Water Level 726 feet 500 Alluvium Quaternary Playa Deposits Volcanic 0 Rocks -500 Quaternary/Tertiary Alluvium

-1000 Total Depth: 7,000 feet Tertiary Volcanic Rocks -1500 Rock Valley Fault Zone -2000 Precambrian and Paleozoic -2500 Carbonate Rocks Sedimentary Rocks

Cane Spring Fault

Elevation (meters) -3000 Precambrian and Paleozoic Siliciclastic Rocks -3500

-4000 Siliciclastic Rocks Aquifer -4500

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 Distance (meters) Generalized Northwest - Southeast Geologic Cross Section (Looking Northeast) This work was done by National Security Technologies, LLC, under Contract No. DE-AC52-06NA25946 with the U.S. Department of Energy. T-Tunnel A N-Tunnel P-Tunnel A’ SW NE

METERS Section B-B’ HUDSON SEAL

TMWTA OAK MIGHTY 2200 ER-12-4 (proj) 2200 MISSION GHOST

TMLVTA DIAMOND FORTUNE 2000 ER-19-1 (proj) 2000

BRA Aqueduct The WW-8 TMWTA 1800 LVTA2 BRA LVTA1 1800 Shallow water table LTCU TMLVTA 1600 LTCU RVA LTCU UTCU 1600 ATCU ? BRA 1400 RVA ? ? LCCU1 TUBA 1400 BRA OSBCU 1200 LCA3 water table OSBCU 1200 NW T-T ATCU Mid T-Tunnel fault 1000 1000 LCA3 800 ? 800 unnel fault 600 RVA 600 LCCU1 RM1 fault 400 UCCU 400 UCCU MGCU 200 LTCU1 200 0 ATCU Big Burn Valley fault 0 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers No vertical exaggeration

EXPLANATION A’ B-,C-,D-,F- N-Tunnel A A’ Trace of hydrogeologic section B Tunnels B’ Tunnel drift 1500 NW SE Observation well U-12s P METERS 1600

RAINIER Underground nuclear test WINESKIN MISTY ECHO MISTY C’ MERCURY MARS

2400 Section C-C’ Section A-A’ Section D-D’ 2400

TMWTA Structural contour of LTCU 1700 2200 BRA 2200 ER-12-4 LTCU TMLVTA surface--Shows altitude in B 2000 OSBCU 2000 meters. From NSTec (2013) J,I,K LCCU1 LVTA1 1900 1800 Shallow water table LTCU ? 1800 Area where mapped shallow T ponds OSBCU water table is above top of ? 2100 1600 1600 LTCU/OSBCU 1800 RVA WINESKIN ATCU 1400 MGCU 1400 D’ LCCU1 LCA3 water table 1200 LCA3 1200 1900 1000 1000 2000 No vertical exaggeration 0 0.5 1 2 Kilometers N 1900 CLEARWATER ponds ER-12-3 EXPLANATION B,C,D,F C 2000 Shallow lateral flow on Tunnel surface of LTCU 1800 B’ D E Vertical leakage in Lateral groundwater flow--Arrow indicates flow ponds saturated zone direction. Arrow size indicates relative flow volume ER-12-1 Vertical leakage in Southwesterly lateral flow in AFFCR unsaturated zone or OV groundwater basin. ER-19-1 Water table--Dashed where uncertain. Inverted triangle Southerly (out of page) lateral flow indicates base of perched zone in AFFCR groundwater basin Portion of three cavity radii Northeasterly lateral flow (3 Rc) sphere intersected by 1900 G trace of section--Cavity radii in OV or AM groundwater basin WW-8 19 12 12 based on maximum announced 217 yield (DOE/NV, 2000) and ? Southwesterly or northeasterly flow A 1718 0 0.5 1 2 3 4 Kilometers equation 1 in Pawloski (1999). direction uncertain

Figure xx-4 Hydrostratigraphic sections through RM

Log# 2015-127 Tritium Levels Relative to Safe Drinking Water Act Limits for NNSS Integrated Sampling Plan Locations

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