DOCSLIB.ORG

Communication LWBK367 C04 P79-98.Qxd 01/07/2009 01:00 AM Page 81 Aptara

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Communication LWBK367 C04 P79-98.Qxd 01/07/2009 01:00 AM Page 81 Aptara LWBK367_c04_p79-98.qxd 01/07/2009 01:00 AM Page 79 Aptara part TWO Communication LWBK367_c04_p79-98.qxd 01/07/2009 01:00 AM Page 81 Aptara chapter FOUR OUTLINE Purposes of Teeth Speech Mastication Esthetics Dental Parts of a Tooth Dentition Primary Dentition Terminology Mixed Dentition Permanent Dentition OBJECTIVES Arches After completing this chapter, you should be able to do the following: Quadrants • Spell and define key terms Anterior and Posterior Teeth Discuss the purposes of teeth • Types of Teeth • Identify and describe the parts and tissues of a tooth • Explain the differences between primary dentition and permanent dentition IncisorsIncisors Describe the dental arches and the dental quadrants Canines • Premolars List the four types of teeth and their surfaces • Molars • Name and describe the three tooth numbering systems • Discuss the dental chart and how it relates to the dental office administrator Tooth Numbering Systems Universal Numbering System Palmer Notation System KEY TERMS InternationalInternational NumberingNumbering • edentulous • exfoliated System • crown • wisdom teeth Tooth Surfaces clinical crown mixed dentition • • Dental Charting • root • permanent teeth • enamel • secondary teeth Chapter Summary • dentin • succedaneous • dentinoenamel junction • maxillary arch • dentinal tubules • mandibular arch • dentinal fibril • midsagittal plane • cementum • midline • cementoenamel junction • posterior • periodontal disease • anterior • pulp • diastema • apical foramen • Universal Numbering System • primary dentition • Palmer Notation System • deciduous dentition • International Numbering • resorbed System 81 LWBK367_c04_p79-98.qxd 01/07/2009 01:00 AM Page 82 Aptara 82 PART II Communication familiarity with dental terminology related to the function, form, and purposes of Ateeth is a necessity for dental administrative personnel to answer general questions posed by patients regarding teeth and they require. Dental administrative assistants are of- ten responsible for addressing patient concerns over the telephone and need to be able to answer general clinical questions confidently and correctly. Additionally, they must be able to read the patient’s clinical chart and understand the treatment completed for billing pur- poses. Errors made in billing as a result of an inaccurate reading of the treatment per- formed can lead to problems with insurance companies and patients and a loss in revenue for the dental practice. Thus, the study of teeth and their make-up, as well as the terminology used by dental professionals in relation to teeth, is discussed in this chapter. This chapter focuses on fun- damental terms common to all general and specialty dental practices. Specifically, terms related to the purposes of teeth, the parts and tissues of teeth, dentition, arches and quad- rants, types of teeth, tooth numbering systems, tooth surfaces, and dental charting are pre- sented here. Studying the terms presented in this chapter is much like learning a new lan- guage. For some of you, the dental profession is a new world and understanding the language of the profession may seem daunting. However, correctly using dental terminol- ogy is crucial in effectively carrying out your duties. PURPOSES OF TEETH Educating patients on the value of healthy, functioning teeth is partly the respon- sibility of the administrative assistant. Although the clinical staff are well trained in this regard, administrative assistants too should understand how a healthy smile contributes to one’s quality of life. Teeth serve many purposes throughout a per- son’s life, three of which we will discuss here: speech, mastication, and esthetics. Speech The role teeth play in the formation and development of speech can be easily identified in the person who is without front teeth and, as a result, has a lisp. Other oral struc- tures, such as the tongue and lips, also contribute to speech progress, but the teeth con- tribute directly to the formation of words in conjunction with these structures. Speech is produced by the force of air from the lungs, through the voice box (larynx), and together the palate, tounge, lips, and teeth shape the air into sounds or speech. When making the “b” sound, for example, the lips come together to make this sound. Some letters in the English language require that contact between the tongue and teeth are made to pronounce the sound correctly. A lack of teeth in the mouth creates difficulties in this area. The pronunciation of sounds, specifically consonants, such as s, z, x, d, n, l and th, requires tongue-to-tooth contact. An eden- tulous individual would be unable to make these sounds. Edentulous means to be without teeth. An individual can be partially edentulous, some teeth are missing, or in complete edentulism, all teeth are missing. Difficulties pronouncing speech sounds correctly can also result from malposi- tioned teeth in the mouth, a widening tongue caused by edentulism, and problems with the position of the upper jaw and lower jaw. Mastication Without teeth, the process of chewing, or mastication, of food would be impossible. Mastication breaks down food and is the first step in the process of digestion. The LWBK367_c04_p79-98.qxd 01/07/2009 01:00 AM Page 83 Aptara CHAPTER 4 Dental Terminology 83 four different types of teeth found in the mouth assist in the act of mastication, through tearing, grinding, gnashing, and cutting. Later in this chapter, we will dis- cuss the different types of teeth and their role in the process of mastication. Esthetics One of the first things we notice about other people is their smile. A smile, whether checkPOINT bright and healthy-looking or not, can affect a person’s sense of well-being and self- confidence. The condition of teeth and the lack of teeth that one has can affect self- 1. What are the three esteem. Ideally, teeth should be healthy, fully functioning, clean in appearance, with purposes of teeth? minimal space between them, and of an appropriate size for one’s facial features. PARTS OF A TOOTH A tooth is made up of many parts and tissues. The two main parts of a tooth are the crown and the root. The crown is the part of the tooth that is above the gumline un- less the tooth is impacted or unerupted. The crown of each tooth varies in size, de- pending on the location of the tooth in the mouth and its purpose. The surface of the crown, the part that is visible and accessible during routine dental examination, is referred to more specifically as the clinical crown. The anatomical crown is the part of the tooth that is covered by enamel. The root of the tooth is the portion that is not normally visible and that lies below the gumline in the mouth. Teeth gener- ally have one to three roots, depending on the type of tooth. For example, a molar has two or three roots, whereas an incisor will have only one. Figure 4-1 shows the parts of two types of teeth found in the human mouth. Tissues of the tooth include enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp. Pulp is found in the center of the tooth and contains its blood supply and nerves. The enamel, dentin, and cementum are layers that surround the pulp of the tooth. These tissues, which make up all teeth, are illustrated in Figure 4-1. Use this diagram as a refer- ence as you read the description of each tissue below. Crown Enamel Enamel Crown Dentin Dentin Neck Pulp cavity Neck Pulp cavity Cement Cement Root Root canal Root Root canal Apical foramen Apical foramen (root foramen) (A) (B) FIGURE 4-1 Anatomy and tissues of the tooth. Reprinted with permission from Moore KL, Dalley AF. Clinical oriented anatomy. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1999. LWBK367_c04_p79-98.qxd 01/07/2009 01:00 AM Page 84 Aptara 84 PART II Communication Enamel is the hard, outer tissue that covers the crown of the tooth. Enamel is made up of mostly calcified inorganic matter, such as calcium hydroxyapatite, and a small amount of organic matter, such as enamel matrix, as well as water. Enamel is the hardest material in the body. Given the amount of chewing, crushing, and grinding of food that that is required of teeth, enamel must withstand great force. The combination of the strength of enamel and softness of the dentin underneath it, as well as the cushioning support of the gums, provides the support for teeth to en- dure such force. However, as strong as it is, enamel is also brittle and can still chip or break and theoretically is incapable of self-repair. If you look at your teeth and those of others, you will notice that the color or shade varies. That is, some people have whiter teeth, whereas others have yellow or gray shades to their teeth. The variations in shades are actually a result of the de- gree of translucency of the enamel. Underneath the enamel in teeth is a layer of a material called dentin. The translucent properties of enamel allow light to pass through which actually reveals the color of the dentin beneath the enamel. The com- bination of enamel and dentin affect the overall color of teeth. There are, however, other contributing factors to tooth coloring, such as disease, antibiotic use, drug use, and external staining caused by certain foods and liquids such as tea, coffee, red wine, or blueberries and tomato sauce. Other factors include cigarette smoking, de- cay, restoration on the teeth, and color variations in dentin. Furthermore, as a per- son gets older, teeth tend to reveal changes in color, which is a result of an increase in the translucency of the enamel. Dentin comprises a large part of the tooth and is the main tissue surrounding the pulp. Most commonly it is yellow material that lies below the enamel and cementum and gives teeth their bulk.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Clinical Significance of Dental Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, and Occlusion
    1 Clinical Significance of Dental Anatomy, Histology, Physiology, and Occlusion LEE W. BOUSHELL, JOHN R. STURDEVANT thorough understanding of the histology, physiology, and Incisors are essential for proper esthetics of the smile, facial soft occlusal interactions of the dentition and supporting tissues tissue contours (e.g., lip support), and speech (phonetics). is essential for the restorative dentist. Knowledge of the structuresA of teeth (enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp) and Canines their relationships to each other and to the supporting structures Canines possess the longest roots of all teeth and are located at is necessary, especially when treating dental caries. The protective the corners of the dental arches. They function in the seizing, function of the tooth form is revealed by its impact on masticatory piercing, tearing, and cutting of food. From a proximal view, the muscle activity, the supporting tissues (osseous and mucosal), and crown also has a triangular shape, with a thick incisal ridge. The the pulp. Proper tooth form contributes to healthy supporting anatomic form of the crown and the length of the root make tissues. The contour and contact relationships of teeth with adjacent canine teeth strong, stable abutments for fixed or removable and opposing teeth are major determinants of muscle function in prostheses. Canines not only serve as important guides in occlusion, mastication, esthetics, speech, and protection. The relationships because of their anchorage and position in the dental arches, but of form to function are especially noteworthy when considering also play a crucial role (along with the incisors) in the esthetics of the shape of the dental arch, proximal contacts, occlusal contacts, the smile and lip support.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Morphology of Incisor Enamel and Dentin in Humans and Fat Dormice (Glis Glis)
    Coll. Antropol. 27 (2003) 1: 373–380 UDC 572.72:616.314.11 Original scientific paper Comparative Morphology of Incisor Enamel and Dentin in Humans and Fat Dormice (Glis glis) Dean Konjevi}1, Tomislav Keros2, Hrvoje Brki}3, Alen Slavica1, Zdravko Janicki1 and Josip Margaleti}4 1 Chair for Game Biology, Pathology and Breeding, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia 2 Croatian Veterinary Institute, Zagreb, Croatia 3 Department for Dental Anthropology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia 4 Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia ABSTRACT The structure of teeth in all living beings is genetically predetermined, although it can change under external physiological and pathological factors. The author’s hypoth- esis was to indicate evolutional shifts resulting from genetic, functional and other dif- ferences. A comparative study about certain characteristics of incisors in humans and myomorpha, the fat dormouse (Glis glis) being their representative as well, comprised measurements of enamel and dentin thickness in individual incisor segments, evalua- tion of external enamel index, and also assessment of histological structure of enamel and dentin. The study results involving dormice showed the enamel to be thicker in lower than in the upper teeth, quite contrary to enamel thickness in humans. In the up- per incisors in dormice the enamel is the thickest in the medial layer of the crown, and in the cervical portion of the crown in the lower incisors. The thickness of dentin in dor- mice is greater in the oral than in the vestibular side. These findings significantly differ from those reported in reference literature, but they are based on the function of teeth in dormice.
    [Show full text]
  • The Microhardness of Enamel and Dentin R
    THE MICROHARDNESS OF ENAMEL AND DENTIN R. G. CRAIG, PH.D., AND F. A. PEYTON, D.Sc. University of Michigan, School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Mich. THE hardness of enamel and dentin has been determined by a variety of methods including abrasion," 2 pendulum,' scratch,4-7 and indentation" teehnics. Since the hardness of enamel and dentin has been shown to have con- siderable local variations, the methods using a microscratch or microindentation have been preferred. One of the more common types is the Knoop diamond in- denter14 which has been used by a number of investigators.', 12, 15, 16 It should be mentioned, however, that in spite of the fact that the indentations are ex- tremely small, they still represent a macroindentation when compared to the microstructure of enamel and dentin. The majority of the published hardness data for enamel and dentin has been measured on ground sections, although several papers'0 13 reported the hardness of intact enamel surfaces. The conclusions in regard to the difference in hardness from one section of a tooth to another are at times in variance with each other. This study of dentin and enamel was undertaken in an attempt to establish any trends in hardness existing from one area of a tooth to another or between different types of teeth. With this purpose in mind, this research did not attempt to relate the hardness values to the histologic tooth structure, but a sufficiently large number of hardness measurements were made so that the data could be treated on a statistical basis. EXPERIMENTAL Specimen Preparation.-Mature, freshly extracted, noncarious teeth were imbedded in Ward's Bio-Plastic by suspending them in a Vaughn ring contain- ing the polymer mixed with the catalyst and accelerator.
    [Show full text]
  • Microstructure of Primary Tooth Dentin
    Scientific Article Microstructure of primary tooth dentin David A. Sumikawa, DDS, MS Grayson W. Marshall, DDS, MPH, PhD Lauren Gee, MPH Sally J. Marshall, PhD Dr. Sumikawa is in private pediatric dental practice in Honolulu, Hawaii. Dr. G. Marshall is Professor and Chair, Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Ms. Gee is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Dr. Sally Marshall is Professor and Vice-Chair for Research, Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, California. Abstract Purpose: This study was performed to determine variations in Restoration of primary teeth, particularly anterior teeth, is dentin microstructure from primary anterior teeth at specific ar- often difficult because of their small size, thinness of enamel, eas and depths in relation to the dentin enamal junction, (DEJ). enamel morphology, pulpal anatomy, and rapid spread and Methods: Ten freshly extracted, non-carious primary maxil- extent of decay.4 lary anterior teeth were sectioned to provide two 1.0 mm x 1.0 Dentin bond strength comparisons between primary and mm matchsticks extending from the DEJ to the pulp chamber— permanent teeth have shown mixed results. Salama and Tao5 one each from the central and distal regions of each tooth. Slices found lower bond strength to primary dentin, Bordin-Aykroyd were prepared at distances of 0.15, 0.8, and 1.45 mm from the et al.1 found higher bond strengths, while others.6,7 found no DEJ. Following polishing, each slice was examined in a wet scan- significant differences. ning election microscope, (SEM) and tubule density, tubular Tubule diameters and tubule numerical density increase diameter, and peritubular width were determined at nine grid from the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ), towards the pulp, with locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Incisal Morphology and Mechanical Wear Patterns of Anterior Teeth: Reproducing Natural Wear Patterns in Ceramic Restorations
    Incisal Morphology and Mechanical Wear Patterns of Anterior Teeth: Reproducing Natural Wear Patterns in Ceramic Restorations James Fondriest, DDS Private Practice, Lake Forest, Illinois, USA. Ariel J. Raigrodski, DMD, MS Professor and Director of Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. The wear and fracture patterns of natural teeth can serve as a guide regarding the risks faced by dental restorations in the anterior re- gion. The rule “form follows function,” which is commonly applied to tooth morphology, can also be applied to normal wear patterns and chipping/fracture tendencies. Some incisal edge designs for ceramic restorations are more likely to chip than others and may cause harm to the opposing natural teeth. Reproducing a patient’s natural wear patterns in ceramic restorations may improve success and survival rates. This article describes the natural wear and chip- ping patterns of maxillary and mandibular incisors. Guidelines are suggested for the strategic design of the incisal edges of ceramic restorations to minimize cohesive ceramic chipping. (Am J Esthet Dent 2012;2:98–114.) Correspondence to: James F. Fondriest 560 Oakwood Ave, Suite 200, Lake Forest, IL 60045. Email: [email protected] This article was presented at the 23rd International Symposium on Ceramics, June 9–11, 2011, San Diego, California, USA. 98 THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC DENTISTRY © 2012 BY QUINTESSENCE PUBLISHING CO, INC. PRINTING OF THIS DOCUMENT
    [Show full text]
  • Crack Arrest Within Teeth at the Dentinoenamel Junction Caused by Elastic Modulus Mismatch
    Biomaterials 2010 Doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.01.127 Crack arrest within teeth at the dentinoenamel junction caused by elastic modulus mismatch Sabine Bechtle1, Theo Fett2, Gabriele Rizzi3, Stefan Habelitz4, Arndt Klocke5, Gerold A. Schneider1* 1Institute of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany 2Institute for Ceramics in Mechanical Engineering, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 3Institute for Materials Research II, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany 4Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA 5Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA *corresponding author: Gerold A. Schneider, [email protected] Abstract Enamel and dentin compose the crowns of human teeth. They are joined at the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ) which is a very strong and well-bonded interface unlikely to fail within healthy teeth despite the formation of multiple cracks within enamel during a lifetime of exposure to masticatory forces. These cracks commonly are arrested when reaching the DEJ. The phenomenon of crack arrest at the DEJ is described in many publications but there is little consensus on the underlying cause and mechanism. Explanations range from the DEJ having a larger toughness than both enamel and dentin up to the assumption that not the DEJ itself causes crack arrest but the so-called mantle dentin, a thin material layer close to the DEJ that is somewhat softer than the bulk dentin. In this study we conducted 3-point bending experiments with bending bars consisting of the DEJ and surrounding enamel and dentin to investigate crack propagation and arrest within the DEJ region.
    [Show full text]
  • Multiple Pre-Eruptive Intracoronal Radiolucent Lesions in The
    Multiplepre-eruptive intracoronal radiolucent lesions in the permanentdentition: case report W.Kim Seow, MDSc, DDSc, PhD, FRACDS adiolucencies in the dentin of crowns of Medicalanddental histories unerupted teeth maybe observed incidentally The patient was healthy. After the fracture of the R on dental radiographs.1-17 These defects are premolar, her parents sent her for a full examination, usually initially located in the parts of dentin adjacent including blood chemistry, which yielded normal val- with the enamel on the occlusal parts of the dental ues. The patient had always attended regular dental crown.1Although the lesions resembledental decay and visits. Shehad a history of large "holes" in her primary have been referred to as "pre-eruptive caries",4-8 these molars, in spite of a putatively noncariogenicdiet, ex- radiolucencies in unerupted teeth are unlikely to have cellent oral hygiene, fluoride supplementation since resulted fromcaries as they are not exposedto the oral early infancy, and regular professional fluoride appli- microbialflora) Instead, they are likely idiopathic, de- cations. She had resided in a town with nonfluoridated velopmental,or resorptive lesions. In resorptive lesions, water since birth. histological examination of tissue removed from She had undergoneorthodontic therapy for correc- unerupted teeth often showthe presence ofosteoclasts tion of mild Class II malocclusion. Duringremoval of and Howship’slacunae within the dentin.5’ 14. 17 The an orthodontic band from the mandibularsecond pre- pathogenesis of such lesions is thought to be the in- molar using routine techniques, the crowncompletely gress of resorptive cells from tissues surroundingthe detached from the root. The patient had not experi- developing tooth through a small opening on the oc- enced pain or any other symptoms prior to the clusal1 surface or the cementoenameljunction (CEJ).
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Human Molar Enamel Thickness and Enamel—Dentine Junction Shape
    Archives of Oral Biology (2006) 51, 974—995 www.intl.elsevierhealth.com/journals/arob Modern human molar enamel thickness and enamel—dentine junction shape T.M. Smith a,*, A.J. Olejniczak a,b, D.J. Reid c, R.J. Ferrell d, J.J. Hublin a a Human Evolution Department, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany b Interdepartmental Doctoral Program in Anthropological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-4364, USA c Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Sciences, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK d Center for Population and Health, Georgetown University, 313 Healy Hall, Box 571197, Washington, DC 20057-1197, USA Accepted 28 April 2006 KEYWORDS Summary This study examines cross-sections of molar crowns in a diverse modern Average enamel human sample to quantify variation in enamel thickness and enamel—dentine junc- thickness; tion (EDJ) shape. Histological sections were generated from molars sectioned bucco- Relative enamel lingually across mesial cusps. Enamel cap area, dentine area, EDJ length, and bi- thickness; cervical diameter were measured on micrographs using a digitizing tablet. Nine Enamel cap area; landmarks along the EDJ were defined, and X and Y coordinates were digitized in Dentine area; order to quantify EDJ shape. Upper molars show greater values for the components of Enamel—dentine enamel thickness, leading to significantly greater average enamel thickness than in junction (EDJ) length; lower molars. Average enamel thickness increased significantly from M1 to M3 in both EDJ shape; molar rows, due to significantly increasing enamel cap area in upper molars, and Fossil hominids; decreasing dentine area in lower molars.
    [Show full text]
  • A Radiographic Analysis of Variance in Lower Incisor Enamel Thickness
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2005 A Radiographic Analysis of Variance in Lower Incisor Enamel Thickness Nathan E. Hall Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Orthodontics and Orthodontology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/887 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. School of Dentistry Virginia Commonwealth University This is to certify that the thesis prepared by Nathan E. Hall entitled A Radiographic Analysis of Variance in Lower Incisor Enamel Thickness has been approved by his committee as satisfactory completion of the thesis or dissertation requirement for the degree of Master of Science Dr. Steven J. Lindauer, Thesis Director / Program Director Department of Orthodontics Dr. Bhavna Shroff, Committee Member, School of Dentistry Dr. Eser Tüfekçi, Committee Member, School of Dentistry Dr. Omar Abubaker, Committee Member, School of Dentistry Dr. Steven J. Lindauer, Chairman Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry Dr. Laurie Carter, Director of Advanced Dental Education Dr. F. Douglas Boudinot, Dean of the School of Graduate Studies June 20, 2005 © Nathan E. Hall, 2005 All Rights Reserved A RADIOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE IN LOWER INCISOR ENAMEL THICKNESS A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. by NATHAN E.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 – Introduction to Dental Anatomy
    1 Introduction to Dental Anatomy LEARNING OBJECTIVES 5. Which of the following terms represents the surface of a tooth that is facing toward an adjoining tooth in the same dental arch? 1. Correctly define and pronounce the nomenclature (terms) A. Occlusal as emphasized in the bold type in this and each following B. Incisal chapter. C. Facial 2. Be able to identify each tooth of the primary and permanent D. Proximal dentitions using the Universal, Palmer, and Fédération Den- For additional study resources, please visit Expert Consult. taire Internationale (FDI) systems. 3. Correctly name and identify the surfaces, ridges, and ana- Dental anatomy is defined here as, but is not limited to, the study tomic landmarks of each tooth. of the development, morphology, function, and identity of each of 4. Understand and describe the methods used to measure ante- the teeth in the human dentitions, as well as the way in which the rior and posterior teeth. teeth relate in shape, form, structure, color, and function to the 5. Learn the tables of measurements and be able to discuss size other teeth in the same dental arch and to the teeth in the oppos- comparisons between the teeth from any viewing angle. A ing arch. Thus the study of dental anatomy, physiology, and occlu- useful skill at this point is to start illustrating the individual sion provides one of the basic components of the skills needed to teeth with line drawings. practice all phases of dentistry. The application of dental anatomy to clinical practice can be envisioned in Fig. 1.1A, where a faulty crown form has resulted in esthetic and periodontal problems that may be corrected by an appropriate restorative dental treatment, such as that illustrated in Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral Biology Practical Manual 2 ISBN
    ORAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL MANUAL 2 (Dental Anatomy/Morphology) Name: ………………………….……….………………………………..... Matric No: ..................................................................... Year: 20..….. ORAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL MANUAL 2 (Dental Anatomy) (Purposely left blank) 2 ORAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL MANUAL 2 (Dental Anatomy) ORAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL MANUAL 2 (Dental Anatomy) Objectives The objectives of this manual are for students to: 1. Understand and describe the nomenclature of both the human primary and permanent dentitions. 2. Describe the structural and morphological similarities and differences of each tooth comprising the dentitions. 3. Draw the morphological features characteristic of each tooth of the human permanent dentition. The exercises in this manual must be completed periodically as to coincide with the relevant lectures and submit to the lecturer concern. The marks will contribute to the Oral Biology continuous assessment. Prepared by: Assoc Prof Col (R) Dr Basuri bin Faki July 2015 3 ORAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL MANUAL 2 (Dental Anatomy) Table of Contents Ser Items Page 1 Dental Terminology 5 2 Maxillary Incisors 13 3 Mandibular Incisors 16 4 Maxillary and Mandibular Canines 20 5 Maxillary Premolars 23 6 Mandibular Premolars 26 7 Maxillary Molars 28 8 Mandibular Molars 31 9 Deciduous Dentition 34 10 Tooth Development and Age Identification 41 11 Tooth Variations / Anomalies 44 12 Dental Occlusion 47 4 ORAL BIOLOGY PRACTICAL MANUAL 2 (Dental Anatomy) 1. DENTAL TERMINOLOGY This part is concerned with the explanation and illustration of dental terminology. It deals with two groups of terms, the first relating to the anatomical and supporting structures of the tooth, and second consisting of terms of orientation. OBJECTIVES Upon completing this unit, you should be able to: a.
    [Show full text]
  • (2015), Volume 3, Issue 4, 545-556
    ISSN 2320-5407 International Journal of Advanced Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue 4, 545-556 Journal homepage: http://www.journalijar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED RESEARCH RESEARCH ARTICLE Cementoenamel Junction in Egyptian Maxillary First Premolar: Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Analysis Study Rania Mossad Hassan1 and Dahlia Ghazy Mohamed 2 1. Assistant Professor of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt 2. Lecturer of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt Manuscript Info Abstract Manuscript History: Background:There is a controversy regarding shapes and distribution of the mineralized tissues that compose the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Received: 15 February 2015 Final Accepted: 22 March 2015 Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology and Published Online: April 2015 frequency of various relationships of cementum, enamel and dentin at CEJ of Egyptian maxillary first premolars. Materials and Methods: The CEJ of a Key words: group of 50 caries and defect-free human maxillary first premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons was examined using stereomicroscopy, scanning Egyptian maxillary first premolar, electron microscopy (SEM) and transmitted light microscopy.The chemical cementoenamel junction, scanning profile of the tissues composing the CEJ was recorded using energy- electron microscope, EDXA dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) and was statistically analysed. Results: *Corresponding Author Light microscopic examination of ground sections revealed that edge-to-edge interrelation between root cementum and enamel was predominant (50 %). Cementum overlapping enamel was less prevalent than previously reported Rania Mossad Hassan as it presented 36% of the samples. In approximately 10% of the samples, gap between cementum and enamel was observed.
    [Show full text]