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Opere Di Mattioli E Degli Altri Naturalisti Italiani Nelle Raccolte Delle Biblioteche Cracoviane

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Opere Di Mattioli E Degli Altri Naturalisti Italiani Nelle Raccolte Delle Biblioteche Cracoviane OPERE DI MATTIOLI E DEGLI ALTRI NATURALISTI ITALIANI NELLE RACCOLTE DELLE BIBLIOTECHE CRACOVIANE Paulina Oszajca Le opere di straordinari naturalisti italiani, medici e studiosi della natura, collezioni- sti e enciclopedisti che hanno cercato di sistemare e di aggiornare le nozioni concernenti il mondo, si sono divulgate nell’Europa del periodo moderno, il che si rispecchia nelle raccolte delle biblioteche europee moderne. L’oggetto di interesse di tali studiosi era, tra l’altro, la materia medica, che comprendeva le nozioni concernenti le sostanze naturali curative, di cui gli studiosi si occupavano anche in epoca antica. Anche nel XVI secolo gli studiosi nuovamente cercarono di interpretare e commentare tale tematica. Ne costitui- scono un esempio anche i discorsi straordinariamente popolari concernenti Dioscoride di Pietro Andrea Mattioli, che fi no al XVIII secolo furono redatti in italiano, latino, tedesco, francese e ceco. Tra i destinatari delle opere scritte soprattutto in latino, c’erano anche numerosi studiosi e farmacisti di Cracovia. Jan Lachs, che studiava le raccolte dei medici cracoviani del XVI e del XVII secolo, notò che nonostante l’esistenza della facoltà di medicina a Cracovia, tanti medici decidevano di intraprendere gli studi presso università straniere, in particolare italiane(1). Numerosi medici scelsero di tornare a Cracovia per diventare docenti presso l’università locale. Le raccolte elaborate da Lachs appartenevano soprattutto ai medici che svolgevano l’incarico di professori straordinari (lector extra- neus) presso le Facoltà di Filosofi a (facultas artistarum) o ordinari (lector ordinarius) preso le Facoltà di Medicina, ma anche ai medici praticanti. Negli inventari di medicina del XVI secolo tra le opere di medicina e botanica si ripe- tono soprattutto le opere di Brasavola e di Falloppio, come ad es. nella raccolta di Stani- slaw Rozanka(2). Inoltre Simone Pietro Simoni, che in passato fu un docente a Genova e Heidelberg, possedeva nella propria biblioteca le opere degli studiosi italiani Falloppio e Mattioli. Negli inventari si può notare un’enorme interesse dei medici di Cracovia alle edi- zioni dei naturalisti tedeschi e svizzeri come Leonard Fuchs oppure Conrad Gessner. Nelle raccolte del XVII secolo si trovano le edizioni di Gabrielle Falloppio, Andrea Cesalpino, Prospero Alpino, Mattioli, Giovanni Manardo. Lo testimonia la raccolta della biblioteca di Jakob Roskowicz e del medico e vescovo di Cracovia Piotr Tylicki. Maciej Bonikowski, che studiava a Padova, portò in Polonia le opere di Mattioli e Manardo. Nelle raccolte del 1610 del medico di Cracovia Jan Schilling (Schylling) sono stati menzionati Brasavola, Manardo, Mattioli. Invece Stanislaw Chudzinski, farmacista di Cracovia del XVII secolo, (1) LACHS J., Krakowskie ksiegozbiory lekarskie z XVI wieku. Lwow: Nakl. Akademii Umiejetnosci, 1913. (2) LACHS J., Krakowskie ksiegozbiory. p. 6 (333). 141 OPERE DI MATTIOLI E DEGLI ALTRI NATURALISTI ITALIANI Fig. 1 – L’edizione latina del 1558 e italiana del 1563 dei Discorsi di Mattioli conservate nelle Biblio- teca del Museo della farmacia (N. 1623, 1624). possedeva nella propria biblioteca le opere di Falloppio e Mattioli(3) La presenza di tali opere nelle biblioteche cracoviane è dovuta alla loro divulgazione tra gli antichi farmacisti e medici di Cracovia. BIBLIOTECHE CRACOVIANE Le maggiori raccolte di stampe antiche riguardanti la questione in oggetto (98 copie) appartengono alla Biblioteca Jagellonica che è la principale biblioteca universitaria. Gli inizi della biblioteca risalgono al XIV secolo, da dove provengono tre codici, sicuramente utilizzati all’università chiamata “kazimierzowska” dal nome del fondatore, il re Casimiro il Grande (Kazimierz Wielki). Le facoltà, i collegi e le case degli studenti accumulavano manuali scolastici e libri scientifi ci inerenti la losofifi a, il diritto, la teologia e la medicina, donati o regalati dai professori o dagli alunni dell’università. La più grande raccolta bi- bliotecaria, principalmente in materia di teologia e delle arti liberali, si trovava presso il (3) Archivio di Stato di Cracovia, manoscritto 803, pp. 35-36. 142 Paulina Oszajca Collegio Maggiore (Collegium Maius) cioè la sede principale dell’Università. Nel 1515 la biblioteca fu ingrandita di nuovi edifi ci nell’ambito del collegio ricostruito dopo l’incendio, dove si trovava fi no al 1940. Il XVI secolo ha visto anche il continuo sviluppo della biblio- teca grazie agli acquisti ed alle donazioni. Gli ulteriori secoli costituiscono un periodo di stasi, non solamente all’università, ma anche in tutti gli aspetti della vita. Soltanto il 1773, in esito ai lavori della Commissione dell’Educazione Nazionale, che ha attuato la riforma dell’Università di Cracovia, portò un cambiamento donando alla biblioteca un fondo sta- bile. Durante la seconda guerra mondiale Cracovia e i suoi monumenti non subirono gravi danni. L’occupazione di Cracovia, proclamata capitale del Governatorato Generale, ebbe un andamento completamente diverso in confronto all’occupazione di Varsavia, dove il piano tedesco prevedeva la distruzione totale della capitale. Il nome della biblioteca fu cam- biato in Staatsbibliothek Krakau e le sue raccolte non furono gravemente distrutte. Visto il continuo fl usso delle nuove copie da archiviare, la biblioteca è stata diverse volte ristruttu- rata, ad. es. negli anni 1961-1963 e 1995-2001. Visto che durante la seconda guerra mon- diale le altre biblioteche cracoviane sono state chiuse e le loro raccolte disseminate in vari posti, le maggiori raccolte delle opere analizzate appartengono alla Biblioteca Jagellonica. Dodici copie di opere si trovano in una biblioteca molto più recente cioè nella Biblio- teca dell’Accademia polacca delle arti e delle scienze. Nel 1856 La Società per le Scienze di Cracovia con sede nei pressi della Piazza del Mercato ottenne il nuovo statuto, in cui la Biblioteca fu menzionata come uno dei suoi enti. Le sue raccolte sono il risultato dei con- tatti e degli scambi tra le case editrici scientifi che, sia con gli istituti scientifi ci di altri paesi, che con l’ambiente dell’emigrazione polacca politica ed economica. Nel 1939 i tedeschi chiusero il luogo e la raccolta di libri fu completamente trasferita nei magazzini del nuovo edifi cio della Biblioteca Jagellonica, dal quale veniva poi gradualmente trasferita nei lo- cali in via Slawkowska dopo la conclusione della guerra. Nel 1999 in virtù all’accordo tra l’Accademia polacca delle arti e delle scienze (PAU) e l’Accademia delle Scienze (PAN), la biblioteca fu denominata Biblioteca Scientifi ca di PAU e PAN di Cracovia. Le altre raccolte includono soltanto le opere di Pietro Andrea Mattioli (fi g. 1). La sto- ria della relativamente modesta Biblioteca del Museo della Farmacia (4 copie) è connessa alla storia del Museo stesso, raccontata in uno dei numeri precedenti della rivista(4). Invece la Biblioteca dei Principi Czartoryski che conserva 3 copie, è stata fondata da Adam Kazi- mierz e Izabela dalla famiglia Flemming Czartoryski a cavallo del XVIII e XIX secolo e la sua funzione principale doveva essere lo sviluppo delle analisi della storia e della letteratu- ra. La base delle raccolte della biblioteca fu costituita dagli acquisti e dai doni, confi scati o nascosti dopo la Rivolta di Novembre del 1831. L’unifi cazione delle raccolte bibliotecarie fu attuata dal principe Wladysław Czartoryski che ha riposto le opere in un ex Arsenale della città. Durante la II guerra mondiale la biblioteca subì notevoli danni, in particolare per quanto riguarda i manoscritti miniati. Attualmente le raccolte che fanno parte del Museo Nazionale e che rimangono sotto il patrocinio della Fondazione dei Principi Czar- toryski, si trovano nei pressi della Piazza del Mercato in via di San Marco. (4) OSZAJCA P., La collezione del Museo della Farmacia di Cracovia. Atti e Memorie, Anno XXXII, N. 2, 2015, pp. 102-112. 143 OPERE DI MATTIOLI E DEGLI ALTRI NATURALISTI ITALIANI STORIA NATURALE NELL’ITALIA DEL CINQUECENTO L’Italia, dove nacquero nuove correnti e idee che si diffondevano in tutta l’Europa, fu indubbiamente anche un precursore dello sviluppo della scienza chiamata storia naturale. Proprio nel Cinquecento a Pisa, Padova e Bologna furono chiamati alle cattedre i primi professori di storia naturale. Nello stesso tempo sono stati fondati i primi orti botanici in Europa ed i primi musei di storia naturale, dove si raccoglieva e sistemava le conoscenze sul mondo, sempre più vaste – visto lo sviluppo delle scienze e le nuove scoperte geografi che. L’inizio dell’interesse per il collezionismo moderno avvenne nella seconda metà del XV se- colo tramite i membri della famiglia dei Medici di Firenze(5). La sistematizzazione di tutta la scienza è la conseguenza dei cambiamenti avvenuti durante il Rinascimento, che hanno provocato la nascita di un nuovo tipo di intellettualista, caratterizzato da una grande creati- vità e da una fortissima innovazione intellettuale. Erano proprio tali i naturalisti italiani, la cui fama si diffondeva fuori dai confi ni della penisola italiana. Tra i più importanti medici e botanici del Cinquecento interessati agli studi sulla materia medica si possono nomina- re Pietro Andrea Mattioli (1500-1577) e Antonio Musa Brasavola (1500-1555), Andrea Cesalpino (1519-1603) e Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605), Gabriele Falloppio (1523-1562), Costanzo Felici (1525-1585), Castore Durante (1529-1590), Prospero Alpino (1553-1617). Anche i loro più grandi colleghi tra cui: Nicolo Leoniceno (1428-1524), Giovanni
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