www.jungsteinSITE.de Zusammenfassung len gedeutet werden, die üblicherweise in Holz ausgeführt wurden. wurden. ausgeführt in Holz werden, die üblicherweise gedeutet len Bausti von Repräsentation steinerne monumentale eine als Stone kann Insgesamt kann. werden abgeleitet selbst zernen Wohnhäusern aus Wales, aber auch aus Durrington Walls und höl halbovalen den von Trilithen der Anordnung hufeisenförmige in Wessex und inanderswo Britannien werden,abgeleitet während die circles timber den von kann Anlage der Form die Insbesondere werden. gesucht Britanniens Holzarchitektur einheimischen der in mung der Steine,Zufor die Sturzsteine, dasdie Element der Verzapfung – – kann Stonehenge in Steinarchitektur die für Inspiration Die wurde. monumentalisiert so und umgebaut Henge einem zu später die Wallsassoziiert, Durrington nahegelegenen im Siedlung großen einer mit war sichtbareannahm,heuteForm die etwa in Monument (Bluestone)die in von Wales. Dolerit Regionen geprägten nen, insbesondere die von Sandsteinen geprägte Wessexregion und verei zu Britanniens Regionen verschiedenen die um sein, worden geplant könnte Errichtung Seine Hausformen. auf Hinblick im auch als Hengemonumente, und Keramikstile auf Hinblick im sowohl en, Britanni in Kultur materiellen der Uniformität steigender Zeit eine sentieren. und bestattet könnten eine oder mehrere reprä Herrscherdynastien BC cal 3000–2300 Zeit der während Stonehenge in wurden Sie rität. Auto politischer oder religiöser von Individuen auf deuten wurden, und Frauen warenwohl alle adulte übrigen bis drei Männer. Kindern zwei erwachsenen zwei Neben stammen. Gesellschaft der Segment ausgewählten einem von ausgegrabenen 64 die sind, tet 150bestat Stonehenge in die geschätzten Menschen, den vondass chen sind. su zu Wessex und Wales aus Monumentbau Traditionenim tischen dass die Vorbilder der Architektur allesamt bei bereits bekannten bri angeleitet. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungenaktuellen deuten an, Bau beim Barbaren lokale hätten Architekten ägyptische oder rane mediter Archäologen, spekulierten Jahren fünfzig Vor gerätselt. ge Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox withChristie ParkerMike Pearson Willis in and Late Chalcolithic Britain Burials and builders of Stonehenge: social identities Über die Identität der Erbauer von Stonehenge wurde schon lan schon wurde Stonehenge von Erbauer der Identität die Über Die zweite Bauphase von Stonehenge (2620–2480 cal BC), als das als BC), (2620–2480 cal Stonehenge von Bauphase zweite Die in fällt BC) cal (3000–2920 Stonehenge von Bauphase erste Die Die wenigen die Grabbeigaben, in diesen gefunden Brandgräbern demonstrieren, Untersuchungen osteologischer Ergebnisse Erste ------November 26th, 2010 www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 2 house for the ancestors. for house tation in stone of building normally styles built in timber – a meeting represen monumental a as understood clusion,be Stonehenge can con In Stonehenge. and Walls Durrington at as well as Wales in ed buildingsexcavat public timber plansof D-shaped the from derives trilithons the of arrangement horseshoe the while Britain, in where else and Wessex of circles timber the from derives form cifically, its in found Spe the indigenous architecture timber of be Britain. – can architecture – stones, shaped lintelsjointing and mortice-and-tenon later monumentalized as a henge. Inspiration for Stonehenge’s stone was which Walls Durrington nearby at village large a with sociated today,has it that form as thewas took largely monument the when of Wales. region bluestone the with Wessex of region stone sarsen the ically specif Britain, of regions different unify to designed mayhave been construction Its forms. house and monuments henge style, ceramic of terms in Britain, acrossmaterialculture in unity growing of time a BC andmay of rulers. dynasties have more or one formed thority. They were buried at Stonehenge in the period 3000–2300 cal thatmay these religious andau have individuals political with been children, the remainder may have adult males. been were three or two and women adult were them of two Whereas ty. socie of section restricted a from drawn wereexcavated havebeen that 64 the Stonehenge,at 150buried estimated the people of that, monument building in Wales andWessex. of traditions British pre-existing to traced be all can architecture its behind influences the that indicate research current of results The barbarians. local directing architects Egyptian or Mediterranean by built was it that speculated archaeologists ago, years Fifty mystery. Abstract tnhnes eod tg o cntuto (6028 cl BC), cal (2620–2480 construction of stage second Stonehenge’s Stonehenge’s of (3000–2920stage construction was first calat BC) suggest burials cremation these with found goods grave few The demonstrating are research osteological of results Preliminary a been long has Stonehenge built who people the of identity The ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 3 et 1999; Thomas ing From regionalism to island-wide identity From to island-wide regionalism BC(Hardingcal 2003). monument types andceramic styles. monument types wide-ranging by replaced gone, were architecture tomb and ramics ce of styles regional BC, millennium third the of beginning the By Britain. of whole the across homogeneity cultural increasing at hint of a trendsseries in material tify culture and monumental forms that nell 1982)nell (Childe andOrkney 1931). the small, square houses of Grooved Ware in Walessettlements (Brit 2007) have identifiedhouse plans thatcan be closely comparedwith Pearson (ParkerWalls Durrington at excavations Recent Ireland. ern east to Anglia East from and Kent to Cornwall from found is It ain. Brit Neolithic Late of monuments timber and the with ated islandsOrkney,theof in Ware Grooved probably classicallyis associ Cleal BC; cal 3000–2200 Ware,c. Rinyo-Clacton as (alsoWareknown Grooved Gibson Peterbor BC; cal as 3400–2500 c. known Ware, ough (also Ware Impressed island- increasingly pottery: of by forms replaced wide were BC) cal (4000–3000 olithic is (Dav near Monkton Wimbourne as such sites from known are inhumations of handful A BC). (3000–2400 been period havethis to which dated inhumations few very are There BC. cal century 24th the around burials Beaker of start the before and date that ter af Britain within recognizable practices mortuary few the of one remains is cremated of burial the BC, 3000 before period the of istic character were bones human disarticulated and inhumations of buri al Whereas rites. funerary in change a was Stonehenge of ning cursus monuments cursus opposite side of the English Channel. In particular, these consisted of noton the known visibly in of the ofmonuments construction types es of Britain’s inhabitants deviated from those of the Continent, most practic ritual ceremonialand the years, 2006). thousand thatWithin et (Haak farmers immigrant of proportion er was an amalgam of indigenous former hunter-gatherers and a small whole a as Europe and Britain in time that at population the that ed conclud have DNA ancient and modern of Studies Britain. in ture agricul of adoption the after years thousand a about BC, cal 2920 cemeteries are known at Llandegai Henge A (Lynch A Henge Llandegai at known are cemeteries its dating from c. cal 3400 BC (Gibson depos primary mound’s the within burials inhumation of sequence a followed they where Yorkshire, North Howe, Duggleby of mound et Dorchester-on-Thames at contained around 170 ditchescremation burials (Atkinson et ring multiple The onwards. um millenni fourth the of end the from Britain throughout known are 2008). (Lamdin-Whymark ing this period ëburial’. Human remains also continued to be deposited in rivers dur of a cave– may an accidentalbe shaft death rather than a deliberate bottom the at found – latter The comm.). pers. (StefanyLeach shire York North Pot, End 1997)North (Healy and Dorchester Flagstones, / During the course of the Neolithic in Britain, it is possible to iden to possible is it Britain, in Neolithic the of course the During Regional variations in ceramic styles of the Early and Middle Ne Middle and Early the of styles ceramic in variations Regional nte wd-agn clua dvlpet rud h begin the around development cultural wide-ranging Another The first structure at Stonehenge was built in the period 3000– period the in built was Stonehenge at structure first The Cremation cemeteries, often set within circular ditched enclosures, al. 1991). Over 60 were recovered from the upper layers of the large et (Barclay Horton Quarry, 1865), Kingsmead Thurnham / McSween 1999). Thought to originate in Scotland, most most Scotland, in originate to Thought 1999). McSween 1 in the period 3600–3200 cal BC (Barclay BC cal 3600–3200 period the in al. 2009) and henges and 2009) al. / Bayliss 2009). Other cremation 2 / from shortly before 3000 3000 before shortly from Kinnes 1997) and latterly latterly and 1997) Kinnes al. 2005; Oppenheimer Oppenheimer 2005; al. / al. 1951; Whittle Musson 2004), Musson al. 2009), al. / Hard ------2 1 sizes vary. sizes and oval, or circular approximately are Many ditch. the outside is bank the which in enclosure an is henge A as cursuses. described be also which linear defined monuments can post- than later be to appear These 100 and which mayenclosure ditched be only embanked linear, a is cursus A m or so wide and over 1 over and wide so or m km long. long. km www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 4 2009). mains were also deposited here in the Neolithic (Parker Pearson et re partial thatindicateexcavationsalso early the from bone human disarticulated unburnt of fragments 42 addition, In Stonehenge. at buried 150individuals of is estimate best the interior, its within ials ditch,that its missed bur bank or outside they and the certainly fact encircling the under look to failed excavators early the that possibilities given 120; over was burials of number total the that likely is it so century, 20th the of half first the in mainly excavated, been has Stonehenge in 2008. Only about half of the interior of the monument from retrieved being after Sheffield of University atthe analysed ing since 1920; of most these were in reburied 1935 but are currently be et Stonehenge’sstage cal BC) (3000–2920 first (Oswald 1969).Barford et (Barclay London near Ground Sports WestStow 1990), (West 1948), (Piggott Cairnpapple College Imperial ne otie te mle Soeeg soe, nw a blue as known stones, Stonehenge smaller the contained once excavators early the of re-assessment with together 2008, in 7 Hole Aubrey of excavation the 20Avebury area, about miles to the north. in located are -building for deposits best the though al locally, found are stones Sarsen centre. the within and entrance northeast the outside settings stone sarsen likely are There trance. and ditch, within the enclosure’s centre and leading to the south en bank the entrancethrough northeast the in postholes, many timber monument the of re-assessment interior.Recent enclosed the within bank the to cent adja arrangement circular a in placed Holes) Aubrey (the pits 56 as 1995; Bayliss et Stonehenge (Parker was largea cremation Stonehengecemetery Pearson itself The Aubrey Holes were thought to have been empty pits but re- but pits empty been have to thought were Holes Aubrey The al. 2009). Some 64 cremation burials have been excavated there excavated been have burials cremation 64 Some 2009). al. ’ s first phase has been closely dated (Allen dated closely been has phase first s al. 1997) and consists of a ditch and inner bank, as well ’ s building sequence places within this first stage stage first this within places sequence building s records, indicate that they might well have well might they that indicate records, ’ al. 2009), Horton (ibid.) and (ibid.) Horton 2009), al. / Bayliss al. ------ersten Bauphase. ersten der während Stonehenge von Plan 1. Abb. phase. building Fig. 1. Plan of during the Stonehenge first www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 5 cal BC cal (at 95.4 3330–2910 period the in died 7.She Hole Aubrey to adjacent pit ial mains of another, older woman were recovered in 2008 in a small bur 1995).(McKinley adults unsexed areRe two other the and 25 about aged woman a of that is one analysed, previously burials cremation Willis Cox Christie of results preliminary the from identities, their of evidence (andhave buried visible). archaeologically been thereby rendered were cremated, only a of smallcremated minority remains appear to people most if even – time this at rite majority the not was closure en or monument a within burial cremation that assume safely can We pyre. the on burnt often were pins these since ashes cremated of bags the secure to pins were they that unlikely is it pins; shroud even or pins dress been have may These antler. or bone of made – pins skewer as known – pins long were these of frequent most The burials. the with association in items few contained cemeteries tion crema The goods. grave of provision the include generally not did (Clarkesuggestive ofdistinction social et ed fragments suggest that the two women are not typical of Stone of typical not are women two the that suggest fragments ed undifferentiat of mass this from results However,preliminary heap. jumbled a in 1935 pit in intothe bones them the tipped buried who archaeologists the that fact the by hampered is and progress in still boar macehead, antler an flints, worked other and axes, arrowheads flint two ñ grave of goods previously thought (Ixer as Haven, Milford not is it provenance; unknown of but Welsh also is Stone, Altar the as known monolith, sandstone large The Wales. west hillsof Preseli the originatein to reckoned are monoliths stone sand the of one but All Wales. from derive which – sandstone and tuffash, volcanic rhyolite, dolerite, dolerite, spotted – lithologies of et Pearson (Parker stones at Liff at 1905; (Mortimer grave goods Gibson with equipped lavishly were mound this under burials other whist trophy,a been havemay which skull human a by accompanied was Howe Duggleby of mound huge the beneath burials primary the of orateconstructions and mortuary the second half of the fourth millennium BC were provided with elab tus among Britain’s inhabitants. A small number of inhumations from sta social in differences emerging with contrasted have well might BC) (3000–2400 Stonehenge of dead The across England andWales. southern people gether to bring to sufficient unity of degree a required it that assume may h gair o peiu Ie gs s a a te etr mris of margins western et (Williams-Thorpe Plain the Salisbury as far as Ages Ice previous of glaciers the by carried were they that consider writers Some disputed. is henge volved, such a feat is without parallel in the prehistoric world prehistoric the in parallel without is feat a such volved, in distance For water. and land across miles 180 4–8 moved each, stones, tons 80 about – prehistory European in of ment move longest single, the represents this responsible, were people that assume do we if but, theory either prove to evidence firm no is There agency. human by delivered were they that notion the port The people buried at buried Stonehenge arepeople only The now beginning to yield contrast, by ashes, cremated burying of fashion emerging The Analysis of the 60 cremation burials reburied in Aubrey Hole 7 is 7 Hole Aubrey in reburied burials cremation 60 the of Analysis The developing pan-island identity represented in material form form material in represented identity pan-island developing The The The mechanism by which these bluestones were brought to Stone ’ s Low (near Sheffield), dating to c. 3200 cal BC contained a set a contained BC cal c. 3200 to (neardating Sheffield), Low s analysis of the Aubrey Hole cremated bone. Of the three the Of bone. cremated Hole Aubrey the of analysis ’ % probability), some 500 years before the % 25-year-old. probability), years 500 before some / Turner 2006). al. 2009). These megaliths are of a variety variety a of are megaliths These 2009). al. ’ s tusks, a pot and pieces of red ochre – ochre red of pieces and pot a tusks, s / or or quantities of grave goods. One al. 2006; John 2008). Others sup Others 2008). John 2006; al. / Bayliss2009).gravesingle The al. 1985, 250). 3 .

We ------3 longest distance travelled. travelled. distance longest the simply is event Stonehenge the stone-moving; of acts major of pable ca undoubtedly were communities Neolithic example. for Iberia, or tany others by such of as of Brit the some megaliths dwarfed are bluestone monoliths Stonehenge the size, In - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 6 amples of trauma or injury, comparable to the Amesbury Archer Amesbury the to comparable injury, or trauma of amples ex No spine. lower the in especially osteoarthritis, of levels low are tissue tumour associated with a tibia, the most common pathologies soft- benign a of instance single a than Other trauma. and health of materialmore remains to analysed. be youngfrom course,adult to and these resultsOf areold. preliminary appear to have been adult men. A wide range of ages is represented, Stonehenge at buried people of majority the evidence, current On dead. the among children three or two than more been have to ly indicates that bones arethereunlike smallsub-adult the of number these the havecremated fragments, bone male.all In been addition, on identified be can traits sex Where occupants. deceased henge’s surface surface has been used for burning; this et son (Atkin Dorchester-on-Thames at cemeteries cremation circular the of one from example broken a to similar macehead, stone a is these of One interest. of goods grave two are there burials, Stonehenge to have healthy appears population fairly alive. when been this all, In identified. been yet 2002),have (Fitzpatrick tibia infected Darvill evidence; contrary produced 2008 in Stonehenge at to after the Q and R Holes, until Darvill and Wainwrightand Darvill until Holes, R and Q the after to date to thought been had (these sarsens lintelled 30 of circle outer an by surrounded were Holes).These R and Q the as (known stones blue of circle or arc double a by surrounded was trilithons sarsen five of setting horseshoe A remodelled. extensively was monument (2620–2480Stonehenge‘s stage BC) cal second lineages. dynastic patrilineal more or one of traditions funerary the by duced of thoseful selection eligible for burial. Such a mightpattern be pro care was there thatindicateschildren and overwomen males adult have the last inbeen a long line of predominanceinterments. The of (2400–21401984)mayArcherEvans Stonehenge– BC; wounded cal arrow- the – monument the within buried BC millennium third the will refine thissequence. Itpossible is that onlythe inhumationfrom Pearson et from its inception in 3000–2920 cal BC until 2470–2300 cal BC (Parker of religious authority.persons sta tus. Perhaps they high were of part the equipment of of ritual specialists and people and practices to restricted been have to items these considering for made be can case a Flagstones, of monument earlier,slightlysister its and Stonehenge from only known are items stones atstones Dorchester, (Cleal Dorset et Flag of enclosurecircular similar the near other, found one for cept ism of the mace in the British parliament today. symbol the from different entirely not status, personal than rather authority institutional of emblems generally were they thatindicate could dead individual with associated not contexts in disposal mon com their althoughauthority, of emblems considered be may They et (Needham Barrow Bush and 1995)(Fenwick grave sage but a few have been found in deposits, suchfunerary as pas Knowth context evident any without are majority vast The 1968). (Roe Age The cremation assemblage is also being investigated for evidence investigated for being also is assemblage cremation The mn te adu o see pn acmayn sm o the of some accompanying pins skewer of handful the Among Around 500 years after Stage 1 of Stonehenge, the centre of the of centre the Stonehenge, of 1 Stage after years 500 Around use in was Stonehenge at cemetery cremation the summary, In The symbolism The of symbolism the Maceheads are well known in the British Neolithic and Early Bronze al. 1951). The other is a small ceramic object whose concave whose object ceramic small a is 1951).other al. The al. 2009); dating of individualsfurther Aubreyfrom 7 Hole ‘ incense burner al. 1995, 361). ’ incense burner ’ is hard to gauge. Since such ‘ is unique ex ’ s excavations al. 2010).al. / Wain ’ s ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 7 Identifying the builders of Stonehenge of builders the Identifying so or the Avebury area. from miles 18 them transporting in effort considerable to point – the large sizes of the sarsens – many of them around 20 tons or more and prehistory, British within unique are lintels and stones dressed Its today. retains it that form the essentially is 2 Stage Stonehenge Holes. Aubrey the than later stratigraphically are they since stage, this ing dur up set StonesStationwere four the thatlikely is2009). wrightIt nearby A303 (Leivers A303 nearby the along evaluation trenching extensive vicinity: immediate its in with camps work any of indication little is there but 2 Stage henge excavations at Durrington Walls(Farrer Durrington excavationsat 1918; Stoneet previous of results the reviewing From bank. henge the beneath ed along with deep and extensive spreads of occupation debris protect houses eight of floors preserved the revealed 2004–2007 in vations exca Here, Walls. Durrington of 17ha henge the beneath northeast the to 1.75miles is settlement builders’ the for location likely most insurroundingthe Instead,area.the activity anabsence Neolithic of revealed monument the of north and west Project Riverside henge have contained as many as 1000 houses. might that settlement large very a of edge the follows bank henge wright and circle at Stonehenge (Parker Pearson et in 2480–2440 cal BC, consistent with the dates for the sarsen trilithons elled by Peter Marshall, place atits start 2525–2470 cal BC and its end tensive middens and yard areas covered in food remains, there are there remains, food in covered areas yard and middens tensive ex with dense, extremely are occupation of remains the Although Circle and Woodhenge – might Northern have been the built and Circle,used at this Southern time. the – complex the within circles ber Many people must have been involved in the construction of Stone this, after rebuilding of stages three another were there Although The radiocarbon dates for the Durrington Walls settlement, mod settlement, Walls Durrington the for dates radiocarbon The / Longworth 1971),Longworth it is concluded that the entire circuit of the / Moore 2008) and excavations by the Stone the by excavations and 2008) Moore al. 2007). Three large tim al. 1954;al. Wain ------zweiten Bauphase. zweiten der während Stonehenge von Plan 1. Abb. phase. building ond Fig. 2. Plan of Stonehenge during the sec - www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 8 stitial alignments at Stonehenge circles. andthe timber sol midsummer and midwinter with winter,consistent in other the hiatusestwo of seasonal gathering and feasting, inone summer and indicate pigs the for profiles mortality The corn. grinding for querns no are there settlement, the of part in found been have grains real ce carbonised some Although establishment. farming year-round points to role the as settlement’s a ´consumer site΄ rather than an all- subsistence whose by layoccupied base people elsewhere. seasonally was settlement short-lived relatively this that indications ranges travelled by the people building travelledStonehenge.ranges by the people geographical the for evidence proxy provide may histories life their have we turned period, to the animals Neolithic feasted on at Durrington Late Walls in the the hope that for teeth and bones human of movement, diet and health (Parker Pearson 2006). Given the absence migration, of patterns their documenting Britain, across people 360 completed hasBeaker recoveredPeople histories΄Project the ´life of (c.2400–1700 afterwards recentlyimmediately the BC), cal period er elsewhere or Wallsthat could provide evidence for the builders’ identities. For the Beak Durrington at period this from burials mation inhu no are there Unfortunately, around. distance some from ered ing Stonehenge, its population – albeit – temporary must have gath es that were shared from southern England to the islands of Scotland a political and social for construct the first time,with culturalpractic Perhaps as BCto Beakers. cal of Bell the arrival emerged Britain 3000 in identity of manymaterial aspects life and culture, from just before Conclusion mass labour. than corvée-style rows required labour commitments from lineage-sized groups rather building until around 2200 cal BC when the earliest of the round bar monument- avoided Britain in those Europe, mainland of munities the last great monuments to be built. Like the Bell Beaker-using com (Leary bury tinent and the decline HillSilbury in public works. atlarge-scale Ave Con the with connections order,close involving social and political new Stonehenge: identities After in building andcelebrating. to Britain takesouthern part of parts different from travelled have to appear whom of many ers, build Stonehenge’s for catchment substantial a to point they less, Nonethe provisional. only are results these so Project, Stonehenge eaten in the years before. rather than traded being were driven to Durrington and Walls only in herds, the months before different they were many from derive to appear also They henge. western Britain and the remainder from at least 20 miles from Stone travelling from two chalk, the to local two just with Wessex, of lands chalk the from different geologies on raised were most that strate The isotopic signatures of 12 for a pilot selected demon study cattle et (Viner Wales or England southwest as away far as from movement Wallsconsumedtle atDurrington indicate long-distance If the settlement at Durrington WallsIf the settlement was the work camp for build bones cattle and pig the among neonates of lack complete The Initial results of strontium isotope analysis of tooth enamel in cat in enamel tooth of analysis isotope strontium of results Initial Stonehenge new a to point burials Beaker Bell earliest the BC cal 2400 Around Feeding the of part as place taking is analysis isotopic Further / Field 2010), and the Stonehenge Avenue were two of two were Avenue Stonehenge the 2010),and Field ’ s heyday appears to have been a time of pan-island pan-island of time a been have to appears heyday s al. 2010).al. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 9 Davis Darvill Clarke et V. 1931: Childe et Cleal Cleal Britnell 1982: W. et Bayliss Barclay et Barclay et Atkinson Allen Bibliography BC. cal 2400 around Europe mainland from lifestyles economic and social the social and supernatural order, until the arrival of new ideological, within totheir authority establish patrilineal of leaders dynasties ing allow increased, were power consolidationof elites’ for possibilities the circumstances,such In followers. and leaders between entiation differ social for opportunity ample provided resources and labour of quantity huge the hierarchy.Organizing and leadership of terms ancestral homelands. spective re their of stones the to reference by peoples two of unification the symbolized have would – Wessex from sarsens the and Wales from sourcesseparate within Stonehengebluestones theliths two – from mega of merging the circumstances, such In England. southern to Scotland from line a along west and east between boundary ethnic ny (Oppenheimer 2006, 185–94). This is suggested to have formed an Germa and Scandinavia from east the to other the and Iberia from influxespopulation into one Britain duringNeolithic, to the the west andunification. celebrated unity that monument a constructing in together people ing henge helped reflexively tobolster thatpan-island identity bybring Stone of building the time, same the At required. linkages distance have made the building of Stonehenge possible, providing the long- and from East Anglia to west Wales. This new social formation would The act of building Stonehenge also had political implications in implications political had also Stonehenge building of act The Analysis DNA of hasmodern presented mainof the two possibility 1865). (London remains other their of notices with islands: British the of ants inhabit early and aboriginal the of skulls the of descriptions and tions tions 2008. Antiquaries Journal 89, Journal 2009, 1–19. Antiquaries 2008. tions Landscape: twentieth-century excavations (London 1995). (London excavations twentieth-century Landscape: 1931). 51, Society 1982, Prehistoric the of Proceedings 133–201.Powys. Great Britain and Ireland (Oxford 1999). (Oxford Ireland and Britain Great 1985). (Edinburgh Stonehenge of Time 92, Academy 1997, British the of Proceedings 39–59. Stonehenge. In: B. Cunliffe B. In: Stonehenge. Neolithic burial from the Colne valley, west London. Past 63, Past 2009, 4–6. valley, Colne the London. west from burial Neolithic 1951). (Oxford at Dorchester, Oxon linor 1999). (Oxford Ireland and Britain of monuments cursus the nies: in its Landscape: twentieth-century excavations (London 1995) (London excavations 511–35. twentieth-century Landscape: its in In: R. programme. ing / / / R. 1999: MacSween Bayliss 1995: M. Bayliss / Thurnham 1865: J. 1865: Thurnham / Wainwright T.2009: R. 1995: al, Barclay A. 1999: Harding / al. al. 1985: D. J. Bayliss A. 1997: al. Barclay A. 2009: al. McKinley I. al. 1951: al. R. G. Childe, Skara Brae: a Pictish village in Orkney (London (London Orkney in village Pictish a Brae: Skara Childe, G. J. Britnell, The excavation of two round barrows at Trelystan, M. V. Clarke Cleal J. Allen J. J. / . Powell A. Atkinson C. M. B. Davis B. M. C. Darvill J. Cleal / Cleal J. / T. / K. / / / A. Bayliss, Appendix 2: the radiocarbon dat radiocarbon the 2: Appendix Bayliss, A. Ramsey Bronk C. G. Cowie G. Beacan N. C. Renfrew (eds.) Science and Stonehenge. Stonehenge. and Science (eds.) Renfrew C. E. Walker E. / / / J. Harding (eds.), Pathways and Ceremo and Pathways (eds.), Harding J. J. Thurnham, Crania Britannica: delinea Britannica: Crania Thurnham, J. P. Marshall, New evidence for mid-late mid-late for evidence New Marshall, P. / / / K. / C. A. MacSween (eds.), Grooved Ware in in Ware Grooved (eds.), MacSween A. G. E. WalkerE. Piggott M. J. Wainwright, excava Stonehenge / A. Foxon,A. Symbols of Power at the / / R. Montague, Stonehenge in its its in Stonehenge Montague, R. Bradley P. / R. Montague, Stonehenge Stonehenge Montague, R. / / F. N. Sandars, Excavations Excavations Sandars, N. G. McCormac, Dating Dating McCormac, G. / Chaffey G. / . Chal D. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 10 Lamdin-Whymark 2008: H. Lamdin-Whymark, The Residue of Ritualised Ac Ritualised of Residue The Lamdin-Whymark, H. 2008: Lamdin-Whymark Ice the and Preseli Stonehenge, Enigma: Bluestone The John, B. 2008: John Ixer 1997: Healy F. R. In: Healy, Site3.Flagstones. (Stroud Isles British the of Monuments Henge Harding, J. 2003: Harding Lynch Leivers Leary et Pearson Parker mobil project: people Beaker The Pearson, Parker M. 2006: Pearson Parker Transactions Warwickshire. at Barford, Excavations 1969: Oswald, Oswald A. genetic a British: the of Origins The Oppenheimer, S. 2006: Oppenheimer et Needham J. 1905: Mortimer R. In: bone. Human McKinley, J. 1995: McKinley Parker Pearson 2007: M. Parker Pearson, The Stonehenge Riverside Project: Project: Riverside Stonehenge The Pearson, Parker 2007:M. Pearson Parker Farrer1918: P. Archaeolog Wiltshire Walls. Long Walls,Farrer,or Durrington Fitzpatrick 2002: A. Fitzpatrick, ‘The Amesbury Archer’: a well-furnished Ear Archer’: a well-furnished Amesbury ‘The 2002:Fitzpatrick, A. Fitzpatrick 1984:Evans J. Gibson/Kinnes 1997: A. Gibson/I. Kinnes, On the urns of a dilemma: radio dilemma: a of urns the On Kinnes, Gibson/I. 1997:A. Gibson/Kinnes Gibson macehead decorated the of manufacture The Fenwick, J. 1995: Fenwick Haak Haak et Stonehenge. Antiquity 81, Antiquity Stonehenge. 2007, 617–39. Linford Tilley E. Age (Newport 2008). Age (Newport 1–9. 99, Archaeological 2006, Magazine History Natural and Wiltshire provenance. their from to guide sandstones a as non-sarsen Stonehenge other and Stone Altar the of trography 27–48. 11)1997) No. (Salisbury (Report 1986-8 Dorset, By-pass, Dorchester the 2003). Neolithic 310, Science sites. 7500-year-old 2005, 1016–18. in farmers European first the from DNA cient henge Improvement (Salisbury 2008). (Salisbury Improvement henge 2008). (Oxford 466 Series British Reports, Archaeological Valley. British Thames Middle the in practices deposition Neolithic tion: ham 1692Series 2007) 125–44. (Oxford International Reports. Archaeological British BC. in third millennium the diversity cultural Baltic: the to Stonehenge From (eds.) Pearson Parker 3–54. 1969,83, Society Archaeological Warwickshire and Birmingham the of 2006). (London story detective 2010, 90, Journal Antiquaries on. 1–39. centuries two Age cemetery Bronze Early Down Normanton the and Barrow Bush barrows’: of group 1905). Yorkshire (London East of Mounds Burial excava twentieth-century 1995) (London tions 451–61. Landscape: its in Stonehenge Montague, 150rensis 17–142. 2004, Camb Archaeologia Wales. North Bangor, near Llandegai, at complex Larsson L. In: Walls. Durrington of entrance east the at excavations 14–15. 61, 2006,l Archaeologist The Age. Bronze Early British the in diet and ity 78, 1984, 7–30. Magazine History Natural and Archaeological Wiltshire burial. Beaker-Age a and Age Bronze Early and Tänzer 1918, 40, Magazine History Natural 95–103. and ical Howe, North Yorkshire. Archaeological Journal 166, 2009, Journal 39–78. Yorkshire. Archaeological North Howe, 125, Ireland of 1995, 51–60. of of Antiquaries Journal Meath. the County Royal Society Knowth, from 76, 2002, 629–30. Antiquity England. southern in Ageburial Bronze ly gy 16,gy 1997Archaeolo 65–72. of Journal Oxford problem. Peterborough the and carbon / R. 2006: Turner Morris L. / / Field 2010:Field J. Leary / Musson 2004: F. Lynch2004: Musson / al al 2005: W. Haak M. Leivers 2008: Moore Gibson A. 2009: Bayliss / / . Pollard J. . Welham K. / / Villems R. Martin L. Needham S. 2010: al. G. Evans, Stonehenge – the environment in the Late Neolithic Neolithic Late the in environment –the Stonehenge Evans, G. / Barnes I. Pearson Parker 2007:M. al. R. Mortimer, Fifty Years’ Researches in British and Saxon Saxon and British in Researches Years’ Fifty Mortimer, R. / Ixer A. Richards C. / / / Chamberlain A. Montgomery J. Renfrew C. / P. Forster / / P. D. Field, The Story of Silbury Hill (London 2010). (London Hill Silbury of Story D. The Field, / J. Woodward, Excavations along the Route of of Route the along Excavations Woodward, J. P. Turner, A detailed re-examination of the pe the of re-examination P.detailed Turner,A / C. Musson, A prehistoric and early medieval medieval early and prehistoric A Musson, C. / C. Moore, Archaeology on the A303 Archaeology Moore, StoneC. / / / A. Bayliss, Recent research at Duggleby Duggleby at research Recent Bayliss, A. Ruggles C. / B. B. Bramanti Gronenborn D. / A. / / Lawson J. Chenery C. Payne A. J. / Smith C. Cleal R. / / Sheridan A. S. S. Matsumura M. / / M. Richards, The age of of age The Richards, M. A. Woodward, ‘A noble noble ‘A Woodward, A. / / Cleal J. K. Evans J. / / Alt W. P. Marshall F. Healy / / K. / Thomas J. / / J. Burger, An Burger, J. Knüsel C. G. G. Brandt . Walker E. / M. / S. Need S. J.Allen / / / / / M. M. M. M. N. N. C. C. R. R. / ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Mike Parker Pearson with Christie Cox Willis Burials and builders of Stonehenge

November 24th, 2010 11 A. 1992: al. et Whittle S. 1990: West Wainwright et Viner et Williams-Thorpe et Thomas et Stone et Pearson Parker Roe 1968:F. Roe Lothian, West Hill, Cairnpapple at excavations The Piggott, S. 1948: Piggott and outcrop sources. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 25, 2006, 29–46. 25, 2006, Archaeology of Journal Oxford sources. outcrop and monoliths, Stonehenge axe-heads, bluestones: dolerite Preseli Webb, pation. East Anglian Archaeology 48 (Bury St 1990). Edmunds (Bury 48 Archaeology Anglian East pation. Walls: 1966–1968 excavations 1971). (London ence. Sci Archaeological of Britain).Journal Walls(Wiltshire, Durrington from teeth cattle of analysis isotope strontium Britain: prehistoric in mobility 83, 2009, 40–53. ty ards Prehistoric Society 58, 1992, 58, 143–201. Society Prehistoric the of Proceedings 1981. 1947–1952 and Oxfordshire, ter-on-Thames, Dorches at complex Age Bronze and Neolithic the in Excavations mas, nium BC. Antiquaries Journal 34, 1954, 34, Journal 155-77. Antiquaries BC. nium millen second siteearly of the at a ceremonial excavations shire: recent Europe: essays presented to Stuart Piggott (Leicester 1968) (Leicester 145–72. Piggott to Stuart presented essays Europe: Marshall 68–123. 1947–48. of of of Antiquaries Scotland Proceedings the 82,Society 1948, 83, 2009, 23–39. at Stonehenge? Antiquity buried was the British Isles. In: J. In: Isles. British the / Viner S. 2010: al. al. 1954: J. 1954: al. Tilley C. l 20: J. 2009: al. / E. / G. 1971: Longworth E. West, West Stow: the prehistoric and Romano-British occu Romano-British and prehistoric the Stow: West West, E. . Pollard J. S. Roe, Stone mace-heads and the latest Neolithic cultures of of cultures Neolithic latest the and mace-heads Stone Roe, S. / K. Welham, The date of the Stonehenge cursus. Antiqui cursus. Stonehenge the of date The Welham, K. Pearson Parker M. 2009: al. Williams-Thorpe O. 2006: al F. Stone/ S. W. Thomas S. / Richards C. Coles M. Whittle R. / Evans J. Piggott S. / . Wainwright J. D. / / / Pearson Parker M. / Albarella U. R. D. Thomas J. J. A. Simpson (eds.), Studies in Ancient Ancient (eds.),in Studies Simpson A. Atkinson C. / A. Booth, Durrington Walls, Wilt Walls, Durrington Booth, A. / / / / / M. Tilley C. I. Longworth, Durrington Durrington Longworth, I. A.Chamberlain M. Parker Pearson, Cattle Cattle Pearson, Parker M. Jones C. / Chambers R. / . Pollard J. / K. Welham, Who Who Welham, K. / P. Potts J. / . Jay M. / / . Rich C. N. Tho N. / P. / C. C. P. ------Siehe www.jungsteinsite.de, Artikel www.jungsteinsite.de, Siehe Hinweise: Urheberrechtliche Kiel Dieterich, Holger Layout: und Techn. Redaktion Kiel Furholt, Martin Redaktion: ISSN 1868-3088 Impressum [email protected] Department of Archaeology, of Department Department of Archaeology, of Department University of Sheffield, of University University of Sheffield, of University Mike ParkerMike Pearson Northgate House, Northgate Northgate House, Northgate Christie Cox Willis United Kingdom United Kingdom Sheffield4ET, S1 Sheffield4ET, S1 West Street, West Street,