Carmen Rodríguez Capilla Francesco Quacquarelli Definición Del Factor De Forma

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Carmen Rodríguez Capilla Francesco Quacquarelli Definición Del Factor De Forma Los factores de forma Carmen Rodríguez Capilla Francesco Quacquarelli Definición del factor de forma El Factor de forma (inglés form factor) es el tamaño físico estandarizado de una placa base para ordenador personal. También define algunas especificaciones la placa base. Estas características se definen para poder integrar la placa madre con el resto de los dispositivos. El factor de forma define: • Forma de la placa madre: cuadrada o rectangular. • Ancho y largo de la placa madre. • Posición de los anclajes (ubicación de tornillos). • Áreas donde se sitúan los componentes (ranuras de expansión, conectores y puertos). • Forma física del conector de la fuente de alimentación y las conexiones eléctricas. Las placas base van ha ser creadas en función del factor de forma y ya que existen difernetes tipos de factores de forma estándares van a surgir diferentes tamaños de placas base, diferentes dimensiones físicas de la fuente de alimentación, según la placa y diferentes tipos de conectores de la alimentación con los que se va a suministrar la energía. Es por todo esto por lo que las cajas ('case') van a ser diseñadas para contener uno o varios tipos de placas base y van a contar con las ranuras apropiadas para su instalación. Surgen, de este modo: − placas estándar con factor de forma XT, AT, ATX, AT Baby, BTX, WTX, etc... − placas propietarias que son las propias de algunos fabricantes de ordenadores. Origen del factor de forma El factor de forma nació de la necesidad de crear un standard para que los componentes de un ordenador sean intercambiables entre si, indiferentemente del fabricante. El primero fue el XT. El XT es un factor de forma creado por IBM para su primer ordenador personal de uso domestico. La especificación era abierta, por lo tanto múltiples desarrolladores se basaron en esta convirtiéndose así en un estándar de facto. Los diferentes factores de forma. Los factores de formas más extendidos actualmente son: • ATX. • Flex-ATX. • Micro-ATX. • Mini-ITX y Nano-ITX (formatos muy reducidos de VIA Technologies). • BTX (propuesta de Intel para sustituir a ATX). Estos son los principales factores de forma con su correspondiente tamaño en mm: • XT 216x330; • WTX 356×425 ; • AT 350×305 ; • Baby-AT 330×216 ; • BTX 325×266 ; • ATX 305×244 ; • LPX 330×229 ; • NLX 254×228 ; • microATX 244×244 ; • DTX 244×203 ; • FlexATX 229×191 ; • Mini-DTX 203×170 ; • EBX 203×146 ; • microATX (Min.) 171×171 ; • Mini-ITX 170×170 ; • EPIC (Express) 165×115 ; • Nano-ITX 120×120 ; • COM Express 125×95 ; • ETX / XTX 114×95 ; • Pico-ITX 100×72 ; • PC/104 (-Plus) 96×90 ; • mobile-ITX 75×45 . FACTOR DE FORMA WTX Tamaño: 14"x16.75" (356 mm x 425 mm). WTX (for Workstation Technology Extended) fue introducido por Intel en el 1998 en entornos multiprocesador, en servidores y estaciones de trabajo. Fue adoptado por la mayoría de los fabricantes de equipo OEM (Compaq, Dell, Fujitsu, Gateway, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Intergraph, NEC, Siemens Nixdorf, and UMAX) y por los fabricantes de placas base (Acer, Asus, Supermicro and Tyan). Las placas base WTX fueron diseñadas para equipos de alto rendimiento, con varios procesadores, dos fuentes de alimentación, etc. La disposición de los elementos es muy importante en este factor de forma ya que permite un considerable flujo de aire en la zona donde están alocados los microprocesadores. FACTOR DE FORMA AT Tamaño: 12"x11" (350 mm x 305 mm). El factor de forma AT (Advanced technology) fue lanzado al mercado en el 1984 por IBM y se utilizó en el IBM AT y todo sus clones. Muy similar al PC/XT que le precedió, pero de menor tamaño. FACTOR DE FORMA XT Tamaño: 8,5” x 13” (216 mm x 330 mm) Se basa en la placa del IBM PC original. En su primera versión, la placa de este equipo, inspiradora de todas las demás, disponía de 5 conectores ISA de 8 bits, un conector para el teclado, otro para casete, y zócalos para el coprocesador aritmético y para las ampliaciones de memoria (DRAM con control de paridad). Estos chips de memoria eran de 16 pines (8 a cada lado), y el primer banco estaba soldado directamente a la placa, con el consiguiente problema para el mantenimiento. Posteriormente, con la introducción del modelo XT en 1983, se suprimió el conector para casete y se aumentó a 8 el número de conectores ISA de 8 bits (el tamaño de la placa se mantuvo igual pero se dispusieron más juntos). También se dispuso que toda la memoria fuera sobre zócalo. Este modelo, con un tamaño aproximado de 8.5 x 13 pulgadas, fue utilizado por la incipiente industria de "Clónicos". FACTOR DE FORMA BABY-AT Tamaño: 8,5"x13" (216 mm x 330 mm). El factor de forma Baby-AT fue introducido en el mercado por IBM en el 1985, fue la versión más pequeña y económica de de las placas base AT. Fue bastante popular en los ordenadores personales gracias a su tamaño reducido hasta la aparición de la ATX en el 1995. El cambio por la ATX fue debido a que a medida que aumentaba la capacidad de trabajo de los microprocesadores, también aumentaba la cantidad de calor generada y la proximidad de los componentes en el formato Baby-AT no favorecía la disipación de esas altas temperaturas. Una característica importante de este factor de forma es que las placas base construidas según este diseño fueron las primeras en incluir conectores para distintos puertos (paralelo, serial, etcétera) integrados en su parte trasera y conectados internamente. FACTOR DE FORMA BTX Tamaño: 12,7"x10,4" (325 mm x 266 mm). El estándar BTX (Balanced Technology Extended) fue creado por Intel, como evolución del ATX De tamaño más reducido que la ATX, pero trae las siguientes ventajas • Las CPUs y las tarjetas gráficas consumen cada vez más y más potencia, y esto resulta en una mayor disipación térmica. Por otro lado, los usuarios reclaman cada vez más PC que sean silenciosos. Las actuales cajas y placas madre ATX no fueron diseñadas para los increíbles niveles de calor que se producen en ellas. Así comienza la necesidad de un nuevo formato. Del fomato BTX, existen 3 diferentes versiones, cuya única diferencia es el tamaño: • picoBTX: 20.3 x 26.7 cm • microBTX: 26.4 x 26.7 cm • regularBTX: 32.5 x26.7cm FACTOR DE FORMA ATX Tamaño: 12”x9,6" (305 mm x 244 mm). Fue introducida por Intel en 1995. Son las placas bases con dicho factor las más utilizadas en la actualidad, convirtiéndose en el estándar para los ordenadores personales y reemplazando al antiguo factor de forma AT, al ofrecer grandes ventajas con respecto a las demás entre las que destacan: -Un tipo de conector de 20 ó 24 (20+4) contactos tipo molex 39-01-2200 o equivalente para la fuente de alimentación siendo ya imposible conectar de forma incorrecta como sucedía con las fuentes AT con los conectores P8 y P9. También posee un conector adicional de 4 contactos, (P4). Cuenta con un sistema de desconexión por software a través de un interruptor permite la conexión y desconexión del sistema, es la primera vez que se implanta. -mejora la disposición de los componentes que se consigue girando la placa 90º situando la CPU y la memoria lejos de las tarjetas de expansión, para no molestar por largas que sean las tarjetas y, cerca del ventilador de la fuente de alimentación que ya es incorporado en el lateral de las cajas ATX, recibiendo el aire de éste, (cooler). -Los conectores IDE y las disqueteras están más cercanos reduciendo así la longitud de los cables. Permite la incorporación de dispositivos como la tarjeta de vídeo o la tarjeta de sonido en la placa base sacando los conectores desde ésta sin perder así ranuras de expansión. Pueden estar integrados los conectores PS/2 para teclado y ratón, puertos serie o paralelo, puerto USB, y también conectores VGA, conectores para el altavoz y micrófono ahorrando espacio. FACTOR DE FORMA LPX Tamaño: 12,9”x8,9" (330 mm x 229 mm). LPX (Low Profile eXtension), fue desarrollada por Western Digital en el 1990. Estas placas con tamaño parecido a las Baby-AT, tienen la peculiaridad de que los slots para las tarjetas de expansión no se encuentran sobre la placa base, sino en un conector especial (bus vertical), en el que se pinchan las Riser cards. Actualmente está en desuso. FACTOR DE FORMA NLX Tamaño: 9,9”x8,9" (254 mm x 228 mm). Introducido por Intel en 1996, ofrece las ventajas de las antiguas LPX para ensamblar equipos de perfil bajo, al tiempo que elimina alguno de sus inconvenientes. Para ello dispone de una solución análoga; una placa auxiliar vertical en la que se conectan los periféricos, cuyas placas quedan por tanto, paralelas a la placa-base. La solución aporta sin embargo algunas novedades: La primera es que la placa auxiliar no se aloja en un conector situado en el centro de la placa-base (como en LPX), sino en su lateral, que dispone de lengüetas doradas de conexión en uno de sus bordes (el conector hembra está situado en la placa auxiliar). Otra novedad es que los cables y conectores, que normalmente están situados en la placa-base, se conectan ahora en la placa auxiliar, con lo que cambiar la placa-base es una tarea muy simple, basta deslizarla hacia fuera y sacarla de su alojamiento sin desconectar ni un solo cable (la placa auxiliar queda fija al chasis). Como puede suponerse, este factor de forma se ha concebido para permitir sistemas de perfil bajo y facilitar la actualización de las propias placas-base.
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