DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaporation Estimates from Nasser Lake, Egypt, Based on Three Floating Station Data and Bowen Ratio Energy Budget

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaporation Estimates from Nasser Lake, Egypt, Based on Three Floating Station Data and Bowen Ratio Energy Budget View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lirias Theor Appl Climatol (2010) 100:439–465 DOI 10.1007/s00704-009-0168-z ORIGINAL PAPER Evaporation estimates from Nasser Lake, Egypt, based on three floating station data and Bowen ratio energy budget Mohamed Elsawwaf & Patrick Willems & Andrea Pagano & Jean Berlamont Received: 15 January 2009 /Accepted: 26 June 2009 /Published online: 26 August 2009 # Springer-Verlag 2009 Abstract Nasser Lake is located in a hyper-arid region in conducted based on quasi-Monte Carlo sequences (Latin the south of Egypt. Evaporation is by far the most Hypercube sampling). The standard deviation of the total important factor in explaining the water losses from the uncertainty on the BREB evaporation rate was found to be lake. To obtain better management scenarios for Nasser 0.62 mm day−1. The parameter controlling the change in Lake, an accurate estimation of the lake evaporation losses stored energy, followed by the BR parameter, was found to be thus is essential. This paper presents an update of previous the most sensitive parameters. Several of the six conventional evaporation estimates, making use of local meteorological methods showed substantial bias when compared with the and hydrological data collected from instrumented plat- BREB method. These were modified to eliminate the bias. forms (floating weather stations) at three locations on the When compared to the BREB-based values, the Penman lake: at Raft, Allaqi, and Abusembel (respectively at 2, 75, method showed most favorably for the daily time scale, while and 280 km upstream of the Aswan High Dam). Results for the monthly scale, the Priestley–Taylor and the deBruin– from six conventional evaporation quantification methods Keijman methods showed best agreement. Differences in were compared with the values obtained by the Bowen ratio mean evaporation estimates of these methods (against the energy budget method (BREB). The results of the BREB BREB method) were found to be in the range 0.14 and method showed that there is no significant difference 0.36 mm day−1. All estimates were based calculations at the between the evaporation rates at Allaqi and Abusembel. daily time scale covering a 10-year period (1995–2004). At Raft, higher evaporation rates were obtained, which were assumed to be overestimated due to the high uncertainty of the Bowen ratio (BR) parameter. The average 1 Introduction BR value at Allaqi and Abusembel was used to eliminate this overestimates evaporation. Variance-based sensitivity Nasser Lake is located in the lower Nile River Basin at the and uncertainty analyses on the BREB results were border between Egypt and Sudan at 182 m above mean sea level (amsl; Fig. 1). The lake was created from the late 1960s to the 1970s together with the construction of the Aswan High Dam (AHD) upstream of the old Aswan dam, M. Elsawwaf (*) : P. Willems : J. Berlamont about 5 km south of the city of Aswan. The AHD created a Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, multi-purpose storage reservoir to provide adequate water Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, supply in summer, hydropower, flood protection, and Kasteelpark Arenberg 40, improved river navigation. The lake has an area of about 3001 Heverlee, Belgium 2 e-mail: [email protected] 6,540 km and a length of about 500 km, 350 km of which lies in Egypt and 150 km in Sudan. The lake has an average A. Pagano width of about 10 km, a maximum width of about 60 km, Econometrics and Applied Statistics Unit, an average depth of 25 m, and a maximum depth of about EC Joint Research Centre, 9 3 Via Fermi 2749, 90. The total capacity of the reservoir is 162.3×10 m at its 21027 Ispra (VA), Italy highest water level (Sadek et al. 1997; Omar and El-Bakry 440 M. Elsawwaf et al. clear, resulting in massive storage of solar energy in a Aswan High Dam considerably greater volume. The bulk temperature of the Raft station lake (the temperature below about half a meter) will fluctuate to a small degree over the course of a day and the evaporation rate will change correspondingly. Methods that use only net radiation to estimate evaporation rates must fail because net radiation is not providing the energy required for evaporation. For example, these models will Allaqi station predict a small or zero evaporation rate at night since the net radiation is small. Over a water body at night, the evaporation rate is in fact nearly as large as it is during the Western Desert day. Even on a daily or weekly basis, conventional methods based on net radiation will not work well. For example, between June and September, the lake temperature will rise Eastern Desert significantly as an extremely large amount of energy is stored in the water. Methods that use the net radiation will Abusembel station Egypt assume that all of the available energy is going into sensible or latent energy, yet a significant portion is used to warm the Arqeen station lake. On a daily basis, the overestimation of evaporation is Egypt-Sudan border not large but consistently, which might lead to large errors when the evaporation rates are aggregated over longer time periods. Similarly in the fall, when the lake cools, these N Aswan High Dam Sudan methods will underestimate the evaporation rates. Working FS Accounting for the above considerations, observational FS under setting up studies of lake evaporation have used a variety of different methods to estimate evaporation rates. These include the Fig. 1 Location map of the Nasser Lake area showing the floating Bowen ratio energy budget (BREB) method and eddy- stations (FS) sites and the major physical features of Nasser Lake correlation techniques, the water-budget method, methods of the so-called Dalton group such as the bulk aerodynamic method, the methods in the so-called combination group 1981). For many years, the Egyptian Ministry of Water such as the Penman, Priestley–Taylor, and deBruin–Keijman − Resources and Irrigation adopted the figure of 7.54 mm day 1 methods, and the methods in the temperature group such as as the annual mean evaporation rate with a maximum value the Papadakis method among others (Lenters et al. 2005; − in June of 10.8 mm day 1 and a minimum in December of Winter 1981;Winteretal.1995). Another method that is − 3.95 mm day 1 (Whittington and Guariso 1983). used in numerous studies is the mass transfer method (e.g., Evaporation from open-water bodies is quite different Yu and Knapp 1985; Ikebuchi et al. 1988; Laird and from these above-land surfaces (Eichinger et al. 2003). The Kristovich 2002) because of its ease of application and sun’s energy penetrates the water to depths of as much as suitability for modeling (e.g., Hostetler and Bartlein 1990; 30 m in clear water, somewhat less in turbid water, and is Blodgett et al. 1997; Lenters et al. 2005). The water-budget stored throughout the water column (Eichinger et al. 2003). method (e.g., Myrup et al. 1979) can potentially provide a The water column is mixed by surface motion and becomes most reliable estimate of evaporation, as long as each water- the source of energy that drives evaporation (Eichinger et budget component is accurately measured or modeled, which al. 2003). Because of the large heat storage capacity of is often a difficult task, especially for the groundwater losses − water (1.006×106 Jm3) and the fact that water is (Lenters et al. 2005). In general, however, the BREB and approximately 1,000 times more dense than air, the eddy-correlation techniques are considered to be the most temperature of deep, clear, water bodies does not change accurate methods, albeit at the cost of additional, high- significantly throughout the day when compared to the quality instrumentation data (Lenters et al. 2005; Rosenberry atmosphere (Eichinger et al. 2003). The amount of et al. 2007; Winter 1981). As reported by Sene et al. (1991) available energy at the surface is nearly constant throughout and Stannard and Rosenberry (1991), except for a recent the day and night, leading to a nearly constant evaporation study by Blanken et al. (2000), most applications of the rate. The water in Nasser Lake lies between the two eddy-correlation technique have been limited to applications extremes of a clear water body and a land surface (desert). with short-term data series. The energy-budget method is being The lake is deep over much of its area and is relatively the preferred technique for evaporation estimation based on Evaporation estimates from Nasser Lake, Egypt 441 accurate, long-term monitoring data (Winter et al. 2003; evaporation studies for Nasser Lake applied conventional Lenters et al. 2005; among others). methods, except Omar and El-Bakry (1981) and Sadek et Despite this preference, few BREB-based lake evaporation al. (1997), who also applied the BREB method, but with studies based on long-term data series (at least 5 years) very limited data. All previous studies relied on ground are found. Lenters et al. (2005) presented a comprehensive, station data, except the Omar and El-Bakry (1981) study. 10-year BREB-based analysis of seasonal, intraseasonal, and The evaporation estimates by Sadek et al. (1997) have a interannual variations in lake evaporation for the Sparkling rather narrow range, from 5.70 to 7.05 mm day−1 (3.25 Lake in Northern Wisconsin (USA). Other BREB-based billion m3 difference at its highest water level), or only studies have been conducted by Robertson and Barry (1985) slightly above 4% of the natural annual Nile flow at the for the Perch Lake in Ontario (Canada), also based on AHD (84 billion m3).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ELEPHANT BUTTE RESERVOIR 1980 Sedimentation Survey
    ELEPHANT BUTTE RESERVOIR 1980 Sedimentation Survey U. S. Department of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserv- ing the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through out- door recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major respon- sibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration. The information contained in this report regarding commercial prod- ucts or firms may not be used for advertising or promotional purposes and is not to be construed as an endorsement of any product or firm by the Bureau of Reclamation. The information contained in this report was developed for the Bureau of Reclamation; no warranty as to the accuracy, usefulness, or com- pleteness is expressed or implied. ELEPHANT BUTTE RESERVOIR 1980 SEDIMENTATION SURVEY by Joe M. Lara DIVISION OF PLANNING TECHNICAL SERVICES HYDROLOGY BRANCH SEDIMENTATION AND RIVER HYDRAULICS SECTION ENGINEERING AND RESEARCH CENTER DENVER, COLORADO July 1983 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Bureau of Reclamation prepared and published this report. The hydro- graphic survey was done by dames 0. Blanton, Hydraulic Engineer, Engineering and Research Center, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado. Personnel of the Rio Grande Project Office, El Paso, Texas, the Pecos River/Brantley Projects Office, Carlsbad, New Mexico, and the Power and Storage Division Office, Truth or Consequences, New Mexico, completed the land survey and assisted in the hydrographic survey.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of the Rio Grande Compact of 1938
    The Rio Grande Compact: Douglas R. Littlefield received his bache- Its the Law! lors degree from Brown University, a masters degree from the University of Maryland and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1987. His doc- toral dissertation was entitled, Interstate The History of the Water Conflicts, Compromises, and Com- Rio Grande pacts: The Rio Grande, 1880-1938. Doug Compact heads Littlefield Historical Research in of 1938 Oakland, California. He is a research histo- rian and consultant for many projects throughout the nation. Currently he also is providing consulting services to the U.S. Department of Justice, Salt River Project in Arizona, Nebraska Department of Water Resources, and the City of Las Cruces. From 1984-1986, Doug consulted for the Legal Counsel, New Mexico Office of the State Engineer, on the history of Rio Grande water rights and interstate apportionment disputes between New Mexico and Texas for use in El Paso v. Reynolds. account for its extraordinary irrelevancy, Boyd charged, by concluding that it was written by a The History of the congenital idiot, borrowed for such purpose from the nearest asylum for the insane. Rio Grande Compact Boyds remarks may have been intemperate, but nevertheless, they amply illustrate how heated of 1938 the struggle for the rivers water supplies had become even as early as the turn of the century. And Boyds outrage stemmed only from battles Good morning. I thought Id start this off on over water on the limited reach of the Rio Grande an upbeat note with the following historical extending just from southern New Mexicos commentary: Mesilla Valley to areas further downstream near Mentally and morally depraved.
    [Show full text]
  • Rio Grande Compact Commission Report
    3 RIO GRANDE COMPACT COMMISSION REPORT RIO GRANDE COMPACT The State of Colorado, the State of New Mexico, and the State of Texas, desiring to remove all causes of present and future controversy among these States and between citizens of one of these States and citizens of another State with respect to the use of the waters of the Rio Grande above Fort Quitman, Texas, and being moved by considerations of interstate comity, and for the purpose of effecting an equitable apportionment of such waters, have resolved to conclude a Compact for the attainment of these purposes, and to that end, through their respective Governors, have named as their respective Commissioners: For the State of Colorado M. C. Hinderlider For the State of New Mexico Thomas M. McClure For the State of Texas Frank B. Clayton who, after negotiations participated in by S. O. Harper, appointed by the President as the representative of the United States of America, have agreed upon the following articles, to- wit: ARTICLE I (a) The State of Colorado, the State of New Mexico, the State of Texas, and the United States of America, are hereinafter designated “Colorado,” “New Mexico,” “Texas,” and the “United States,” respectively. (b) “The Commission” means the agency created by this Compact for the administration thereof. (c) The term “Rio Grande Basin” means all of the territory drained by the Rio Grande and its tributaries in Colorado, in New Mexico, and in Texas above Fort Quitman, including the Closed Basin in Colorado. (d) The “Closed Basin” means that part of the Rio Grande Basin in Colorado where the streams drain into the San Luis Lakes and adjacent territory, and do not normally contribute to the flow of the Rio Grande.
    [Show full text]
  • Rio Grande Compact Violations
    RIO GRANDE COMPACT VIOLATIONS VIOLATION New Mexico’s ever increasing water use and groundwater pumping below Elephant Butte Reservoir (EBR) deprives Texas of water apportioned to it under the 1938 Rio Grande Compact (Compact). OVERVIEW The Rio Grande Project (Project) serves the Las Cruces, New Mexico and El Paso, Texas areas and includes Elephant Butte Reservoir. Federal legislation provides for Project water to be allocated 57 percent to Project Lands within New Mexico and 43 percent to Project Lands in Texas. Two districts receive this Project Water—Elephant Butte Irrigation District (EBID) in New Mexico and El Paso County Water Improvement District No. 1 (EP #1) in Texas. A 1938 contract among EBID, EP #1 and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) reflects the 57 percent–43 percent division. The City of El Paso obtains about 50% of its water from EP#1's allocation. The Compact apportions the waters of the Rio Grande among the signatory states of Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The Compact apportions all of the water that New Mexico delivers into Elephant Butte Reservoir to Texas, subject to the United States’ Treaty obligation to Mexico and the United States’ Project Contract with EBID in New Mexico. The Compact sought to maintain the status quo as it existed in 1938 utilizing the Rio Grande Project as a means to insure that this occurred. ISSUE Texas is deprived of water apportioned to it in the Compact because New Mexico has authorized and permitted wells that have been developed near the Rio Grande in New Mexico. These wells (estimated at over 3,000) pump as much as 270,000 acre-feet of water annually.
    [Show full text]
  • Satellite Observations of the Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico (USA)
    Satellite Observations of the Elephant Butte Reservoir in New Mexico (USA) Max P. Bleiweiss(1), Thomas Schmugge(2) , William L. Stein(3) (1)Dept. of Entomology, Plant Pathology & Weed Science, New Mexico State Univ. PO Box 30003, MSC 3BE, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 USA [email protected] (2)College of Agriculture, New Mexico State University PO Box 30003, MSC 3AG, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 USA [email protected] (3)Physical Science Laboratory, New Mexico State University PO Box 30002, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003 USA, [email protected] ABSTRACT Since the launch of NASA's Terra satellite in December 1999, the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection (ASTER) instrument has made a number of observations of the Elephant Butte Reservoir. The first observations were in June 2000 and the most recent were in October 2007. This period includes the recent drought conditions and the earlier full water conditions. The area of the reservoir was estimated for each of these scenes and compared with known water levels. The ASTER observations include both the visible reflectance and the thermal infrared emission (surface temperature). Both spectral regions can provide good contrast between the water and the surrounding land. This contrast makes the area estimation straightforward. INTRODUCTION For many reservoirs there are considerable fluctuations in levels as water is drawn down for irrigation purposes. We present satellite observations of changes in the surface water area as evidence of this drawdown. Since the launch of NASA's Terra satellite in December 1999, ASTER has made more than 30 observations of the Elephant Butte Reservoir located on the Rio Grande in central New Mexico, USA including night-time observations.
    [Show full text]
  • Rio Grande Project
    Rio Grande Project Robert Autobee Bureau of Reclamation 1994 Table of Contents Rio Grande Project.............................................................2 Project Location.........................................................2 Historic Setting .........................................................3 Project Authorization.....................................................6 Construction History .....................................................7 Post-Construction History................................................15 Settlement of the Project .................................................19 Uses of Project Water ...................................................22 Conclusion............................................................25 Suggested Readings ...........................................................25 About the Author .............................................................25 Bibliography ................................................................27 Manuscript and Archival Collections .......................................27 Government Documents .................................................27 Articles...............................................................27 Books ................................................................29 Newspapers ...........................................................29 Other Sources..........................................................29 Index ......................................................................30 1 Rio Grande Project At the twentieth
    [Show full text]
  • 105 Miles: the Rio Grande Compact and the Distance from Elephant
    ~~; SCHOO~ofl!AW~ ur LJTLAw & ~ ~ T~ I ' ' /,I I \ \ \'\ ENERGY CENTER The Center for Global Energy, International Arbitration and ~\ J II Environmental Law ' I ABOUT RESEARCH AND PROJECTS EVENTS STUDENTS NEWS BLOG j) 105 Miles: The Rio Grande Compact and The Energy Center blog is a forum for faculty at the Distance from Elephant Butte tlie University of Texas, Reservoir to the Texas Line leading practirioners, lawmakers and other .1. Jeremy Brown O February 26, 2014 experts to contribute to tlie discussion of vital law and policy debates in the areas of energy, e11vironmental law, a11d international arbitration Blog posts reflect the opinions of the autliors and not of the University of Texas or the Center for The Supreme Court last month granted Texas leave to fi le an original comp laint over water in the Global Energy, Upper Rio Grande and move fo rward with its claims that New Mexico is violating the compact that lr1ter11atio11a/ Atbitratio11 governs allocations from the river and Environmental Law The lawsuit highl ights a curious feature of the Rio Grande Compact: it does not exp licitly require New Popular Tags Mexico to deliver water to the Texas line. Colorado, New Mexico , and Texas-the three states that # share the Rio Grande -drafted the compact in 1938 and ratified it the fo llowing year to "effecuat[e] Texas an equitable apportionment" of "the waters of the Rio Grande" from its headwaters to Fort Qu itman, water Texas, about 80 miles southeast of El Paso. drought (The compact does not define the term "waters," which raises another set of issues beyond the scope of this post on the ways that compact does - or does not - contemplate the hydrolog ical connections energy between surface and groundwater.) tracking Article Ill sets forth the amounts that Colorado must de liver in the Rio Grande to the Colorado-New endangered species Mexico state line each ca lendar year That amount 1s a base of 10,000 ac re-feet less certain ind ices that are ca lcu lated according to gauged tributary nows.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rio Grande Compact the State of Colorado, the State of New Mexico
    The Rio Grande Compact: RIO GRANDE COMPACT Its the Law! The State of Colorado, the State of New Mexico, (g) Annual Debits are the amounts by which and the State of Texas, desiring to remove all causes actual deliveries in any calendar year fall below of present and future controversy among these States scheduled deliveries. and between citizens of one of these States and The Rio citizens of another State with respect to the use of the (h) Annual Credits are the amounts by which Grande waters of the Rio Grande above Fort Quitman, Texas, actual deliveries in any calendar year exceed sched- Compact and being moved by considerations of interstate uled deliveries. comity, and for the purpose of effecting an equitable apportionment of such waters, have resolved to (i) Accrued Debits are the amounts by which conclude a Compact for the attainment of these the sum of all annual debits exceeds sum of all annual purposes, and to that end, through their respective credits over any common period of time. Governors, have named as their respective Commis- sioners: (j) Accrued Credits are the amounts by which the sum of all annual credits exceeds the sum of all For the State of Colorado M.C. Hinderlider annual debits over any common period of time. For the State of New Mexico Thomas M. McClure For the State of Texas Frank B. Clayton (k) Project Storage is the combined capacity of Elephant Butte Reservoir and all other reservoirs who, after negotiations participated in by S.O. actually available for the storage of usable water Harper, appointed by the President as the \representa- below Elephant Butte and above the first diversion to tive of the United States of America, have agreed lands of the Rio Grande Project, but not more than a upon the following articles, to-wit: total of 2,638,860 acre feet.
    [Show full text]
  • Rio Grande Project
    RIO GRANDE PROJECT El Paso Field Division 10737 Gateway Blvd. West, Suite 350 El Paso, TX 79935 U. S Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation RIO GRANDE PROJECT CURRENT HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS OF UPPER RIO GRANDE BASIN U. S Dept. of the Interior Bureau of Reclamation ALBUQUERQUE AREA OFFICE BUREAU OF RECLAMATION ~ I CO ·· - ·· - ·· AZ:NM I • AMARILLO RIO GRANDE PROJECT MEXICO %OF AVG. SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT vs TIME %OF AVG. SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT vs TIME Upper Rio Grande Basin (Basin Avg.) Rio Chama Basin (Basin Avg.) 600 ~-----------------., 140 ...--:-------------:--;:--:-;:-=--~ w ~500 .------------~ ~ 120 ~~-------~~~~ ~ Avg=Avgo ~400 #---------------~~~~ ~ 100 ~H*--~.----~~=-~ ~ Avg=Avg o w 9SNOTEL 4 SNOTEL ~300 ~-----------~ Sites ~ 8o ~UW~~.J~~~----~ ~ 60 ~~~~----~~--~ Sites ~200 rr~----------~ 0 40 ~-----------~ ~ ~100 ~~~~~""~~~-----~ 20 ~-----------~ o ~~~~~TITITTI~~~~Trrrrrn 10/1 11/6 12/18 1/29 3/12 4/23 6/4 7/16 10/1 11/6 12/18 1/29 3/12 4/23 6/4 7/16 OCT. 01,2006 to APR. 30,2007 OCT. 01,2006 to APR. 30,2007 %OF AVG. SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT vs TIME %OF AVG. SNOW WATER EQUIVALENT vs TIME Sangre de Cristo Mtn Basins (Basin Avg.) Jemez River Basin (Basin Avg.) 160 ...-----------------., w 140 +-----~------~ ~ 120 ~---~~~~-~--~ w 120 ...-------~--~-----------­ ~ Avg=Avgo ~ 100 ~------~1r~r---~~~~ ffi 100 +--+--~----+-~------~ ~ Avg=Avgo ~ 80 ~~~-~---~---~ 9SNOTEL ffi 80 +------1~----r---------­ Sites 3 SNOTEL ~ 60 ~~~~-----~==~~ ~ 60 ~----~------~---------­ Sites ~ 40 ++~~~-----~~-"~ o~ 40 ~~r-~------~~-------­ 20 ++--------~~~~ ~ 20 ~~~~--------+--------- o ~~~~~~~~~~~~nTM o ~~~~~~~ITTI~ITnTITITTITIT 10/1 11/6 12/18 1/29 3/12 4/23 6/4 7/16 10/1 11 /6 12/18 1/29 3/12 4/23 6/4 7/16 OCT.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Deliveries Under the Rio Grande Compact
    Volume 14 Issue 2 Spring 1974 Spring 1974 Water Deliveries under the Rio Grande Compact S. E. Reynolds Philip B. Mutz Recommended Citation S. E. Reynolds & Philip B. Mutz, Water Deliveries under the Rio Grande Compact, 14 Nat. Resources J. 201 (1974). Available at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/nrj/vol14/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Natural Resources Journal by an authorized editor of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]. WATER DELIVERIES UNDER THE RIO GRANDE COMPACT' by 3 S. E. Reynolds2 and Philip B. Mutz A review of the record of the deliveries of the States of Colorado 4 and New Mexico and the releases of water from project storage under the Rio Grande Compact between the States of Colorado, New Mexico and Texas may be of interest to students of the practical aspects of interstate water compacts. Plate I illustrates those records. The accrued credits,' or accrued debits,6 of the State of Colorado and the State of New Mexico at the end of each calendar year as determined at the following regular meeting of the Rio Grande Com- pact Commission are plotted on Plate I. The amount of water re- leased from project storage for beneficial use in New Mexico and Texas and for delivery to Mexico under the Mexican Treaty of 1906' during the calendar year indicated is also plotted. Perhaps the most striking feature of Plate I is its illustration of the fact that both Colorado and New Mexico have been in a debit status during most of the time since the Compact became effective.
    [Show full text]
  • MINUTES of the SECOND MEETING of the WATER and NATURAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE
    MINUTES of the SECOND MEETING of the WATER AND NATURAL RESOURCES COMMITTEE July 30-31, 2019 Truth or Consequences Civic Center Truth or Consequences The second meeting of the Water and Natural Resources Committee was called to order by Senator Joseph Cervantes, chair, on July 30, 2019 at 9:08 a.m. at the Truth or Consequences Civic Center in Truth or Consequences. Present Absent Sen. Joseph Cervantes, Chair Rep. Abbas Akhil Rep. Derrick J. Lente, Co-Vice Chair Rep. Joanne J. Ferrary Rep. Matthew McQueen, Co-Vice Chair Sen. Sander Rue Rep. Gail Armstrong (7/30) Rep. Nathan P. Small Rep. Paul C. Bandy Rep. Melanie A. Stansbury Sen. Craig W. Brandt Sen. Jeff Steinborn Rep. Christine Chandler Rep. Angelica Rubio Rep. Larry R. Scott Sen. Benny Shendo, Jr. (7/30) Sen. Mimi Stewart Rep. James R.J. Strickler Rep. Candie G. Sweetser Sen. Pat Woods Advisory Members Sen. Pete Campos Rep. Anthony Allison Rep. Randal S. Crowder Rep. Jack Chatfield Rep. Candy Spence Ezzell (7/30) Sen. Carlos R. Cisneros Sen. Ron Griggs Sen. Gregg Fulfer Rep. Susan K. Herrera Sen. Stuart Ingle Rep. Tim D. Lewis Sen. Gay G. Kernan Sen. Linda M. Lopez Rep. Javier Martínez Sen. Mary Kay Papen Rep. Rodolpho "Rudy" S. Martinez Rep. William "Bill" R. Rehm Sen. Steven P. Neville Rep. G. Andrés Romero (7/30) Rep. Greg Nibert Rep. Patricia Roybal Caballero Sen. Gerald Ortiz y Pino Rep. Tomás E. Salazar Rep. Jane E. Powdrell-Culbert Rep. Debra M. Sariñana Sen. Nancy Rodriguez Sen. Antoinette Sedillo Lopez Sen. William E. Sharer Sen.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary the Sample of Gizzard Shad, Dorosoma Cepedianum (Le
    Summary The sample of gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur), used for this study consisted of 7, 477 fish from Elephant Butte Lake, New Mexico. They were taken be- tween June 1, 1964, and December 31, 1970. Locality of this study, along with findings in the literature, allows extension of the described range of gizzard shad. Extension of standard descriptions of range of the species includes a broad strip along the western boundary encompassing the Great Plains of Wyoming and Colorado and westward to the Continental Divide in New Mexico and north-central Mexico. Published opinions of the role of gizzard shad in community ecology of fishes vary with characteristics of the waters in which studies have been made. Value of the giz- zard shad as a link in the food chain of game fishes is not disputed, at least when the shad is small. With a high reproductive potential and rapid rate of growth, gizzard shad tend to overpopulate many waters to the detriment of other fish populations. This is true in warm, shallow lakes with mud bottoms, excessive turbidity, and few predators. The gizzard shad is highly esteemed as a forage fish in fluctuating impoundments which contain deep and relatively clear water, have abrupt shorelines, support little or no littoral vegetation, adequate plankton, sparse benthic flora and fauna, and con- tain sufficient predators to crop young-of-the-year shad. This is essentially a descrip- tion of Elephant Butte Lake, except that predation is inadequate to prevent stunting. Age and growth determinations were made from scales by use of the Lee Method (corrected direct-proportion).
    [Show full text]