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A Large Volume Detector for 222Rn In Search for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay with GERDA Grzegorz Zuzel on behalf of the GERDA Collaboration Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 05 15-th08.01.2010 Rencontres duCracow, Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Outline • Double beta decay • Design and goals of GERDA • Background reduction strategy • GERDA results • Summary Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Double Beta Decay In a number of even-even nuclei, decay due to energy/angular momentum balance is forbidden, while double beta decay from a nucleus (A,Z) to (A, Z+2) is energetically allowed. E decay GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary Q = 2039 keV Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Double Beta Decay Modes 2 0 decay GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary - - (A,Z) (A, Z+2) + 2e (A,Z) (A, Z+2) + 2e + 2e L = 2 L = 0 exp 26 18 24 T1/2 >~10 yr T1/2 ~ 10 – 10 yr Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Background Issue No background 푙푛2 푁퐴 푇 90% 퐶퐿 > 휖 ∙ 푎 ∙ 푀 ∙ 푇 1/2 1.64 퐴 1 2 2 = 퐺 푄, 푍 ∙ |푀푛푢푐| ∙ < 푚푒푒 > 푇ퟏ/ퟐ decay Background GERDA design Bkg reduction 푙푛2 푁 푀 ∙ 푇 푇 90% 퐶퐿 > 퐴 휖 ∙ 푎 Latest results 1/2 1.64 퐴 퐵 ∙ ∆퐸 Summary ퟏ ퟒ 푩∙∆푬 < 풎풆풆 > ~ ~ 푻ퟏ/ퟐ 푴∙푻 푴 ∙ 푻 풙 ퟏퟎퟎ 푻ퟏ/ퟐ ퟏퟎ < 풎풆풆 > 풙 ~ퟑ Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam GERDA • GERDA (GERmanium Detector Array) has been designed to investigate neutrinoless 76 double beta decay of Ge (Q = 2039 keV) - Ge mono-crystals are very pure decay - Ge detectors have excellent energy resolution GERDA design - Detector = source ( 1) Bkg reduction - Enrichment required (7.4 % 86 %) enr Latest results - Bare HP Ge detectors immersed in LAr Summary • Background (index) around Qββ: 10-2 – 10-3 cts/(keV×kg×yr); 10 – 100 times lower compared to previous experiments (HdM/IGEX) Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam The GERDA Collaboration decay GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam GERDA at LNGS Hall A: decay GERDA GERDA design LVD CRESST Hall B: Hall C: Bkg reduction CUORE XENON1T BOREXINO Latest results CUPID DARKSIDE SABRE Summary ©Cracow 2012, MPI Epiphany of Physics, Conference Munich on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam GERDA Sensitivity LEGEND: 76Ge mass ~1 t BI ≈ 10-5 cts / (keV×kg×yr) Sensitivity: ~11028 yr <mee> ~ 10 meV Phase II: Add new enr. BEGe decay detectors (+20 kg, 35 kg tot.) GERDA design BI ≈ 10-3 cts / (keV×kg×yr) Sensitivity after 100 kg×yr Bkg reduction Latest results Summary Phase I: Use refurbished HdM & IGEX (18 kg) BI ≈ 10-2 cts / (keV×kg×yr) claim Sensitivity after 20 kg×yr Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Development of GERDA • 2004 – 2005: The collaboration was formed • 2005 – 2010: GERDA funded, designed and constructed in LNGS Hall A • 2010 – 2011: Phase I commissioning • June 2011: Deployment of the first string of enrGe (3 detectors, 6.7 kg) decay • 01.11.2011: Start data taking with all 8 Phase I enrGe GERDA design crystals (17.8 kg) and 1 natGe crystal (from GTF) Bkg reduction • June 2012 5 Phase II enr. BEGe detectors inserted into the Latest results cryostat Summary • Phase I data: 09.11.11 – 09.05.13 (21.6 kg×yr acquired) • 2013 – 2015: upgrade to Phase II • December 2015: Phase II data taking starts • April – May 2018: Phase II upgrade Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam GERDA Phase I Clean room Lock Cryo-lab decay Cryostat GERDA design Bkg reduction Control room Latest results Summary 222Rn monitor Water tank + veto Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam GERDA Phase II Setup New thick-window decay BEGe detectors GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary New signal and HV New TPB coated nylon mini- New low-mass contacting by wire shrouds to reduce attraction of detector holders bonding flat ribbon 42K ions (from decays of (Si, Cu, PTFE) cables 42Ar) to n+ surface TBP = tetraphenyl butadiene Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Hybrid LAr veto: PMTs + Fibers 810 wavelength shifting fibers coupled to 90 SiPMs decay GERDA design 16 3” PMTs Cylinder with WLS Bkg reduction (TETRATEX foil) Latest results Summary Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam GERDA Phase II Array decay GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary GERDA Phase II (Dec 2015 - ) - 30 enriched BEGe (20.0 kg), 7 enriched coax (15.8 kg), 3 natural coax (7.6 kg) - LAr instrumentation: 90 (SiPMs) + 16 (PMTs) channels - BI ~ 10-3 cts/(keVkgyr) Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Upgrade of Phase II • Natural coax replacedClean with room 9 kg (5 detectors) enriched inverted coax (IC) type Lock • New LAr instrumentation: installation of denser fibre curtain and middle string curtain • 3 Ge channels recovered • Few detectors etched to reduce their leakage current decay • Some cables replaced with a lower activity version GERDA design Bkg reduction n+ p+ passivation Latest results Summary Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Accumulation of Data Phase I • 09.11.11 – 09.05.13: 21.6 kgyr • Additional Phase I data before upgrade: 1.9 kgyr Phase II decay GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary June 2016: 10.8 kgyr June 2017: 23.2 kgyr June 2018: 58.9 kgyr Nature 554, 47 PRL 120, 132503 Science, in print • Duty cycle: ~93 % • Data quality cut: 80.4 % • IC detectors perform well (2.9 keV FWHM) • Approaching 100 kgyr (~ Nov. 2019) Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Energy Scale and Stability • Detectors calibrated weekly with 228Th sources • Shifts between calibrations < 1 keV • Every 20 s test pulse injection for gain stability measurement • “Zero area cusp” (ZAC) filter (Eur. Phys. J. C75 (2015) 255) decay GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary FWHM @ Qββ: Coax: 3.6(1) keV BEGe: 3.0(1) keV Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam LAr Veto • Channel-wise (PMT/SiPM) anti-coincidence condition • Thresholds at ~0.5 P.E. • Acceptance determined from random triggers: 97.7(1) % • 40K/42K Compton continua completely suppressed • -rays survival fractions: 40K (EC) = ~100 %, 42K (-) ~20 % • Almost pure 2νββ spectrum after LAr veto cut (600-1300 keV) decay GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam Pulse Shape Discrimination • In 2 / 0 decays energy deposition (electrons) is very local – Single Site Event (SSE) • Multiple Compton scatterings of s in Ge: separate interaction vertexes – Multi Site Events (MSE) • Surface events (/): depending on the location may generate pulses with short/long rise times (RT) • PSD: Identification and rejection of MSE and events with short/long RT decay GERDA design Bkg reduction Latest results Summary Interactions in vertexes of „similar” potential gradient Interactions in vertexes of different potential gradient Cracow Epiphany Conference on Physics in Underground Laboratories and its Connection with LHC Three neutrinos and beyond, 0515th-08.01.2010 Rencontres Cracow,du Vietnam, Poland August 05-09, Quy Nhon, Vietnam PSD for BEGe Detectors • Discrimination on a single A/E parameter (A – current amplitude, E – energy) • Cut values defined from calibrations assuming 90 % DEP acceptance • high A/E: fast events on p+ electrode (e.g.
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