Essential Oils Composition and Bioactivities of Two Species Leaves Used As Packaging Materials in Xishuangbanna, China
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Accepted Manuscript Essential oils composition and bioactivities of two species leaves used as packaging materials in Xishuangbanna, China Ren Li , Hua-Bin Hu , Xiu-Fen Li , Ping Zhang , You-Kai Xu , Jing-Jing Yang , Yuan- Fei Wang PII: S0956-7135(14)00643-4 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.009 Reference: JFCO 4161 To appear in: Food Control Received Date: 3 June 2014 Revised Date: 28 October 2014 Accepted Date: 4 November 2014 Please cite this article as: Li R., Hu H.-B., Li X.-F., Zhang P., Xu Y.-K., Yang J.-J. & Wang Y.-F., Essential oils composition and bioactivities of two species leaves used as packaging materials in Xishuangbanna, China, Food Control (2014), doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.11.009. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 1 Essential oils composition and bioactivities of two species 2 leaves used as packaging materials in Xishuangbanna, China 3 4 Ren Li a, b,*, Hua-Bin Hu a, *, Xiu-Fen Li a, b, Ping Zhang a, You-Kai Xu a, Jing-Jing 5 Yang a, b, Yuan-Fei Wang c 6 7 a Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna 8 Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Mengla, Yunnan 9 666303, PR China 10 b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China 11 c Yunnan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Kunming 650500, PR China 12 MANUSCRIPT 13 * Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 691 8715415; Fax: +86 691 8715070 14 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 15 ACCEPTED 1 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 16 Abstract 17 This study reports the essential oils chemical composition and antioxidant and 18 antimicrobial potentials of the leaves of Phrynium pubinerve Blume and 19 Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda , which are used as natural 20 packaging materials by ethnic groups in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. GC-MS 21 analysis identified 46 and 21 components, representing 88.6% and 93.4% of the 22 essential oils of P. pubinerve and T. latifolia , respectively. The major constituents for P. 23 pubinerve were (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (17.31%), (E)-2-hexenal (9.01%) and 1-hexanol 24 (8.61%). The major constituents for T. latifolia were (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (28.79%), 25 phytol (12.30) and (E)-β-ionone (9.54%). Both the essential oils and ethanol extracts 26 showed antioxidant activity in DPPH test (IC 50 values = 192.47 to 706.07 µg/ml), 27 ABTS assay (IC 50 values = 35.54 to 134.97 MANUSCRIPTµg/ml) and FRAP assays. The essential 28 oils showed considerable antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and 29 spoilage organisms, with MIC and MBC values in the ranges of 64-3072 µg/ml and 30 64-4096 µg/ml, respectively. The bioactivities of these two plant species validate the 31 traditional use of these two plants, suggesting that both could be new sources of 32 natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agents for the packaging, medical and functional 33 food industries. 34 ACCEPTED 35 Keywords: Phrynium pubinerve ; Thysanolaena latifolia ; biodegradable package 36 materials; essential oil; antioxidant activity; antimicrobial activity 37 2 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 38 1. Introduction 39 The rapid increase in the production and consumption of plastic packaging has 40 caused serious environmental pollution due to their complex composition and 41 resistance to degradation. Although significant progress has been made in the 42 production of biodegradable materials from renewable natural resources, such as 43 crops (Davis & Song, 2006), it is still a challenge to find biodegradable packages with 44 wide acceptability (Ren, 2003). Essential oils with antioxidant and antimicrobial 45 activities (Alves-Silva, et al., 2013; Singh, Maurya, de Lampasona, & Catalan, 2006; 46 Ye, Dai, & Hu, 2013) have been used as natural preservative ingredients in packaging 47 applications (Kurek, Moundanga, Favier, Galic, & Debeaufort, 2013; Manso, Cacho- 48 Nerin, Becerril, & Nerin, 2013; Martinez-Abad, Sanchez, Fuster, Lagaron, & Ocio, 49 2013). Bacteria and oxidation are two major MANUSCRIPTcauses of food spoilage, and packaging 50 can be used to reduce these damages. Therefore, the searching for new functional 51 packaging, especially biodegradable packaging with preservative properties, 52 continues. 53 In Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan province, China, the 54 leaves of Phrynium pubinerve Blume (Marantaceae) and Thysanolaena latifolia 55 (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda (Poaceae) have been used as natural food packaging 56 materials byACCEPTED ethnic minorities, and the leaves of both species have been used for 57 packaging glutinous rice to make Zongzi (traditional Chinese rice-pudding) in south 58 China (FCEC, 1981, 2002; KIB, CAS, 2003). P. pubinerve leaves are also used as a 59 substitute for plastic packages to pack vegetables and meats in the market or the wild, 3 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 60 and they are especially applied to pack a traditional dish named Baoshao, which is 61 made by packing fresh minced meats with various spices, and then steamed or roasted 62 before eating (KIB, CAS, 1995). In the high humidity and temperature of southern 63 China, food deteriorates rapidly. So, indigenous people have accumulated a lot of 64 traditional knowledge on the utilization of local plants to preserve food. The use of P. 65 pubinerve leaves as packaging materials and their apparent antiseptic function was 66 reported in the earliest flora of China in 304 AD (KIB, CAS, 1991). The leaves of P. 67 pubinerve and T. latifolia have also been used as traditional remedies by Dai and Hani 68 people in Xishuangbanna for the relief of coughs, the abatement of fever, 69 detoxification and stomach disorders (A, Wang, & Li, 1999; SATCM, 2005; Pan, Liu, 70 & Xu, 2006). 71 These two plants have also been widely utilizedMANUSCRIPT in some tropical and subtropical 72 Asian countries. For instances, T. latifolia inflorescences are used for making brooms 73 and the leaves are valuable fodder in India (Bhardwaj & Gakhar, 2008; Shankar, 74 Lama, & Bawa, 2003). P. pubinerve roots are cooked as a vegetable in Meghalaya, 75 Northeast India (Kayang, 2007), and the leaves are also used as packaging materials 76 for vegetables and meat, and as waterproof materials to make rain hats, umbrellas, and 77 to roof huts in India (Bhardwaj & Gakhar,2008; Shankar, et al., 2003; Tag & Das, 78 2004; TynsongACCEPTED & Tiwari, 2011). Despite their wide and long history usage, there has 79 been no report on their chemical composition or on the related bioactivities of their 80 essential oils and crude extracts. 81 Therefore, this study was aimed to justify their traditional knowledge by 4 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 82 investigating the chemical composition, and the antioxidant and antimicrobial 83 activities, of the essential oils from the leaves of P. pubinerve and T. latifolia . If the 84 results support traditional knowledge, this would encourage the development of these 85 plants as biodegradable packaging materials and as natural antioxidant and 86 antimicrobial agents in packaging, medical and functional food industry. 87 88 2. Material and methods 89 2.1. Chemicals and reagents 90 The following reagents were used in the analyses (supplier companies are given in 91 parenthesis): 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH, 96%) and 2, 2-Azobis-3- 92 ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS, 98%) (Aladdin Industrial Corporation, 93 Shanghai, China); 2, 4, 6-tripiridyl-s-triazine MANUSCRIPT(TPTZ, 99%) and Dimethylsulphoxide 94 (DMSO) (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA); Gallic acid (98%) (Sinopharm Chemical 95 Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China); 6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2- 96 carboxylic acid (Trolox, 98%) (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan); 97 Standard Mueller-Hinton agar and broth (MHA and MHB) and Sabouraud agar and 98 broth (SA and SB) (Tianhe Microbial Agents Company, Hangzhou, China). All 99 reagents were analytical standards. 100 ACCEPTED 101 2.2. Plant Materials and Essential Oil Extraction. 102 The leaves of Phrynium pubinerve and Thysanolaena latifolia were collected from 103 Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden (XTBG), Chinese Academy of Sciences 5 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 104 (Menglun Township, Mengla County, Yunnan province, China) in September 2013. 105 Voucher specimens (110216 for P. pubinerve and 075482 for T. latifolia were) were 106 deposited in the XTBG herbarium (HITBC). The air-dried leaves (300 g) of P. 107 pubinerve and T. latifolia were were respectively grounded by a laboratory mill and 108 subjected to steam distillation extraction using 2500 ml de-ionized water for 4 hours. 109 Diethyl ether (30 ml) was used as the solvent to extract the essential oil 110 simultaneously while the leave samples were steam distilled. The essential oil and 111 solvent were collected together, and then the diethyl ether was removed using a rotary 112 evaporator to give the essential oil (R. Li, Wang, Sun, & Hu, 2014). Ethanol extracts 113 (90%) from powdered leaves (10 g) of P. pubinerve and T. latifolia were collected 114 separately by following the procedure outlined by Shi, Xu, Hu, Na, & Wang (2011). 115 Both the essential oils and ethanol extracts MANUSCRIPTwere stored at -20 °C in the dark for 116 further use. 117 118 2.3. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis 119 The analyses were performed using an Agilent Technologies 7890A GC, equipped 120 with a HP-5 MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm; film thickness, 0.25 µm) and a 121 mass spectrometer 5975C (Agilent Technologies, USA) as detector.