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Chapter 444 the FLORA the FLORA ChapterChapter 444 THE FLORA THE FLORA 4.1. Introduction Thousands of species of plants have been adapted to life in water or marshy areas. A significant proportion of the world’s total flora is generally growing in such habitat. The wetlands are providing the idyllic habitat for almost all kind of plants. The wetland macrophytic vegetation of the study area is quite interesting, which supports all kinds of fresh water aquatic plants. Most of the plants are herbs along with few shrubs and climbers. Few tree species also have been recorded from these regions. However, in tropical regions, different species of Eucalyptus, Acacia, Lagerostroemia, etc. are also planted in these low laying areas by different agencies. The floristic exploration of aquatic and wetland plants of different part of the world conducted by various workers including (Muenscher, 1944); (Miller & Egnler, 1950); (Fassot, 1957), (Arbar, 1963); (Lapinot, 1963); (Mason, 1969); (Godfrey & Wooten, 1979); (Minc & Albert, 1998). The endemic species number is high, which is around 13% of the total aquatic angiosperms, next to the tropical South America (Gopal, 1990). The lakes, rivers and other freshwaters bodies of Indian subcontinent support a large diversity of biota representing almost all taxonomic groups. The total numbers of aquatic plant species that exceed 1200 for aquatic and wetland systems in India (Gopal, 1990). Biswas & Calder (1937, 1955) made major survey work in India and prepared a list of aquatic angiosperms of India and Myanmar. Cook (1996) latter on revised the aquatic flora of India and reported over 485 species of aquatic and semi- aquatic angiosperms. K. Subramanyam (1961) and D.B. Deb (1962) studied and estimated the aquatic and semi-aquatic plants in different wetland regions of the Indian sub-continent. J.F. Duthie (1903 – 1929) and U.N. Jha (1965) studied the wetland vegetation of upper and middle Gangetic plains, where as K. Naskar (1990) studied lower Gangetic plains and enlisted a total of 327 species covering 60 families of flowing plants. In India, district or river or specific wetland wise or area wise work were performed by several workers including (J.D. Hooker, 1872-1897); (B. Gopal, 1973); (S.K. Mukherjee, 1965); (D. V. Narayana, 1934); (G.S. Puri & S. D. Mahajan, 1958); (J.K. Maheswari, 1960); (V. Kaul & D.P. Zutsi, 1965); (N.C. Majumdar, 1965); (B.S. Trivedi & P.C. Sharma, 1965); (K.S. Unni, 1967); (M.K. Ghosh, 1967); (V. Bhaskar & B.A. Razi, 1973); (S.R. Paul, 1973); (C.R. Babu, 1977); (Guha, 1984); (Chowdhury, 2009); (Chowdhury & Das, 2013); (Chowdhury et al., 2012, 2014 & 2015). Wetlands of WestBengal are occupying 9% of total wetlands area of the Indian sub-continent and are the habitat of 380 macrophytes including many species adapted to mangrove vegetation. This number covers 47% of total aquatic and semi-aquatic flora of India (Ghosh, 2003). Prain (1903) provided detailed idea about the flora of the study area. Recently, M. Chowdhury (2009) studied the aquatic vegetation in the different wetlands of Malda district of West Bengal. His investigation shows the presence of rich vegetation in different corner of this district. Recent survey in the wetlands of Terai and Duars regions of West Bengal led to the record of a rich flora that is enumerated here in this chapter. Enumeration : Classification 32 4.2. Classification Presently recorded floristic elements of wetlands are enumerated here following the APG III system of classification (Chase & Reveal, 2009). In the present discourse, non-vascular plants were not described. So, only the recorded vascular plants were arranged following this classification. 4.2.1. PTERIDOPHYTES For the systematic arrangement of the recorded Pteridophytic families from the wetlands of Terai & Duars of West Bengal, Classification of Pichi-Sermollis (1973) has been followed. 1. Fern–Allies I. Lycopodiaceae II. Selaginellaceae 2. Ferns I. Schizaeaceae II. Pteridaceae III. Adiantaceae IV. Davalliaceae V. Marsileaceae VI. Salviniaceae VII.Blechnaceae VIII.Dryopteridaceae IX. Gleicheniaceae X. Thelypteridaceae XI. Woodsiaceae 4.2.2. ANGIOSPERMS For the systematic arrangement of the recorded Angiospermic families from the wetlands of Terai & Duars of West Bengal, Classification of APG III system of classification (Chase & Reveal, 2009) has been followed. 4.2.2.1. Angiosperms • Nymphaeales • Nymphaeaceae Magnoliids • Piperales • Piperaceae Monocots Enumeration : Classification 33 • Acorales • Acoraceae • Alismatales • Alismataceae • Aponogetonaceae • Araceae • Hydrocharitaceae • Potamogetonaceae • Pandanales • Pandanaceae • Asparagales • Amaryllidaceae • Orchidaceae Commelinids • Arecales • Arecaceae • Commelinales • Commelinaceae • Pontederiaceae • Poales • Cyperaceae • Eriocaulaceae • Poaceae • Typhaceae • Xyridaceae • Zingiberales • Cannaceae • Costaceae • Marantaceae • Musaceae • Zingiberaceae Probable sister of eudicots • Ceratophyllales • Ceratophyllaceae Eudicots • Ranunculales • Papaveraceae • Ranunculaceae • Proteales • Nelumbonaceae Enumeration : Classification 34 Core eudicots • Saxifragales • Haloragaceae • Caryophyllales • Amaranthaceae • Caryophyllaceae • Droseraceae • Molluginaceae • Polygonaceae • Portulacaceae • Tamaricaceae Fabids (Eurosids I) • Oxalidales • Oxalidaceae • Malpighiales • Elatinaceae • Euphorbiaceae • Hypericaceae • Phyllanthaceae • Fabales • Fabaceae • Polygalaceae • Rosales • Moraceae • Rosaceae • Urticaceae Malvids (Eurosids II) • Myrtales • Lythraceae • Onagraceae • Brassicales • Brassicaceae • Cleomaceae • Malvales • Malvaceae Asterids • Ericales • Primulaceae Enumeration : Classification 35 Lamiids (Euasterids I) • Boraginaceae • Gentianales • Gentianaceae • Rubiaceae • Lamiales • Acanthaceae • Lamiaceae • Linderniaceae • Lentibulariaceae • Phrymaceae • Plantaginaceae • Verbenaceae • Solanales • Convolvulaceae • Hydroleaceae • Solanaceae • Sphenocleaceae Campanulids (Euasterids II) • Asterales • Asteraceae • Campanulaceae • Menyanthaceae • Apiales • Apiaceae • Araliaceae 4.3. ENUMERATION OF WETLAND FLORA Different families of Pteridophytes have been arranged according to the system of Pichi-Sermollis (1973) and for the Angiosperms as in APG III (2009) system of classifications. However, for lower (minor category) ranks, like genera under families and species under genera have been enumerated alphabetically for easy handling of the work. For the identification of genera and other minor categories of taxa (i.e. Sub-genus, Section, Species, Sub-species, Variety and Forma) artificial dichotomous identification keys have been provided. Enumeration : Pteridophyta 36 4.3.1. DIVISION I. PTERIDOPHYTA For the systematic arrangement of the recorded Pteridophytic families from the wetlands of Terai & Duars of West Bengal, Classification of Pichi-Sermollis (1973) has been followed. LYCOPODIACEAE Palisot de Beauvois ex Mirbel in Lamarck et Mirbel, Hist. Nat. Veg. 4: 293. 1802. [Club-moss family] LYCOPODIELLA Jour. Holub, Preslia 36: 22. 1964 Lycopodiella cernua (Linnaeus) Pichi-Sermollis, In Webbia 23(1): 166. 1968; Ollgaard in Kramer & Green, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 1: 38. 1990; Singh et Panigrahi, Fern & Fern – Allies Arun. Prad. I. 48. 2005. Lycopodium cernuum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl.2: 1103. 1753; Deb & Dutta in Jour. Bombay. Nat. Hist. Soc. 68(3): 581. 1972. Aerial shoots erect, terete, glabrous, dichotomously branched with well-differentiated lateral branchlets; leaves of aerial shoots spirally arranged, sparse, subulate to linear, straight or slightly involute, papery, midrib indistinct, base rounded, decurrent, sessile, entire, acuminate. Lateral branches ascending, dichotomously branched with well-differentiated lateral branchlets much branched, pubescent or glabrous; leaves of lateral branches and branchlets spirally arranged, dense, slightly curved upward, subulate to linear, papery, longitudinally furrowed, glabrous, midrib indistinct, base decurrent, sessile, margin entire, apex acuminate. Strobilus solitary, terminal on small branches, often pendulous when mature, pale yellow, shortly terete, sessile; sporophyll ovate-rhombic, imbricate, Sporangia enclosed. Fertile fronds: July – September Exiccatus: Gossaihat Beel, Anurag & AP Das 0282, dated 14.07.2011; Doumahoni Beel, Anurag & AP Das 0507, dated 12.06.2013. Status: Less common. Local Distribution: Only found in few wetlands of the study area. General Distribution: India, Tropics and Subtropics of Asia and South America, Pacific Island. SELAGINELLACEAE Willkom, Prodr. FI. Hisp. 1(1): 14. 1861. [Spike-moss family] SELAGINELLA P. Beauvois, Megasin Encycl. 9: 478. 1804 Selaginella monospora Spring, Mém. Acad. Roy. Sci. Belgique 24: 135, 1850; Monogr. Lyc. II: 135, 1850; Alston, Bull. Fan. Mem. Inst. Biol. Bot. 5: 288, 1954; Alston, Proc. Nat. Inst. Sc. Ind. 11: 228, 1945; Alston, Fl. Gen. de Indo-Chine 7(2): 587 – 588, 1951; Ghosh et al., Pter. Fl. East. Ind. 1: 127, 2004. Selaginella gorvalensis Spring, Monogr. Lyc. II: 256, 1850; Bak, Handb. Fern Allies 107, 1887; Selaginella microclada Bak, Jour. Bot. 22: 246, 1884; Bak, Fern Allies 76, 1887. Main stem prostrate, rooting on all sides and at intervals, unequally tetragonal, polished shining, main stem alternately branched 5 – 9 times, branching unequal, flexuous, oblique-patent; leaves obscurely green, dimorphus, lateral leaves Oblong to ovate-lanceolate, subacute, denticulate to serrulate at base, median leaves acuminate or gracefully mucronate to short aristate, oval, small. Spike short, quadrangular, Enumeration : Pteridophyta 37 sporophylls dimorphic, large sporophyls
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