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Aesthetics in the Academy Dominic M . McIver Lopes During the fall of 1998 the American Society for Aesthetics conducted a survey of the chairs of philosophy departments in North America in order to gauge the status of aesthetics (or the philosophy of art) in the American academy. In particular, the survey was designed to ascertain what proportion have philosophers ofart on staff, what aesthetics courses are offered, what the demand for those courses is, and how many graduate departments are training students with a competence in aesthetics. AMERICAN SOCIETY FORAESTHETICS 1. The Survey and Its Reliability AN ASSOCIATIO N FOR AESTHETICS, CRITICISM AN D THEORY OF THE ARTS The survey was sent to 368 philosophy department chairs, including every department with a doctoral program in philosophy and a random selection of other departments. Respondents VOLUME 20 NUMBER 2 FALL 2000 were assured that their responses would be kept confidential and reported only as aggregate data. (A copy of the survey and the raw aggregate data are available at the Society's web site, The Lack of Historical Perspective: < aesthetics-online.org>.) 5 The Topic Revisited One hundred and fifty departments returned the survey-a very high response rate of Elmer Duncan 41 percent. The response rate of the departments with doctoral programs was 85 percent, ensuring a reliable picture of the status of aesthetics in graduate schools. Review ofJoseph Margolis, With one exception, the responding institutions appear representative. Whether catego­ 8 What, After All, Is a Work ofArt? rized by geographical location, type (private or public), size of overall institutional enrollment or size ofenrollment in philosophy, they correspond closely to the benchmark provided by Review of Claire Detels, the APA's much larger 1994 survey of Philosophy in America (Schacht 1997: 2-5). 9 S'!ft Boundaries: Revisioning the The exception concerns two-year colleges. According to the APA survey, fully one quarter Arts and Aesthetics in American of US colleges and universities offering philosophy courses have no degree in philosophy Education (Schacht 1997: 2). However, only three percent of departments responding to the ASA survey fall in this class. We should keep this in mind as we consider the results of the survey. Aesthetics News For example, it's plausible that there are fewer philosophers specializing in aesthetics at such 11 Conference Reports institutions, so that the survey overestimates the fraction of philosophers specializing in aesthetics. At the same time, we may be less worried about the representation of aesthetics in these departments, which tend to be very small. 12 Calls for Papers 14 Upcoming Events 2. Aesthetics Courses 15 Active Aestheticians One purpose of the survey is to gauge what might be described as the demand for aesthet­ ics-that is, aesthetics teaching. On the whole, this demand appears to be very healthy, indeed increasing slighdy. aesthetics-online.org 100 90 ArchitECture 80 70 Social Sciences 60 Music 50 Rim Studies 40 30 Ulerature 20 Vrsual ArtS 10 0 o 10 20 30 40 50 Balanced Analytic Continental Historic" Number of Aesthetics Courses Offered Outside Philosophy by Discipline §) Often [j} ~times §! Neve, Aesthetics Outside Philosophy Comparison of Non-Aesthetics Courses with Aesthetics Topics Half the institutions surveyed have a course in aesthetics taught out­ by Departmental Emphasis side philosophy, usually in fine art, literature, fum studies or music, though some courses are also taught in departments of architecture, Undergraduate Aesthetics Courses anthropology, sociology, psychology and education. One might suppose that there is a relationship between aesthetics Forty-five percent of philosophy departments offer at least one lower offerings in the philosophy department and aesthetics offerings outside division course in aesthetics and 11 percent offer more than one. The philosophy. Aesthetics offerings in departments other than philosophy average enrollment is 27 students at an average rate of one and a half might sap demand for a philosophy department's aesthetics courses or sections per year. it might stimulate it. Tests were run to detect such a relationship. Only 14 percent of departments offer no upper division course in _ Contrary to expectatiQn,-'lffi:ring£.Jllill~ph.il=~hy areJlQlJl ----fteStheti~:tfef-'6ne,_a_quarter- effer-twe-and-0ne -in-tefl- effers- three ­ factor determining whether or not aesthetics is offered within philoso­ or more. Of those departments with a course in philosophy, four in ten phy or, ifit is offered, how often it is offered. The teaching of aesthetics offer a course at least once a year, a third every other year, and quarter outside philosophy neither stimulates nor dampens the teaching of less frequently. The median enrollment in upper division aesthetics aesthetics within philosophy. courses is 17 and the average is 22 students. Even so, the survey data indicate that there is widespread demand For purposes of comparison, this distribution spectrum resembles for courses in aesthetics across the university arrriculum. Aesthetics may those for offerings in epistemology and philosophy ofscience (Schacht well be one of philosophy's most successful exports. 1997: 45-7). Aesthetics in Philosophy Courses 100 90 Sixty-three percent of departments report that aesthetics is covered sometimes or often in their lower division philosophy courses. This 80 interest carries forward to the upper division, where topics in aesthetics 70 are sometimes or often broached in non-aesthetics courses in an aston­ 60 ishing nine of ten departments. It would be no surprise to find aesthetics mentioned in historical 50 courses, especially courses in ancient philosophy, Hume, Kant, Hegel 40 and continental philosophy. But it appears that topics in aesthetics also 30 have a home in epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy oflanguage, philosophy of mind, feminist philosophy, ethics and political theory. Aesthetics is clearly extremely well integrated in the philosophy curriculum in North America. Is there a difference in the way aesthetics is integrated into the curriculum in departments with different Aesthetics GradAestretics Epstemo!ogy Phil of Science orientations? Aesthetics 'sometimes' or 'often' pops up in non-aesthetics courses in 90 percent of analytically and continentally-oriented depart­ rn Every 1-2 years ments alike, though it appears 'often' in courses offered by seven times [] Occas ionally un Never as many continental departments as analytic ones. In historically-ori­ ented departments, which are overwhleminglyundergraduate, topics Relative Frequency of Course Offerings in aesthetics are broached in just over half of non-aesthetics courses. 2 ASANEWSLETIER In sum, aesthetics courses are offered regularly in most philosophy "'he< departments-with a frequency comparable to other core courses in philosophy. Aesthetics courses are also offered in great diversity. De­ Femi nist mand for these courses is increasing moderately and a sizable number of departments have plans to increase offerings. \bJai An Graduate Aesthetics Courses Fil m One in every three departments with a doctoral program offer no aes­ Hst ory thetics courses whatsoever at the graduate level but 39 percent offer one course, 18 percent offer two and nine percent offer three or more. Li terature Almost equal fractions offer a course every year, once every two years General and only occasionally (see Relative Frequency of Course Offerings chart above). 0 3 Numberof Aesthetics Courses Offered in Philosophy by Subject The vast majority (85 percent) of departments offering any course in aesthetics offer a generic course. Of this group of129 departments, 50 offer philosophy of literature, 20 the history of aesthetics, 18 phi­ losophy offilm, ten the philosophy of the visual arts, eight feminist aes­ thetics and a handful each offer music aesthetics and environmental aesthetics. It should be noted that there is demand for these courses despite the fact that almost no department requires an aesthetics course for the major. Moreover, only one in seven departments offer aesthetics courses that are required by majors outside philosophy-mostly fine art and art history, with a few for music, architecture and art education majors. Indeed, one in five chairs report that their department does not Proportion of DOd oral Departments by Number of Graduate Aesthetics (ourses offer enough courses to m eet current demand and 70 percent of these are planning to offer more courses. That is, one department of every This distribution correlates with the figures for the proportion of seven surveyed plans to increase its offerings in aesthetics. faculty specializing in aesthetics in doctoral departments, discussed Three of four chairs report demand in these courses is steady. It is below. increasing in 13 percent ofdepartments and decreasing in nine percent. This correlation is not inconsistent with the diversity ofgraduate This matches the APA's data (Schacht 1997: 44). To put this in per­ aesthetics course offerings, which approaches that of undergraduate spective, compare it with the demand and demand trends for episte­ offerings. A generic course is taught in 31 departments, 21 offer the mology and philosophy of science (Schacht 1997: 45-7). history of aesthetics, eight offer philosophy of literature, five offer phi­ losophy of film, five offer feminist philosophy and a handful offer a 100 smattering of others. It is notable that history of aesthetics is much 90 stronger at the
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