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Malawi CEA Covers.Indd 3 MALAWI COUNTRY ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT ENVIRONMENT OF STATE AND ANALYSIS ENVIRONMENTAL COUNTRY MALAWI 00000_Malawi_CEA_Covers.indd 3 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 12/20/18 8:37AM Malawi Country Environmental Analysis January 2019 00000_Malawi_CEA_Report_NEW.indd 1 1/22/19 11:40 AM Report No: AUS0000489 © 2019 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Photo Credits Page xvii (clockwise, from left): Dietmar Temps, Andrea Willmore, Oxford Media Library, Andrea Wilmore; Page 15 (clockwise, from left): Dietmar Temps, Oxford Media Library, Julian Bayliss, M. Henrion; Page 20: Oxford Media Library; Page 22: Ross Hughes; Page 41: Yury Birukov; Page 50: Francis Nkoka; Page 54: Ross Hughes; Page 66: Karl Beeney; Page 73: Julian Bayliss; Page 80: Dereje; Page 83: Julian Bayliss; Page 86: Crispin Hughes, Practical Action; Page 90 (top, bottom): Katherine Forsythe, Dietmar Temps; Page 97: Vlad Siaber; Page 98: Ross Hughes; Page 106: Shutterstock; Page 110: Cribe/Shutterstock. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2019. Malawi Country Environmental Analysis. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522- 2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. 00000_Malawi_CEA_Report_NEW.indd 2 1/22/19 11:40 AM Contents Acknowledgments ix Abbreviations xi Preface xv The purpose of this document ................................................xv The approach to the analysis .................................................xv How is this document organized? .............................................xvi Malawi at a glance .........................................................xviii Executive Summary 1 Malawi’s environment: The drivers, challenges, and positive developments ..........1 The drivers and challenges .................................................1 Strategic recommendations ...............................................2 A complex web of interrelated factors ..........................................3 Background .................................................................4 Poverty and inequality ....................................................4 Population growth is the underlying driver of environmental degradation ........5 How sustainable is Malawi’s development trajectory? ........................5 Policy and institutional frameworks .........................................5 Climate change ..........................................................6 Key environmental themes ....................................................7 Land degradation ........................................................7 Forests and woodlands ...................................................8 Biomass energy ..........................................................8 Household air pollution ...................................................9 Biodiversity and fisheries ..................................................9 Water resources ........................................................10 Solid and liquid waste management ........................................11 CONTENTS iii 00000_Malawi_CEA_Report_NEW.indd 3 1/22/19 11:40 AM An agenda for change ........................................................11 Productive land, forest, and fisheries resources ..............................11 Environmental management ..............................................12 Environmental accounting and expenditure ................................. 13 Knowledge, information and awareness .................................... 14 The State of the Environment 17 A complex web of interrelated factors ......................................... 17 Malawi’s overall environmental situation .......................................18 Cross-cutting issues .........................................................20 1. Population, poverty, and livelihoods ......................................20 2. Wealth and natural capital .............................................23 3. Institutions, policies, and expenditure ....................................32 4. Climate change and resilience .......................................... 41 Key environmental and natural resources management themes ...................54 5. Land degradation .....................................................54 6. Forests and woodlands ................................................66 7. Biomass energy .......................................................79 8. Household air pollution ................................................87 9. Fisheries .............................................................90 10. Biodiversity ..........................................................96 11. Water resources .....................................................102 12. Waste management (solid and liquid) ..................................109 An Agenda for Change 115 Productive land, forest, and fisheries resources .................................115 Recommendation 1: Address land degradation .............................115 Recommendation 2: Overhaul fisheries management systems ................115 Recommendation 3: Support implementation of the National Charcoal Strategy ................................................................116 Environmental management ..................................................116 Recommendation 4: Implement the new legal and institutional framework for the environment .....................................................116 Recommendation 5: Accelerate and support the decentralization of environmental management functions ...................................117 Recommendation 6: Address household air pollution through education and subsidies ...........................................................117 iv 00000_Malawi_CEA_Report_NEW.indd 4 1/22/19 11:40 AM Environmental investment and expenditure ....................................117 Recommendation 7: Value natural capital in economic planning ...............117 Recommendation 8: Increase private sector investment to address environmental challenges ................................................118 Recommendation 9: Strengthen climate information services .................119 Recommendation 10: Boost environmental awareness .......................119 References 121 Annex 1: Summary of Priority Recommendations 135 Annex 2: International and Regional Agreements to Which Malawi Is a Party 141 Annex 3: A Summary of the Shared EIA Roles and Responsibilities 143 Annex 4: EIA Process Flowchart 145 Annex 5: An Overview of Natural Disasters Since 1990 146 Annex 6: Sustainable Land Management 148 Annex 7: Forest and Land Data 150 Annex 8: ROAM 153 Annex 9: Biomass Energy 154 Annex 10: Changes in Fish Catch 2006–2016 159 Figures Infographic 1 Environmental drivers, pressures, and impacts 3, 17 Infographic 2 A journey toward more effective environmental management 4, 18 Figure 1 Malawi’s EPI scorecard 18 Figure 2 Malawi total population by variant 20 Figure 3 Malawi’s growth in GDP closely follows growth in agriculture 22 Figure 4 The assets and capitals that drive wealth and development 24 Figure 5 Change in wealth versus renewable natural capital per person in Africa, 1995–2014 (%) 25 Figure 6 Africa: wealth per capita in 2014 (constant 2014 USD per capita) 26 Figure 7 Where is the wealth of Malawi (USD per capita)? 27 Figure 8 Growth in total and per capita wealth in low-income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1995–2014 28 Figure 9 Change in wealth per capita from 1995 to 2014 (USD per person) 28 Figure 10 Value of renewable natural capital per capita, 1995 and 2014 29 CONTENTS v 00000_Malawi_CEA_Report_NEW.indd 5 1/22/19 11:40 AM Figure 11 Sources of change in natural capital per person in Malawi between 1995 and 2014 (USD per person) 30 Figure 12 Structure of the EAD 34 Figure 13 Distribution of public environmental expenditures by ministries and institutions, 2007–2012 (%) 38 Figure 14 Historic climate variability 42 Figure 15 Time series of mean annual temperature (C°) for 34 CMIP5 models 43 Figure 16 Changes in heat extremes 44 Figure 17 Percentage change in annual mean rainfall across Malawi between the GCM-simulated current period (1976–2005) and 2070–2099 for 34 GCMs 44 Figure 18 Malawi’s growth in GDP closely follows growth in agriculture 45 Figure 19 Annual precipitation and GDP growth rates, 1980–2015 46 Figure 20 Malawi’s GHG profile for 2015 and projected profile for 2040 47 Figure 21 Map showing hot spots
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