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Understanding Child Migration in India

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Understanding Child Migration in India UNDERSTANDING CHILD MIGRATION IN INDIA Research Report March 2020 1 Understanding Child Migration in India TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 1 Chapter 1: Introduction 3 Chapter 2: Trends and Patterns in Internal Migration 7 Chapter 3: Reasons for Migration 20 Chapter 4: Economic Well-Being 33 Chapter 5: Vulnerability amongst Child Migrants 37 Chapter 6: Conclusion 44 Chapter 7: Policy Recommendations 46 References 50 Annexure A 53 Annexure B 69 Annexure C 88 Annexure D 89 i Understanding Child Migration in India List of Tables Table No. Titles Page No. 1.1 Definitions of Migration Use in Data Sources 5 Number and Percentage of Child Migrants (Aged 0-19 Years), Census 2.1 11 1991, 2001 & 2011 Literacy Rate of Migrant and Non-Migrant Children by Gender and Place 2.2 14 of Residence, Census 2001 (%) Literacy Rate of Migrant Children vis-à-vis Non-Migrant Children by 2.3 14 Gender and Place of Residence, Census 2011 (%) 2.4 Percentage of Ever-Married Migrants Aged 10-19 Years, Census 2001 15 2.5 Percentage of Ever-Married Migrants Aged 10-19 Years, Census 2011 15 Reasons for Migration (%) Across Age Groups Using Census 2001, 2011 3.1 24 and NSSO 64th (2007-08) 3.2 Reasons for Migration (%) by Streams for Children, Census 2001 31 3.3 Reasons for Migration (%) by Streams for Children, Census 2011 32 Monthly Per Capita Expenditure (MPCE) in INR by Migration Status of 4.1 34 the Households Average MPCE by MPCE Terciles for All Migrant and Non-Migrant 4.2 34 Households 4.3 Distribution of Migrant and Non-Migrant Households by MPCE Terciles 35 4.4 MPCE (INR) by Reasons for Migration Amongst Migrant Households 36 Levels of Vulnerability Amongst Migrant Children Aged 6-18 years Old 5.1 41 as Associated with Different Clusters Clusters (Vulnerability) by Reasons for Migration Amongst Children 5.2 42 Aged 6-18 Years Old Levels of Vulnerability Amongst Non-Migrant Children Aged 6-18 Years 5.3 42 Old as Associated with Different Clusters ii Understanding Child Migration in India List of Tables in Annexures ANNEXURE A Table No. Titles Page No. Number and Percentage of Migrants Over Three Census Periods A1 53 (1991, 2001 & 2011) Literacy Rate of Migrant Population vis-à-vis Non-Migrant Population by A2 53 Gender and Place of Residence, Census 2001 Literacy Rate of Migrant Population vis-à-vis Non-Migrant Population by A3 53 Gender and Place of Residence, Census 2011 Marital Status of Migrants (All Ages and Duration of Residence 0-9 Years) A4 54 Census 2001 Marital Status of Migrants (All Ages and Duration of Residence 0-9 Years), A5 54 Census 2011 A6 Distribution of Migrants in India by Location (%), Census 1991–2011 54 Distribution of Migrants in India by Different Streams (%), A7 55 Census 1991–2011 Flow of Migration by Duration, Gender, and Place of Residence (%), Census A8 56 2001, 2011 Percentage of Child Migrants (0-19 Years) vis-à-vis All Migrants, A9 57 Census 1991, 2001 & 2011 A10 Growth of Child Migrants by Gender, India (%), Census 1991-2001 57 A11 Growth of Child Migrants by Gender, India (%), Census 2001-2011 57 A12 Levels of Literacy Amongst Literate Child Migrants (%) Census 2001 57 A13 Levels of Literacy Amongst Literate Child Migrants (%), Census 2011 58 A14 Percentage of Child Migrants vis-à-vis Total Child Population, Census 2001 58 A15 Percentage of Child Migrants vis-à-vis Total Child Population, Census 2011 58 A16 Percentage of Child Migration by Location, Census 2001 58 A17 Percentage of Child Migration by Location, Census 2011 59 Distribution of Child Migrants in India by Different Migration Streams (%), A18 59 Census 2001 Distribution of Child Migrants in India by Different Migration Streams (%), A19 59 Census 2011 A20 Flow of Child Migration by Duration of Stay (%), Census 1991 60 iii Understanding Child Migration in India Table No. Titles Page No. A21 Flow of Child Migration by Duration of Stay (%), Census 2001 61 A22 Flow of Child Migration by Duration of Stay (%), Census 2011 62 A23 Number and Percentage of Migrants of All Ages, Census 1991 63-64 A24 Number and Percentage of Migrants of All Ages, Census 2001 64-65 A25 Number and Percentage of Migrants of All Ages, Census 2011 65-66 Number and Percentage of Child Migrants Aged 0-19 Years by Gender and A26 66-67 State/UT, Census 1991 Number and percentage of child migrants aged 0-19 years by Gender and A27 67-68 State/UT, Census 2001 Number and Percentage of Child Migrants Aged 0-19 Years by Gender and A28 68 State/UT, Census 2011 iv Understanding Child Migration in India List of Tables in Annexures ANNEXURE B Table No. Titles Page No. Reasons for Migration Across All Ages (%), Census 1991, 2001, 2011 and B1 69 NSSO 64th Round (2007-08) Reasons for Migration by Place of Residence (%), NSSO-64th Round B2 70 (2007-08) B3 Reasons for Migration by Place of Residence (%), Census 2001 and 2011 71 B4 Reasons for Migration by Religion (%), NSSO 64th Round (2007-08) 72 Percentage Distribution of Migrants by Reason for Migration (All Ages), B5 73-76 Census 2001 Percentage Distribution of Migrants by Reason for Migration (All Ages), B6 77-79 Census 2011 Reasons for Migration by Place of Residence and Gender (0-19 Years) B7 80 (%), Census 2001 Reasons for Migration by Place of Residence and Gender (0-19 Years) B8 81 (%), Census 2011 B9 Reasons for Migration by Caste, NSSO 64th Round (2007-08) 82-83 Percentage Distribution of Migrants by Reason for Migration in the age B10 84-85 group 0-19, Census 2001 Percentage of Distribution of Migrants by Reason for Migration in the B11 86-87 Age Group 0-19, Census 2011 v Understanding Child Migration in India List of Tables in Annexures ANNEXURE C and D Table No. Titles Page No. MPCE for Different Types of Migrant and Non-Migrant Households by C1 88 Background Characteristics, NSSO 64th Round (2007-08) Results of Logistic Regression Analysis Considering Full Vaccination as D1 89 Outcome Variable Amongst Children (0-5Years), NFHS-4, 2015-16 Results of Logistic Regression Analysis Considering Diarrhoea as D2 90 Outcome Variable Amongst Children (0-5 Years), NFHS-4, 2015-16 Results of Logistic Regression Analysis Considering Underweight as D3 91 Outcome Variable Amongst Children (0-5 Years), NFHS-4, 2015-16 Results of Logistic Regression Analysis Considering Stunting as Outcome D4 92 Variable Amongst Children (0-5 Years), NFHS-4, 2015-16 Results from Logistic Regression Analysis Predicting Likelihood of being D5 Engaged in Work Amongst Children (6-14 Years), NSSO-64th Round, 93 2007-08 Results from Logistic Regression Analysis Predicting Likelihood of Being D6 Engaged in Work Amongst Children (15-18 Years), NSSO-64th Round, 94 2007-08 vi Understanding Child Migration in India List of Figures Figure No. Titles Page No. Literacy Rate Amongst Migrants and Non-Migrants by Gender All 2.1 9 Ages, Census 2001 (%) Literacy Rate Amongst Migrants and Non-Migrants by Gender All 2.2 9 Ages, Census 2011 (%) Percentage Share of Child Migrants Among Migrants of all Ages, 2.3 12 Census 2011 Percentage Share of Boys and Girls Among Child Migrants, Census 2.4 12 1991-2011 Share of Child Migrants (in Millions) Out of Total Migrant Population, 2.5 12 Census 2001-2011 Percentage of Child Migrants Across Age Groups (0-14 and 15- 2.6 13 19Years), Census 1991-2011 Literacy Rate Amongst Migrant and Non-Migrant Children (0-19 2.7 13 Years), Census 2001 Literacy Rate Amongst Migrant and Non-Migrant Children (0-19 2.8 13 Years), Census 2011 Percentage Share of Married Girls Amongst Migrant Girls Aged 10–19 2.9 16 Years, Census 2011 Percentage of Child Migrants (Boys and Girls) in India by Migration 2.10 17 Streams (Census 2001) Percentage of Child Migrants (Boys and Girls) in India by Migration 2.11 17 Streams in Age Group 0-19 (Census 2011) Top Five States with Highest Percentage of In-Migrant Children 2.12 18 (0-14 Years and 15-19 Years), Census 2001 Top Five States with Highest Percentage of In-Migrant Children 2.13 19 (0-14 Years and 15-19 Years), Census 2011 Percentage Share of Migrant Girls (15–19 Years) Who Cited Marriage 3.1 25 as Reason for Migration, Census 2011 Reasons for Migration by Gender (%), Census 2001 & NSSO-64th 3.2 26 Round (2007-08) 3.3 Reasons for Migration by Gender (%), Census 2011 26 Percentage Share of Migrant Boys Who Moved with Their Households, 3.4 26 Census 2011 Percentage Share of Rural Migrant Girls (15–19 Years) Who Cited 3.5 27 Marriage as Reason for Migration, Census 2011 Reasons for Migration (%) by Location (0-18 Years) NSSO-64th 3.6 28 Round (2007-08) Percentage Share of Migrant Children Who Moved with Households by 3.7 th 28 Location, Census 2001 and NSSO-64 Round (2007-08) vii Understanding Child Migration in India Percentage Share of Migrant Children Who Moved with Households by 3.8 28 Location, Census 2011 Reasons for Migration (%) by Social Group (0-18 Years) NSSO-64th 3.9.1 29 Round (2007-08) Reasons for Migration (%) by Religion (0-18 Years) NSSO-64th Round 3.9.2 30 (2007-08) Percentage of Children Citing Education as Reason for Migration 3.10 30 (NSSO 64th Round) Percentage of Children Citing Marriage as Reason for Migration (6-18 3.11 31 Years), NSSO 64th Round viii Understanding Child Migration in India EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Young Lives report entitled “Understanding Child Migration in India” uses secondary data from major survey data sets such as Census (1999, 2001 and 2011), NSSO 64th Round (2007-08) and NFHS-4 (2015-16) to study internal child migrants in India.
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