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~ORCEMENT rBlBULLETIN JUNE 1981. VOLUME 50. NUMBER 6

Contents 1fp / ~ 17f7b Crime Problems A P~ctical Overview of Hostage Negotiations (Part. I) ~. Wayne Fuselier Management Re\ults Management (Part I) 77 f7 7 By John N. Dempsey and Pamela A. H,amm Biographical 13 The Attorney General of the United States Sketch Gambling 14 The Basket Game

Training 16 "Duffystown"-A One-of-a-Kind Tactical Training Facility ~Ck Drown Forensic Science ~2 E~mination of a Typewritten Document By David W. Attenberger and 77?78' W Gary Kanaskie The Legal Digest [2~ I~e Katz Eye: Use of BinOCIllaRl .. and"Tefesc!!p'§" ~- (Part I) 77f7Cf. \\\..1 C } K By Robert L. McGuiness~, l'<\(\. "" 32 Wanted by the FBI , ,1\ ft \ \;\ The Cover: Federal Bureau of Investigation Publi't;hed by the Office of Congressional and "Duffystown" provides United States Department of Justice Public Affairs. realistic exercises Roger S. Young Washington, D.C. 20535 in tactical training. ASSistant Director See story p. 16. William H. Webster, Director Editor-Thomas J. Deakin Assistant Editor-Kathryn E. Sulewski The Attorney General has determined that the publication Art Director-Kevin J. Mulholland of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the Writer/Editor-Karen McCarron public business required by law of the Department of Production Manager-Jeffery L. Summers Justice. Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through December 28. 1983.

ISSN 0014-5688

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. ------~------~~~------Various aspects of hostage nego­ Paranoid Schizophrenia-Charac- \ tiation include: teristics and Negotiation Approach ) 1) What kind of person takes The paranoid schizophrenic's/" hostages; thinking is disturbed. hi fact, he is so 2) What are common reasons for disturbed that he is out of touch with taking hostages; reality, suffering from a psychosis 3) What behavior can be expected (mentally deranged or insane.) from a hostage; Two primary symptoms are hallu­ 4) The process of negotiation; cinations-hearing things or seeing 5) Considerations in selecting a things that are not really there-and ~ractica' negotiator; delusions-a false system of beliefs­ 6) The interactions between the that persist despite evidence to the Overview of negotiation team, the onscene contrary. The delusions are typically commander, and the SWAT either delusions of grandeur-believing team; and he has special qualities, abilities, or a Hostage 7) How to use a clinical psychologist special mission in life-or delusions of as a consultant for negotiation. persecution-believing he is being per­ secuted because he has a special mis­ Negotiations What Kind of Person Takes sion or is God's select person, etc. Dr. Fuselier Hostages This type of person often takes Articles on the kinds of people hostages in order to carry out what he (Part I) believes is a "master plan" or to obey who take hostages 1 usually list four major types of hostage takers (HT's): "orders" from some "special person." 1) "Mentally disturbed" persons; He may believe, for example, that it is ~~ WAYNE FUSELIER, Ph.D. 2) Criminals trapped during the com­ his divine mission to end all suffering mission of crime; and violence. He may take hostages Staff Clinical Psychologist 3) Prisoners who are revolting; with demands that the United States U.S. Air Force Medical Center 4) Political terrorists attempting to unilaterally disarm and all law enforce­ San Antonio, Tex. produce social change through ment people lay down their weapons the threat or use of violence. and jOin hands peacefully. The delu­ sion may also involve punishing or re­ Whenever a barricaded subject or Mentally Disturbed Hostage Takers taliating against "sli1ful" people. a hostage situation exists, the following Recent information from the spe­ Paranoid .schizophrenics are usu­ responses are available to law en­ cial operations and research staff, FBI ally abova-average in intelligence. Therefore, be very careful about at­ forcement personnel: Academy, Quantico, Va., indicates ap-. 1) Contain and attempt to negotiate; proximately 52 percent of all hostage tempting to trick or lie to them. The 2) Contain and demand surrender; incidents involve persons classified as best approach is to accept their state­ 3) Use of chemical agents to force "mentally disturbed." These people ments as being true for them. Do not try to argue or convince them that their surrender; typically fall into one of four diagnostic 4) Use of snipers or sharpshooters categories including: beliefs are wrong. However, YOLI to neutralize the subject; or 1) Paranoid schizophrenic; should not go so far as to agree that 5} Use of a special weapons and 2) Manic-depressive illness; de­ you also hear voices or to say you tactics assault (SWAT). pressed type; share their beliefs. You can respond If these alternatives are consid­ 3) Antisocial personality; and with a statement such as "I can't hear ered, you should always progress from 4) Inadequate personality. the voice that you do but I understand one of the earlier responses to one of what you are saying." the later responses, but it is virtually impossible to return to negotiating, for U.s. Department of Justfce Manic-Depressive Illness, Depressed example, after an assault has taken National Institute of Justice Type-Characteristics and Negotia­ place. Therefore, the initial response This document has been reproduced exaclly as received from the tion Approach person or organization originating It. Points of view or opinions stated The pe'rson who is a manic-de­ may preclude the use of other re­ In this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily sponses later on. represent the official position or policies of the National Institute of pressive is usually so depressed that Justice. he is out of touch with reality, suffering

Permission to reproduce this ~ri!lAtae! material has been from a psychosis (mentally deranged granted by or insane). He may consider himself Public Domain/DOJ unworthy to Ihle, feels guilty for past

to the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS). June 1981 I 3 Further reproduction outside of the NCJRS system requires permls· \', sion of the ~hl owner.

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Finally, a mentally disturbed per­ "sins" he has committed, and often Once rapport has been estab­ AntisoCial Personality-Characteris­ whether this is a mentally disturbed The key to negotiating with terrorists is son may take hostages in order to right has beliefs that are delusional. He may lished, you can be more direct. For tics and Negotiation Approach person. After ruling out mental disturb­ to convince the HT's that their point what he perceives to be a wrong. He believe, for example, that he is respon­ example you may say, "Joe, I think you ances, you can be fairly sure that you are has been well-made, their demands A person with an antisocial person­ may believe that he has to take hos­ sible for all the suffering in the world know now that you can trust me. I'd dealing with a person who has had have been heard, and killing the hos­ ality is also known as a sociopath or tages in order to carry out some sacred and his current depression is his pun­ like you to come out and meet me. I frequent contact with the law, knows tages would simply serve to discredit psychopath. He is the classic "manipu­ mission or to prove that he can do ishment for having lived a sinful life. know I can help you work this out." lator" or "con artist." One of the most what to expect from the police, and them in the eyes of the pu!:>lic. something important. The potential for suicide is extremely The next two categories of HT's, significant symptoms of this personality knows what he may need to do to get out Whatever the initial reason for tak­ high, as is the potential for killing any while in the "mentally disturbed" class, is the absence of any conscience or guilt of this situation alive. The negotiation Why Are Hostages Taken? ing hostages, it is clear that the motive hostages. are not psychotic, and therefore, are in feelings. The person has not incorporat­ process in this case should be a reality­ Hostages are taken for many rea­ for holding the hostages may change. Hostages are often members of contact with reality. These two disor­ ed into his life the morals and values of oriented discussion, helping the HT to sons, not all of which are initially appar­ For example, a criminal interrupted in the HT's family or persons known to ders, called personality disorders or our society. This lack of conscience recognize the facts of the situation and ent. In political terrorism, the reasons the act of robbing a bank may initially him. He may believe that he would be character and behavior disorders, refer makes it unlikely that he will be con­ convincing him to accept his physical include showing the public that the demand a great deal of money, but doing them a favor by killing them and to longstanding, maladaptive patterns cerned for the hostages as human be­ safety in return for the release of hos­ government is not able to protect its later reduce this demand to a guaran­ removing them from this "terrible" life. of behavior that usually develop during ings. He is often a glib and convincing tages. own citizens. Also, taking hostages vir­ tee of physical safety or clemency in The HT's speech and movements adolescence. speaker and presents himself extremely tually guarantees immediate media court. Other HT's may initially demand may be extremely slow. He may take well. He is a "con man," an expert at Prisoners coverage, and after repeated hostage an immediate change in a government 15 to 30 seconds or longer to answer a Inadequate Personality-Character­ "snow jobs." Therefore, his hostages Incarcerated persons sometimes incidents, it is the hope of the terrorists policy or in a prison situation. These question. His thoughts will usually be istics and Negotiation Approach are likely to see him as "a nice young riot and take hostages (usually that the government may overreact demands may eventually change to an centered around his unworthiness, his Throughout most of his life, the man" the authorities are harassing.2 He guards). In cases such as these, there and become excessively restrictive agreement for talks with appropriate sinfulness, or his delusional feelings of person with an inadequate personality is selfish and strives for physical pleas­ is less concern about mental disturb­ with its own citizens, thus causing civil officials about the conditions. No mat­ guilt. has shown ineffective and inept re­ ure. Most of his pursuits revolve around ances, since those prisoners who are discontent and a grassroots movement 6 ter what the initial reason for taking When negotiating with a manic­ sponses to social, emotional, and physi­ manipulating people to get material psychiatrically disturbed are usually re­ to overthrow the government. hostages, it is not uncommon for the depressive, understanding and support cal stress. He will often be a high school gains for himself. He is quite impulsive moved to institutions for the criminally Law enforcement personnel are HT, after some period of time, to be should be provided, along with contin­ dropout and may have had a succession and will demand immediate satisfaction. insane. Riots usually center around most likely to encounter hostage inci­ willing to accept a lesser goal. ual reassurance that he has self-worth. of jobs, having been fired from each He seems unable to profit from past complaints concerning prison condi­ dents that involve either criminal acts Do not try to tell him that "things aren't because of poor performance. He sees experiences. He do('ls not learn from tions and demands for improvement. or the mentally disturbed. If a hostage Hostages-The Stockholm that bad." This will make him believe himself as a loser-as someone who arrests or involvement with authority Taking hostages gives the prisoners is taken in a criminal situation, it is Syndrome that you do not understand his problem has always failed. Taking hostages may figures how to avoid becoming involved more bargaining power and a signifi­ usually because the criminal was un­ The hostages themselves play an and are unable to help him. Gently be his last attempt to prove to someone with law enforcement personnel. cant amount of media coverage. The able to complete the crime and escajJe important part in the negotiation proc­ interrupt his long statements about (wife, parents, or girlfriend) that he can When negotiating with the antiso­ fact that the hostages are law enforce­ before the police responded, making ess. Although each individual's reac­ "sins" or death and convince him to succeed at something. The hostage cial personality, it is important to remem­ ment personnel increases the chance the taking of hostages a spontaneous tion to being taken.hostage is unique, a talk about interests, hobbies, or any­ incident, including the attention from ber that he is self-centered and will of hostages being killed. The preferred event. The criminal's primary reason common set of behaviors referred to thing positive, relating these to his self­ authority figures and the media, may be attempt to make things easier for him­ response to this type of incident is for taking hostages is to insure his own as the Stockholm Syndrome is likely to worth. Watch for spontaneous im­ the high point of his life. self. Be careful about using tricks. He is rapid police action before true leaders safety. Therefore, the demands are in­ occur. The syndrome consists of one provement. If he suddenly says, "Ev­ This type of disorder can be recog­ sharp and expects you to try to trick him. of the unruly group begin to emerge. If variably for safe passage and a means or more of the following behaviors: 3 erything is okay now-I know what to nized by statements such as "I'll show He is probably "street-wise" and "po­ there is not rapid action, the negotia­ of escape in return for the hostages' 1) The hostages will begin to have do," he may have decided to kill him­ them that I really can do something" or lice-wise." Don't promise him things he tions should be carried out as if you lives. It is also very common for them positive feelings toward their self. Gradual improvement over hours "I'll show them that I am not the scape­ knows you cannot do. He needs fre­ were dealing with a mentally "normal" to demand additional money. captors; of negotiation is a better sign. You may goat anymore." The HT is in contact with quent stimUlation. This should come A husband or wife may take a criminal. 2) The hostages will begin to have ask him if he has considered killing reality, is thinking clearly (although im­ from the negotiator through frequent child hostage in a custody or domestic negative feelings toward the himself. Asking this question will not maturely), can understand the conse­ contacts. If frequent stimulation is not Terrorists dispute. One person belie"es the other authorities; or "put the thought in his mind." In fact, quences of his actions, and can be provided, he may turn to the hostages Terrorists take hostages with the is an unfit parent and should not have 3) The HT's will begin to develop discussing it may help him believe you negotiated with successfully. for excitement. intent of getting as much publicity as the child, and this is the only way he positive feelings toward their really understand how badly he feels. When negotiating with the inad­ possible for their cause. These inci­ believes he can regain custody of the hostages. equate personality, understanding and Criminals dents have usually been planned for child. All three of the behaviors do not uncritical acceptance should be pro­ months, and the HT's have the physi­ Criminals caught in the act of com­ have to be present. Although it may not vided. Help him find a way to end the cal and psychological support of their mitting a crime often take hostages. An occur to the same extent with all hos­ incident without having "failed again." fellow members. Usually the demands important first step is to determine tages, it should be assumed that at Do not bring parents, friends, etc., to the of the terrorists will go beyond the least some portion of this syndrome scene. This may invoke stronger feel­ authority of local police departments, ings of failure or embarrassment and requiring involvement of Federal offi­ cause him to prove he can do something cials. The likelihood of hostages being important. killed is very high, since the terrorists will have discussed this possibility and may be prepared to die as "martyrs."

. June 1981 I 5 4 I FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin () 0 ,I-.

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will be developed unless the hostage 5) The syndrome may affect the more a human being rather than an has been abused or isolated.4 performance of the negotiator. If, anonymOU$ person. The positive as­ From a negotiation standpoint, the after hours of attempting to build pects of the Stockholm Syndrome sig­ syndrome has both positive and nega­ rapport and establish trust, it nificantly outweigh any negative tive aspects. The positive aspect is becomes evident that an assault aspects. Therefore, the development that the stronger the development of is necessary, it may be of the syndrome should be promoted in the Stockholm Syndrome, the less like­ emotionally difficult for the any way possible. ly it is the HT will kill the hostages. If negotiator to distract the HT Having discussed the Stockholm the third stage of the syndrome has during the initiation of an assault. Syndrome and the various personal­ developed and the HT has developed In spite of these negative aspects, ities of host5:ge takers, the concluding positive feelings toward the hostages, promotion of the Stockholm Syndrome segment of this article will present in­ it will be more difficult for him to kill one will help us reach our primary goal­ formation on the process of negotia­ of them. The negative aspects include: the safe release of the hostages. tion. FBI 1) Any information coming from the There are a number of factors that (Continued next month) hostages may be unreliable. affect the development of the Stock­ 2) The hostages may deliberately or holm Syndrome.s The most important Footnotes , Conrad V. Hassel, "The Hostage Situation: Exploring unconsciously misrepresent the factor is simply the passage of time. the Motivation and Cause," The Police Chief, September weapons held by the HT. They The second factor is whether the hos­ 1975, and John G. Stratton, "The Terrorist Act of Hostage Taking: A View of Violence," Journal of Police Science and may have difficulty describing the tages are isolated from the HT, and the Administration, January 1978, p. 1. HT and may, in general, become third factor is whether there is positive 2 Frederick J. Lanceley, "The Antisociat Personality as a Hostage Taker," unpublished manuscript, FBI Academy, an advocate of the HT. contact between the HT and the hos­ Quantico, Va. 3 Frank M. Ochburg, "What is Happening to ti I> Hos· 3) The syndrome may cause tages. If the hostages are kept in fre­ tages In Tehran?" Psyc/liatricAnnals, May 1980, p. 186. interference with plans to rescue quent contact with the HT and if the 4 Thomas Strentz, "Law Enforcement Policy and Ego Defenses 01 the Hostage," FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, the hostages. Hostages may act contact is characterized by lack of neg­ April 1979, p. 1. counter to the commands of the ative experience, the passage of time "Ibid. police during an assault. This has will help the development of the Stock­ caused the death of some holm Syndrome. Conversely, if the HT hostages, who paradoxically abuses the hostages or if the hostages stood up when ordered to lie are isolated, either by being in a sepa­ down when police began firing. rate room or by being hooded, the There are also documented passage of time will not significantly incidents of released hostages aid in the development of the Stock­ who, after having been debriefed holm Syndrome. by the police, made their way If it is known that the hostages are back through the barricades and hooded or isolated, every attempt reentered the hostage situation. should be made to get the HT to inter­ 4) Sometimes, due to mistreatment act with the hostages. He could be or isolation, hostages do not asked to gather such information as develop the Stockholm names of hostages or names of rela­ Syndrome. In this case, they may tives and children or information con­ deliberately exaggerate the cerning the medical condition of the stated intentions, actions, and hostages. Each of these interactions weapons carried by the HT. between the HT and the hostage will These hostages later stated that personalize the hostage, making him they wanted the police to believe the HT was as dangerous as possible, hoping the police would kill him.

6 / FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin

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