IPlA7rIEAlU

'

The Quarterly of the

Museum ofNorthern Arizona

Volume 45, Number1 - Summer 1972 NORTHERN ARIZONA SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND ART. INC. Mr. John G. Babbitt, President Dr. Agnes M. Allen, Secretary PLATEAU Mr. Watson Smith, Vice-President Mrs. H. Herbert Metzger, Treasurer Mrs. Roxine M. Phillippi, Ass't Secretary & Ass't Treasurer SUMMER 1972 NUMBER 1 Research Associates VOLUME 45 Paula G. Ables Robert C. Euler Loren D. Potter J. Richard Ambler Trevor D. Ford William Robinson Orson L. Anderson George J. Gumerman III S. K. Runcorn Contents Sidney R. Ash Richard H. Hevly Vincent J. Schaefer Russel P. Balda Donald F. Hoffmeister Eugene M. Shoemaker Bryant Bannister Roy Johnson DeForrest Smouse BIOGEOGRAPHICAL NOTES ON THE KANAB CANYON SYSTEM, William Belknap, Jr. Edward Kennard Michael Stanislawski MoHAVE AND CocomNo CouNTIEs, ARrzoNA John Blagbrough David E. Kidd Vernon Taylor Thomas J. Boyle Stephen J. Kunitz Mischa Titiev Stephen C. Jett 1 John W. Cosgriff, Jr. Jerrold E. Levy Christy G. Turner II Hugh C. Cutler Clay Lockett Carl F. Voegelin JeffreyS. Dean R. G. Matson Florence Voegelin John A. Dettloff William C. Miller William D. Wade Charles Drake Stanley J. Olsen Samuel P. Welles NAVAJO CEREMONIAL EQUIPMENT John P. Duncklee Don Perceval Alfred F. Whiting IN THE MUSEUM OF NORTHERN ARIZONA Willis Eggler Ronald Young Leland C. Wyman 17 Associates Leland J. Abel Terry Eiler E. T. Nichols Alice Biery Hildegard Hamilton Natalie Pattison Franklin Barnett Parker Hamilton Norman G. Sharber TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENTS OF THE CICADA, Margaret Colbert Fred Kabotie Milton Snow Okanagana striatipes beameri: David L. DeHarport Harry 0. King, Jr. Margaret Wright A STUDY FROM FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA EDITORIAL POLICY Maxine Shoemaker Heath 31 The Society will publish in Plateau papers resulting from original research on subjects relating to the plateau of northern Arizona. Manuscripts must be typewritten, double-spaced, and should not exceed 3000 words. Illustrations must be in shape for publication. Each contributor will receive 10 free copies of the issue in which the article appears; additional copies supplied at cost if A METEORITE DISCOVERY WITH ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE ordered at the time the galley proof is submitted. FROM THE CAMP VERDE AREA, CENTRAL ARIZONA Manuscripts and illustrations should be sent to: Plateau Editor, P.O. Box 1389, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001. Dee T. Hudson 41

Copyright © 1972 Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Inc.

Published quarterly by Northern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Inc., P.O. Horr BowLs COLLECTED BY JoHN \iVESLEY PowELL Box 1389, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001. Second-class postage paid at Flagstaff, Az. William J. Breed 44 Biogeographical Notes on the Kanab Canyon System, Mohave and Coconino Counties, Arizona STEPHEN C. JETI" Department of Geography University of California, Davis

Abstract. Limited observations were made of the flora and fauna of the remote Kanab Canyon drainage, northwestern Arizona, and over 90 plant specimens, plus a few faunal specimens, were collected and identified. The plant geog­ raphy of the canyons is briefly described.

KANAB CANYON, the major northern (right-bank) tributary of the Grand Canyon, forms the boundary between Mohave and Coconino counties in northwestern Arizona. The area studied lies within the present boundaries of Kaibab National Forest. Because of its re­ moteness there has, to my knowledge, been no scientific work done, at least in lower Kanab, other than geological and paleontological reconnaissance ( McKee 1946; see also Hamblin and Rigby 1969: 56--57). In August, 1967, I penetrated a short distance into lower Kanab Canyon, from the Colorado River. From September 24 to October 2, 1969, I backpacked, round-trip, from the Black Willow Spring trail in Hack Canyon, a right-bank tributary, to Kanab Can­ yon and to the Colorado. From September 16 to 29 of the following year, a round-trip backpacking expedition led from lower Big Sowats Canyon to Kanab Canyon and downstream to the vicinity of Scorttys Canyon, a right-bank tributary ( Fig. 1). 1 During these trips, particularly that of 1970, limited observations of the flora and fauna were made, and in 1970 plant specimens were collected in the inner gorges. The dearth of data from this area suggests that publication of the information collected will be of value.

PLANTS In addition to making some general observations on distributions of plant communities, I collected 92 specimens of living plants in 1970. The collecting localities are numbered in upstream-to-

0 The author is not a biologist. However, he has had training in field ornithology under several instructors, including Charles H. Rogers of Princeton University, and in plant geography under the late John C. Goodlett of Johns Hopkins University. To these two teachers this article is dedicated.

1 downstream order. They are shown on the map in Figure 1 and are referred to by number elsewhere in the text. 2 An attempt was made to obtain as diverse and representative a collection as possible, but important omissions undoubtedly occurred. Because all speci­ mens had to be backpacked out, duplication of species was avoided to the extent possible.

I. Big Sowats Canyon. Plants were collected along the inner gorge of this branch of Sowats Canyon. The lower slopes of the moderately broad upper section, which is cut into the Toroweap Limestone, supports sagebrush, etc.; aster-dotted meadows and Gambel oaks, boxelder, Rocky Mountain maple, and New Mexico locust line the canyon bottom (elevation c. 5,960 ft. or 1,734 m.). Juniper and pinyon pine occur on the higher slopes. The inner gorge of lower Big Sowats, cut into Coconino Sandstone and, at its lower end, Hermit Shale, is also wooded with oak, maple, and boxelder, which continue for some distance down main Sowats Canyon and up Little Sowats. The following plants were collected, and kindly identified by Dr. W. B. McDougall, Museum of Northern Arizona ( where the plants now reside). Numbers refer to the designations individual specimens have been given in this collection in the MNA herbarium. Species not listed in McDougall, 1964, are indicated by an asterisk. Seed plants �-� so indicated had not been collected in Grand Canyon National Park. All plants are expectable species in this area unless otherwise ��8 ( S. C. : __ noted ( for comparison with Havasu Canyon, see Deaver and Has­ kell, 1955). N 89. Cystopteris fragilis ( Brittle fern) 0 63. Bromus porteri ( Nodding brome) 64. Smilancina racemosa (False solomonseal, feather solo- ',-\;_,Vi11 0 I IX/ �", monsplume) ·1 0 m i I e s 71. Alnus tenuifolia ( Thinleaf alder) --�I 58. Quercus gambelii ( Gambel oak) .' 66. Polygonum convolvulus ( Cornbind) ✓�---� � ·. · ...... --··-··...... ·, ..-·c 79. Chenopodium album ( Lambsquarters) ...... 0 82. Mirabilis oxybaphoides (Four-o'clock) - "apparently i G r a n d C a n O rare in Arizona," ( Kearney and Peebles, 1960: 272) Y n · . ..._ 88. Aquilegia desertorum (Columbine) 0 FIGURE 1. Map of Kanab Canyon System, Arizona. B.S.C. =Big Sowats Can­ yon, B.W.S. =Black Willow Spring, C.C. = Conglomerate Canyon, L.S.C. = 86. Clematis lingusticifolia ( White clematis, virgins bower) Little Sowats Canyon, M.S.S. = Mountain Sheep Spring, S.C. = Scottys Canyon. 61., 69. Berberis repens ( Creeping mahonia)

2 3 85. Lepidium montanum ( Mountain pepperweed) inner gorge of moderate depth and width, in the Supai Formation. 60. Sisymbrium altissimum (Tumble mustard) Cottonwoods and desert-willow line the stream from here do)Vll­ 59. Ribes leptanthum ( Black currant, trumpet gooseberry) stream to locality V. Elevation is approximately 3,690 ft. (1,125 m.). 83. H olodiscus dumosus (Rock-spiraea) Some tamarisk occurs here; upstream of this point, only a single 74. Robinia neomexicana (New Mexico locust) specimen of tamarisk was seen, about 1.5 miles ( 2.41 km.) below 72. Ptelea pallida (Hoptree) the Big-Little Sowats junction. Plants were collected mainly near the 57., 77. Rhus trilobata ( Skunkbush) spring and stream, plus a few shrubs from the talus; they were: 73. Acer negundo ( Boxelder) 39. Pinus edulis ( Pinyon pine) - anomalous at this low 68. Acer glabrum ( Rocky Mountain maple) elevation; only one specimen was seen at this location 75. Sphaeralcea fendleri ( Globemallow) 22. Equisetum laevigatum ( Smooth scouringbrush or 80. Cilia aggregata ( Skyrocket, scarlet gilia) horsetail)" 78. Marrubium vulgare (Horehound) 26. Adiantum capillus-veneris (Venus maidenhair fern)" 65. Moldavica parviflora (Dragonhead) 20. Typha domengensis (Narrowleaf cattail) 81. Veronica americana ( American speedwell) 24. Thelypodium wrightii ( Thelypody) 70. Castilleja linaraefolia ( Wyoming paintbrush) 32. Petrophytum caespitosum ( Rockmat) 76. Galium wrightii ssp. rothrockii ( Wright bedstraw) 25. Amelanchier utahensis ( Utah serviceberry) 84. Eupatorum herbaceum ( Thoroughwort) 30. Fallugia paradoxa ( Apache plume) 62. Brickellia californica ( California brikellia) 38. Ptelea pallida ( Hoptree) 87. Helianthus annuus ( Common sunflower)- seen only in 28. Rhus trilobata var. simplicifolia ( Skunk bush) one patch, in a little-used corral 23. Oenothera hookeri (Hooker evening-primrose) 90. Artemesia ludoviciana ( Louisiana sagebrush) 33. Fraxinus anomala ( Single-leaf ash) 31. Asclepias latifolia ( Broadleaf milkweed) II. Spring, Sowats Canyon, below junction of Big and Little 37. C oldenia hispidissima (Hispid coldenia) Sowats canyons. One plant was collected here, since it was not ob­ 21. Chilopsis linearis (Desert-willow) served elsewhere: 35. Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ( Douglas rabbitbrush) 91. Scirpus acutus ( Giant bullrush) 29. Artemesia ludoviciana ( Louisiana sagebrush) 27. Cirsium wheeleri (Thistle) III. Middle Sowats Canyon. A short distance below locality II, 36. Psilostrophe sparsiflora ( Greenstem paperflower) the canyon broadens considerably, having been downcut into the soft Hermit Shale. Scattered junipers and sagebrush occur. When V. Junction of Sowats with Jumpup Canyon. At the time of the the stream enters an inner gorge cut into the Supai sandstones, the reconnaissance, surface flow from Mountain Sheep Spring reached vegetation changes to the general type described for locality IV. the vicinity of the junction of Sowats and Jumpup canyons, finally One plant was collected just below the top of the Supai Formation, sinking out of sight. Cottonwoods line the stream from the spring not because it was typical for this location but because I had to this area but end here. The stream from J umpup Canyon formed neglected to collect it at localities VII, VIII, and IX, where it a hummocky, bouldery delta, into which the stream from Sowats was common. Canyon has cut to a depth of about 6.5 feet ( 2 m.). The delta ( ele­ 56. Gaillardia pinnatifida ( Brown-eyed Susan, blanketflower) vation about 3,510 ft. - 1,070 m.) is covered mainly with bunch grass, scattered yucca, Mormon-tea, shrub live oak, and catclaw; IV. Mountain Sheep Spring, lower Sowats Canyon. This spring, these are found sparingly on the talus as well, with agave. Both which issues from the stream bed ( dry above this point), is in an delta and talus also supported at least two species of prickly-pear

4 5 cactus ( Opuntia); cacti were not collected, for practical reasons. The tops of the cut banks, and the small channels draining the delta, are lined with Apache plume. Desert-willow occurs along banks and on bars, but tamarisk is scanty. Species collected include: 16. Ephedra viridis ( Green jointfir or Mormon-tea) 4. Agropyron smithii (Western wheatgrass) 3. Sporobolos cryptandrus ( Sand dropseed) 15. Yucca angustissima (Narrow leaf or fineleaf yucca) 7. Agave utahensis ( Centuryplant, Utah agave) 8. Populus fremontii ( Fremont cottonwood) 18. Quercus turbinella ( Shrub live oak) 9. Eurotia lanata ( Winterfat) 12. Allionia incarnata ( Trailing four-o'clock) 13. Fallugia paradoxa (Apache plume) 93. Acacia greggii ( Catclaw) 1. Astragalus praelongus ( Stinking milkvetch) 17. Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia ( Globemallow) 14. Datura meteloides ( Sacred datura, jimsonweed) FrcuRE 2. Catclaw "savanna," with understory of Russian-thistle and prickly­ 6. Gutierrezia microcephala ( Sticky snakeweed) pear cactus, on alluvial terrace, Kanab Canyon downstream of Hack Canyon'. 19. G. sarothrae ( Broom snakeweed) 11. Aster tephrodes (Aster) - This appears to be a rather lected here since it was not found downstream of this point: northerly occurrence for this species ( Kearney and 55. Salsola kali var. tenuifolia (Russian-thistle) Peebles, 1960: 874). 5. Artemesia ludoviciana ( Louisiana sagebrush) VII. Hanging Gardens. About two miles (3.22 km.) below local­ 10. A. dracunculoides (False-tarragon) ity VI, springs issuing from the creekbed and left bank mark the head of the permanent portion of Kanab Creek, which continues to VI. Junction of Jumpup Canyon with Kanab Canyon. A mile or the Colorado River. Measurements made here indicate that the so below locality V, the stream begins to cut a very narrow inner creek's present floodplain is about 6 feet ( 1.83 m.) above the creek gorge in the Redwall Limestone. Almost no vegetation occurs, al­ t bottom. The oldest and highest terrace surface is about 12½ feet though redbud first appears in this shady setting. The canyon ges ( 3.78 m.) above the floodplain.What may be remnants of an inter­ deeper and broader, but remains relatively narrow and sheer-walled mediate terrace stand about 30 to 35 inches ( .76 to .89 m.) above to its junction with Kanab Canyon. Kanab has the same sheer walls the floodplain.3 Conglomerate Canyon, a narrow left-bank tributary at this point, but is wider. The elevation is approximately 2,925 ft. below this point, contains some scrub live oak, rare at this elevation ( 892 m.). Through its meandering Redwall inner gorge, Kanab is ( about 2,850 ft. or 869 m.). About 1.5 miles downstream, on the characterized by remnants of ancient floodplains clinging to the left wall, is Hanging Gardens (Fig. 3) . This is almost certainly the canyon sides ( see Locality VII). These are often savanna-like, vege­ "Shower-Bath Spring" noted by the Powell expeditions in 1871 and tated with treeform or shrubform catclaw, prickly-pear, and grass, 1872.4 Elevation is about 2,600 ft. ( 853 m.). The stream bends here, although the density of catclaw varies a good deal, and the cactus and the bottom of its narrow channel is as much as 13 feet ( 3.94 m.) generally occurs in clumps. Upstream of the junction, Russian­ below the floodplain,5 which consists of compact buff to pink-brown thistle is also characteristic of the understory. A specimen was col- sand, and cobbles. Scattered desert-willow, tamarisk, grass, blanket-

6 7 flower, and aster grow on it. The highest terrace is about 7½ feet ( 2.29 m. ) higher and consists of reddish, powdery sandy soil, with some boulders. The spring has built a cone of travertine outward from the cliff face, over the stream. The knobby, stalactite-hung underside of the projection showers water down and stands at about the same level as the floodplain beyond the creek. The under­ side is festooned with maidenhair fern, the upperside is blanketed with cardinal monkeyflower, and the apex supports Thelypteris puberula and Datura. Several plants were collected from the spring and the moist sandbanks nearby: 53. Thelypteris puberula ( Fern) ,:, ( See Note 6) 52. Phragmites communis ( Common reed) 92. Imperata brevifolia ( Satin tail) 54. M imulus cardinalis ( Cardinal monkeyflower) VIII. Base of Scottys Tower. As Kanab Creek reaches the level of the Muav Limestone, huge boulders scattered along the stream course become characteristic, beginning near the mouth of Scottys Canyon ( a right-bank tributary) and extending perhaps 2 miles ( 3.22 km.) downstream. Opposite the mouth of Scottys Canyon FIGURE 3. Hanging Gardens, Kanab FIGURE 4. View up Kanab Canyon. stands a huge crag, isolated by the partial breakdown of the neck Canyon ( locality VII). Cardinal mon­ Mouth of Scottys Canyon (locality IX) at left, Scottys Tower (locality VIII) of an entrenched meander. Plants were collected in a re-entrant at keyflower on surface of overhang, maidenhair fern on underside. at right. the base of this crag ( Scottys Tower), among boulders fallen onto the floodplain, since this was the only locality where Virginia 51. Andropogon bardinodis ( Cane bluestem) creeper was seen. Redbud, catclaw, and one small, anomalous juni­ 50. C eltis reticulata ( N etleaf hackberry) per also occurred here. Elevation is about 2,550 ft. ( 777 m.). Plants 48. Eucnide urens ( Rocknettle, stingplant) collected were: 49. Lycium pallidum ( Pale wolfberry) 42. Juniperus osteosperma ( Utah juniper) Additional observations. Ledges and talus in the Redwall section 44. Polygonum convolvulus ( Cornbind) of Kanab Canyon support bunch grass, hedgehog cactus ( Echi­ 40. Cercis occidentalis (Redbud) nocerus), and barrel cactus (Ferocactus, probably acanthodes) up 41. Parthenocissus inserta ( Virginia creeper, thicket creeper) to chest height. Very dark-colored moss grows on portions of the 47. Tamarix pentandra (Tamarisk) Redwall cliffs exposed to rain. Although Nichol ( 1952) maps lower 45. Oenothera albicaulis ( Whitestem eveningprimrose) Kanab Canyon as having a bursage ( Franseria) association, the 43. Senecio multilobatus ( Lobeleaf groundsel) lower inner gorge has relatively little vegetation other than some 46. Stephanomeria tenuifolia ( Wirelettuce) riparian growth, because of the sheer rock walls. IX. Scottys Canyon. Scottys Canyon is a narrow, sheer-walled Unfortunately, no plants were collected during the 1969 trip, right-bank tributary of Kanab Canyon. A small, permanent stream which traversed Kanab Canyon from Hack Canyon to the Colo­ flows through it, via pools and waterfalls. The stream is bordered rado. Only very general information can be given. Hack Canyon is with cardinal monkeyflower and redbud. Plants collected along the broad, cut into talus-veneered Hermit Shale, and rimmed with canyon, at about 2,600 ft. ( 792 m.), were: Kaibab Limestone. Its wash is bordered with Apache plume, and

8 9 S. halepense is a naturalized Old-World plant, and since there is no reason to suppose it was a pre-Columbian introduction, this tndi­ cates that the site dates from the historic period. On the other hand since nothing resembling it was seen among the living flora, it may reflect different edaphic conditions of the past, perhaps prior to the latest channel-trenching ( 1883). Cobs of maize, Zea mays, were collected below eroded fill in natural rock shelters adjacent to Mountain Sheep Spring ( local­ ity IV). Prehistoric potsherds and pictographs are associated with these shelters.

MOLLUSCS Specimens of one subspecies of land snail, Oreohelix yavapai ex­ trematatis, were collected at locality I, Big Sowats Canyon.8 They were found in the leaf litter beneath Gambel oaks along the sloping sides of the canyon bottom.

FIGURE 5. View up Kanab Canyon downstream of Hack Canyon. Note stream­ INSECTS side, floodplain, talus base, and talus vegetation. None of the arachnids ( spiders, daddy-long-legs, ticks, scorpions) the sweeping slopes carry grass, snakeweed, globemallow, aster, etc. were identified by species, and only two insect species, both ubiq­ From the area of the mouth of Grama Canyon, Kanab Creek ( just uitous and visually distinctive, were positively identified in the barely flowing in this vicinity in September, 1969) runs in a broad field ( none were collected) : f inner gorge of the Supai Formation. Alluvial terraces support cat­ Danaus plexippus ( Monarch butterly) claw, at least two species of prickly pear, Russian-thistle, grass, and Limenitis bredowii ( California sister butterfly) a few shrubs. Cottonwoods are common near the stream, and the Two types of moths were identified from photographs of their scattered floodplain vegetation includes small willows, and/ or larvae, taken, respectively, at localities V ( on catclaw) and I ( on desert-willow, tamarisk, grass, aster, occasional Datura, etc.7 Shrub aster). 9 live oak occurs at the foot of the talus. Talus slopes and ledges Adelocephala, probably heiligbrodti ( Royal moth) contain scattered yucca, Mormon-tea, bunch grass, various small Cucullia sp. ( Hooded owlet moth) shrubs, occasional barrel cactus and hedgehog cactus, and several One moth, Arachnis, was identified from a photograp� of an adult species of compositae; a few catclaw occur, especially along gullies. taken at locality VI.1° In addition to Lepidoptera, insect orders noted The creek, now dry, descends into a sheer-walled inner gorge in included Orthoptera ( grasshoppers, crickets), Odonta ( dragon­ the Redwall Limestone, as described for locality VI. flies, damselflies, including ant lions), Hymenoptera ( bees, wasps, A fragmentary specimen of a cane-like plant was secured. It had ants), and Diptera ( flies, including mosquitoes). Other orders are fallen from the roof of what appeared to be a prehistoric structure certainly present, but no particular attempt was made to observe ( there were no associated artifacts in evidence, but the beams were insects. cut by burning) in a cliff shelter on the right side of Kanab Canyon just below the mouth of Scottys Canyon (locality IX). The fragment FISH AND AMPHIBIANS was inadequate for confident classification, but it has been tenta­ Fish were seen in lower Kanab Creek but were not identified. tively identified as Sorghum halepense (Johnson grass). Since Malmquist ( 1970: 21) mentions carp and trout here.

10 11 At least two species of Anura are present. Only one was identified: Cathartes aura (Turkey Vulture), Kanab Canyon, upstream Hyla arenicolor ( Canyon treefrog) from locality VI Specimens were seen at several places, on rocks near permanent Geococcyx californianus (Roadrunner), probable; Kanab surface water, from locality IV to IX . I have also seen this species Canyon, upstream from locality VI in lower Matkatamiba Canyon, a left-bank tributary of the Colorado Strix occidentalus (Spotted Owl), V (See Note 12) not far from Kanab Canyon. These areas are within the species' Aeronautes saxatalis (Whit e-throated Swift), u range as given by Stebbins ( 1954: 147). Megaceryle alcyon ( Belted Kingfisher), below locality VIII Colaptes auratus collaris (Red-shafted Flicker), I, III REPTILES Sphyrapicus varius ( Yellow-bellied Sapsucker), VI-VII Although many small and medium-sized lizards were seen, no Cyanocitta stelleri (Steller's Jay), I attempt at identification was made. Two species of snakes were Aphelocoma coerulescens ( Scrub Jay), III identified: Corvus corax (Common Raven), I, V, VI Masticophis taeniatus taeniatus ( Great Basin racer, striped Parus Gambeli ( Mountain Chickadee), I, IV whipsnake) Cinclus mexicanus (Water Ouzel, Dipper), IX Crotalis viridis lutosus ( Great Basin rattlesnake) Troglodytes aedon ( House Wren), I Two specimens of the former were seen, separately, in the dry Catherpes mexicanus ( Canyon Wren), u streambed in Sowats Canyon between localities V and VI; one was Geothlypis trichas (Yellowthroat), I in injured condition and was photographed. One specimen of the Wilsonia pusilla (Wilson's Warbler), I latter was observed on the talus of Kanab Canyon just below the Icterus parisorum (Scott's Oriole), III mouth of Scottys Canyon (locality VIII). Fowlie ( 1965: 75-6, 157- Spinus psaltria ( Lesser Goldfinch), I 8) noted a number of records of the Great Basin racer in Grand Pipilo chlorurus ( Green-tailed Towhee), III Canyon National Park, from rim to river,11 and three records of the Zonotrichia leucophrys ( Gambel' s White-crowned Sparrow), IV Great Basin rattlesnake on Grand Canyon's north side (Toroweap ( See Note 13) Valley and Point Sublime), to either side of Kanab Canyon. Other avian taxa noted but not identified at the genus or species BIBDs level were Buteoninae (hawks), Columbidae (doves), and Tro­ In 1970, an effort was made to identify all birds seen. In addition, chilidae (hummingbirds). Edwin McKee ( 1946) reported a shrike a few sightings recorded in 1969 are included. Unless otherwise ( probably Lanius ludovicianus, Loggerhead Shrike), on the Es­ noted, occurrences are not inconsistent with ranges as indicated in planade, middle Kanab Canyon, October 1941. Monson and Phillips ( 1964) and Phillips, Marshall, and Monson ( 1964), whose nomenclature is followed. Subspecies is indicated MAMMALS only in the two cases in which it was determinable in the field ( for Few mammals other than bats were observed, although many the subspecies likely to be found in this region, see Phillips et al., tracks, particularly of bighorn sheep, were noted. A group of two 1964). The place of observation is indicated following the common adult and one immature desert bighorn, Ovis canadensis mexicana, name (numbers indicate plant-collecting sites; two numbers sep­ were seen at the mouth of Scottys Canyon (l ocality IX). Bighorn have arated by a hyphen indicate an identification between the sites with been reported in Kanab Canyon by Hall and Kelson ( 1959: 1033), those numbers; u =ubiquitous). Goldman (1964: 35), and Weaver (1970: 13), and "near Kanab Anas discors ( Blue-winged Teal), VI-VII Creek" by Hoffmeister ( 1971: 155); see also Hoffmeister and Dur­ Anas acuta (Pintail), one apparently wounded female, Kanab ham (1971: 43). Cockrum (1960: 256-258) indicates that this species Canyon, several miles below Hack Canyon is widespread in Arizona, and specimens have been collected in

12 13 �rand Canyon. The present author also observed bighorn sheep at 5. About 6 feet ( 1.83 m.) according to Dellenbaugh (1962: 46-47). Bass Rapids ( south bank) in 1967. 6. Identified by Dr. Ardith B. Johnsen, MNA. McDougall (personal <;om­ A complete skull and a single mandible of coyotes, Canis latrans munication, 1971) writes, "This fem is a new addition to the MNA Herbarium and apparently this is the first time it has been collected so mearnsi, were collected in Big Sowats Canyon ( locality I), as was far north." Kearney and Peebles ( 1960: 45) list its Arizona range as "Santa an incomplete mandible of Odocoileus ·hemionus, mule deer.14 Cock­ Maria River (southeastern Yavapai County), Aravaipa Canyon ( Graham rum ( 1960: 217, 252-253) indicates the statewide occurrence of the and Pinal counties), Santa Catalina Mountains ( Pima County)." This specimen was the most difficult and dangerous of any to collect; since it coyote, specifically indicating the Grand Canyon and Mount Trum­ was not observed elsewhere, I climbed the cliff to the apex of the spring bull. · The mule deer specimen is within the range indicated by to secure it. Cockrum for 0. h. hemionus, and a specimen from "Sowhats Pas­ 7. Malmquist ( 1970: 20) wrote, "Only scattered cottonwoods and willows remain from the time when the canyon bottom was lined with trees. The ture" is recorded ( see also Hoffmeister 1971: 79, 149). Hoffmeister creek has been diverted to irrigate farms up in Fredonia, and the resulting and Durham ( 1971: 18, 40-43) mention that deer are abundant low water table, plus overgrazing and general drought has hurt the canyon." "along Kanab Creek." 8. Identified by Dr. Allyn G. Smith, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy of Sciences.The specimens are now in the collections No attempt was made to identify the small mammal tracks seen, of the Academy and the MNA. Dr. Smith (personal communication) re­ but a set of tracks of a large carnivore in sand under a cliff over­ ports collecting this subspecies beneath the Grand Canyon rim along the hang in Big Sowats Canyon suggested the presence of a mountain Bright Angel Trail. 9. Identified by William R. Bauer, Bureau of Entomology, California State lion, Felis concolor. This is within the range of F. c. kaibabensis as Department of Agriculture. shown by Cockrum ( 1960: 244-246), who indicates that specimens 10. Identified by Dr.W. Harry Lange, Department of Entomology, University have been collected in the Kanab Creek drainage near Fredonia of California, Davis. and in Grand Canyon National Park. The tracks, though some­ 11. Fowlie shows no record of this species in Arizona northeastward of the Little Colorado River, but the present author saw it used in the Hopi what obscured by softness of the sand, measured about 6 inches Snake Dance, Hotevilla, 1970. This is within its range as shown by ( 15.24 cm.) long, and the distance between prints was approxi­ Stebbins (1954: 496). mately 32 inches ( 81.28 cm.). 12. This bird was ill and could be very closely approached and definitively identified ( Sept. 20); its carcass was discovered later, but decomposition Hoffmeister ( 1971: 132, 173) records the collecting of specimens was too advanced to permit collecting its skin; a few pinion feathers were of the canyon mouse ( Peromyscus crinitus auripectus) and the taken (now at the MNA). Phillips et al. ( 1964: 54) note a record in cactus mouse ( Peromyscus eremicus) at the mouth of Kanab Creek. Grand Canyon National Park as "possibly only wintering." 13. This subspecies is not listed in Phillips et al. (1964: 206--7) but is well His distribution maps of several other species indicate their pres­ within the subspecies' winter range as indicated in American Ornithol­ ence in this vicinity. ogists' Union (1957: 619). 14. Identified by Dr. James L. Patton, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, Uni­ versity of California, Berkeley. The specimens are now at the MNA. NOTES 1. Acknowledgment is made to Dave Bohn and Clyde Childress, who accom­ REFERENCES CITED panied and aided the author. 2. For published photographs of Kanab Canyon, see Goldman 1964 ( Locality AMERICAN Ofu'IITHOLOGISTS' UNION 7, Hanging Gardens, p.23) and Weaver 1970 (area of Locality 8, Scottys 1957 Check List of North American Birds, Fifth Edition.American Orni­ Tower, p.13; part of Locality 9, Scottys Canyon, p.14). thologists' Union, Baltimore. 3. Possibly related to the arroyo-cutting resulting from the flood of 1883 COCKRUM, E.LENDELL (Robinson 1970: 138-141). 1960 The Recent Mammals of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, 4. " .... about eight miles up [ was] a singular spring.... This we called Tucson. DEAVER, CHESTER, and HORACE S.HASKELL Shower-Bath Spring. The water charged with lime had built out from Plateau, the wall a semi-circular mass covered by ferns, which was cut away below 1955 Ferns and Flowering Plants of Havasu Canyon. 28 ( 1): by the floods till one could. walk under in the sprinkling streams perco­ 11-23. lating through it." (Dellenbaugh 1926: 245).See also: Dellenbaugh 1962: DELLENBAUGH, FREDERICK S. 47, Kelley 1948: 390, and Olsen 1968: 43. 1926 A Canyon Voyage.Yale University Press, New Haven. 1962 The Romance of the Colorado River.The Rio Grande Press, Chicago. 14 15 FOWLIE, JACK A. 1965 The Snakes of Arizona. Azul Quinta Press, Fallbrook, Calitornia. Navajo CeremonialEquipment GOLDMAN, RosALIE, and MELVIN GOLDMAN 1964 The Wrinkled Pink Walls of Kanab Canyon. Arizona Highways, in the Museum of Northern Arizona 40 (7): 16-35. HALL, E. R., and K. R. NELSON LELAND C. WYMAN 1959 The Mammals of North America. Ronald Press, New York. Boston University HAMBLIN, W. KENNETH, and J. KEITH RIGBY 1969 Guidebook to the Colorado River, Part 2: Phantom Ranch in Grand Canyon National Park to Lake Mead, Arizona-Nevada. Brigham Abstract. Four groups of Navajo Indian ceremonial equipment, acquired by Young University Geology Studies, 15 (2). the Museum of Northern Arizona in 1968 and 1969, are described and illus­ HOFFMEISTER, DONALD F. trated. Two of these contain mountain soil bundles, the pouch essential for 1971 Mammals of Grand Canyon. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. performing the Blessingway rite, the first so far as is known to become the HOFFMEISTER, DONALD F., and FLOYD E. DURHAM property of non-Navajos. Another contains an incomplete outfit for performing 1971 Mammals of the Arizona Strip, including Grand Canyon National chants according to Evilway ( Ghostway) ritual and another group consists Monument. Museum of Northern Arizona, Technical Series, 11. of miscellaneous paraphernalia, such as hide rattles and bullroarers. KEARNEY, THOMAS H., and ROBERT H. PEEBLES 1960 Arizona Flora. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los As POINTED OUT in the description of a Navajo medicine bundle for Angeles. KELLEY, CHARLES Shootingway (Wyman, 1972), Navajo Indian ceremonial equipment 1948 Journal of W. C. Powell. Utah Historical Quarterly, 16-17 (1-4). is decidely rare outside of possession by the Indians themselves. MALMQUIST, ALLEN J. The Museum of Northern Arizona has recently added to its collec­ 1970 Exploring the Western Grand Canyon. In Ernest Braun, Grand Canyon of the Living Colorado, pp. 18-21. Sierra Club-Ballantine tions four other groups of such equipment. When the Shootingway Books, San Francisco. bundle ( Bundle B) was obtained in 1968 from a schoolteacher McDoucALL, W. B. who was leaving the reservation, two other outfits and some mis­ 1964 Grand Canyon Wildflowers. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulle­ tin 43. cellaneous paraphernalia were acquired from the same source McKEE, EDWIN D. ( Acc. No. 2567 Bundles A and C, and gift after purchase). The 1946 Kanab Canyon: The Trail of Scientists. Plateau, 18 ( 3): 33-42. following year ( September 1969) another ceremonial outfit was MONSON, GALE and ALLAN R. PHILLIPS 1964 A Checklist of the Birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, received as a gift from a friend of the Museum ( Acc. No. 2628). Tucson. Two of these sets of equipment ( Bundle C and the 1969 bundle) NICHOL, A. A. contain mountain soil bundles, the pouch essential for performing 1952 The Natural Vegetation of Arizona. University of Arizona, Agri­ the Blessingway rite, the first of such articles so far as is known to cultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin, 127: 188-230. OLSEN, ROBERT W., JR. become the property of non-Navajos. Because of the rarity of such 1968 Clem Powell and Kanab Creek. The Kiva, 34 ( 1): 41-50. material the contents of these four acquisitions are described briefly PHILLIPS, ALLAN, JoE MARSHALL, and GALE MONSON and illustrated here as a matter of record. Pertinent references to 1964 The Birds of Arizona. University of Arizona Press, Tucson. ROBINSON, ADONIS FINDLAY previously published accounts of articles not occurring in Bundle B 1970 History of Kane County. Kane County Daughters of Utah Pio­ are given, but references for articles similar to ones in Bundle B neers [Kanab]. are omitted since they may be found in Wyman, 1972. STEBBINS, ROBERT C. 1954 Amphibians and Reptiles of Western North America. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. BUNDLE A-EVILWAY BUNDLE WEAVER, DONALD E. JR. Bundle A was obtained from a Navajo who lived at Chilchinbito 1970 Grand Canyon: The World Below the Rim. National Parks Maga­ zine, 44 (268): 10-14. in northeastern Arizona. It contains an incomplete outfit for per­ forming chants according to Evilway ( Ghostway) ritual ( of. Haile, 1950), together with a Shootingway collar and whistle (Cat. Nos. E 3933 - E 3944). The Evilway equipment comprises one shoulder

16 17 tached flints, animalclaws (mountain lion, wildcat, wolf, bear) and eagle talons, are worn by the impersonators of the Slayer Twins, Monster Slayer and Born-for-Water, during overshooting and gar­ ment or cincture ceremonies, and by the patient in body-painting ceremonies in Evilway chants ( Franciscan Fathers, 1910: 413-414; i f ,,.'\., � 1 Wyman and Bailey, 1943: 13-14,19,20,21,36; Reichard, 1950: 638- "i., 639,658; Haile, 1950: 217-237). The claws may also be used to split 41 the yucca leaves needed in various ceremonies ( Kluckhohn and Wyman, 1940: 47; Reichard, 1950: 662). I «fr­ The shoulder band in Bundle A is a strip of buckskin, 90 cm. long, tied by a bow knot to form a circle ( Fig. 2). Attached to it (� are two large and eight small animal claws (mountain lion, wild­ cat ? ) ,so me wrapped with a strip of fur; an eagle talon; five pro­ jectile points (flints) including a Basketmaker and two Pinto points; three white cone and two olivella shell beads; and a small concre­ , •• •J tion or fossil. A small strip of fur (otter ?) is wrapped around the buckskin thong in one place. FIGURE 1. Contents of Evilway bundle. Left to right: top - tie-ons, wristlet, shoulder band, collar and whistle, pouch; middle (left) - small bow, five medi­ The wristlet is a buckskin thong, 47 cm. long, which can be tied cine bags tied together; bottom (left) - three flints, pipe. in a circle (Fig. 2). Attached to it are one large and two small animal claws; two eagle talons stuck through the buckskin and wrapped band (bandoleer), one wristlet, and one small bow. In addition with fur; a Pinto point; and a cone and an olivella shell bead. there are two tie-ons, three flints, a tobacco pipe, and five small medicine bags tied together, all of which could be used either in SMALL Bow Evilway or Holyway ceremonials. All this equipment and the fur The miniature bow in Bundle A ( Fig. 1) is like the Dark (male) collar were contained in a large buckskin pouch with a restricted bow in Bundle B except that there is only one olivella shell attached neck (bottle-shaped), which has a buckskin tie string and double to the bowstring (Haile, 1950: 232; Wyman, 1972: 141). strap handle ( Fig. 1). Complete outfits for Evilway ritual contain two shoulder bands, TIE-ONS : CHANT TOKENS two or four wristlets, two small bows, as well as hide rattles, bull­ roarer, brush, unraveling strings, firedrill, and so on (see Wyman The male tie-on of the pair has one turkey feather as well as blue­ and Bailey, 1943: 13-14; Reichard, 1950: 629-631). There is no way bird feathers bound in with the eagle plume feathers, and two tur­ of telling whether Bundle A was once complete and had been de­ quoise beads attached to the wrapping of the butt. The female has pleted by sale, gift, or other dispersal of its contents, or whether it a yellow bird feather and a white serrated projectile point attached was the equipment of a curer or of a singer who had not yet ob­ to it. Otherwise they are like those in Bundle B except that they do tained all the necessary items for a complete outfit (see Kluckhohn not have the wooden points (Haile, 1950: 232; Wyman, 1972: 143). and Wyman, 1940: 24-25). FLINTS SHOULDER BAND AND WRISTLET The three flints in Bundle A include a fluted Clovis point of pink Shoulder bands (bandoleers) and wristlets of hide (mountain chalcedony, and two bifacially flaked leaf-shaped points of banded sheep, wildcat or jaguar, weasel) or unwounded buckskin with at- gray chert with convex bases (Wyman, 1972: 145).

18 19 COLLAR AND WHISTLE The collar is a strip of beaver or otter skin, 111 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide, tied together at the ends to form a circle (Fig. 2; Wyman, 1972: 143). Attached to it by a buckskin thong is a whistle of big reed wrapped with yellow and light and dark blue commercial wool yarn and cotton string, and decorated with strips of fur (.,, (otter ?) and a fringe or tassel of red, maroon, light and dark blue, and yellow commercial wool yarn attached to the whistle by a wrapping of orange ribbon.

GIFT AFTER PURCHASE The few items of ceremonial equipment sent to the Museum of Northern Arizona by the schoolteacher after the purchase of Bun­ dles A, B, and C had been concluded could very well have been FIGURE 2. Top - shoulder band; middle - wristlet; bottom - collar and whistle. part of Bundle A (Cat. Nos. E 3992 - E 3999). The hide rattles and PIPE the bullroarers are articles usually present in Evilway outfits but none were included in Bundle A when it was purchased. The tubular (conical) tobacco pipe of unfired gray clay in Bun­ dle A is apparently a new one. Tobacco is smoked and the smoke HIDE RATILES blown in various directions or upon objects in Blessingway and other rites (Franciscan Fathers, 1910: 287,395; Reichard, 1950: The two rawhide rattles (Fig. 3) were wrapped in a piece of 473,606--607,642,686). cotton print cloth. Each one has the usual four-angled, red and blue zigzag lightning design on both sides and red, blue, and white short MEDICINE BAGS rainbow bars on the sides; a wooden handle spirally wrapped with The five small buckskin medicine bags in Bundle A are tied to­ a thick strip of buckskin; a strip of fur ( beaver or otter ? ) around gether with a strip of cotton cloth instead of being individually the handle at the junction with the body and two or three strips of closed by tie thongs ( Fig. 1). Two of them contain finely ground fur extending from the end of the handle; and two eagle plume herbs, perhaps infusion specific (mouth-put, medicine food - feathers attached to the upper corners by cotton string (Wyman, Haile), the medicine specific for a given chant. Another contains 1972: 145). One rattle has some horsehair in addition to the fur crumbled herbs with the odor of mint, probably chant lotion (foot strips at the end of the handle. liniment - Haile), for external application. One bag contains a BuLLROARERS mixture of bits of dried skin, feathers, and plants, probably fumi­ gant (incense - Haile). Descriptions of these medicines may be Four bullroarers were included in this lot of equipment, two fin­ found in Franciscan Fathers, 1910: 402-406; Kluckhohn and Wy­ ished ones wrapped in a piece of glazed green cloth, and a miniature man, 1940: 47,49-52; Haile, 1947: 32-41; Reichard, 1950: 534-535, one, eight cm. long, wrapped together with an unfinished one in a 565-566). The other bag contains pollen used for consecration and piece of unbleached muslin with an outer wrapping of cotton print prayer in all ceremonials ( Matthews, 1902: 41 ff; Franciscan Fath­ tied with a strip of cloth (Fig. 3). The finished ones have the usual ers, 1910: 399-400; Kluckhohn and Wyman, 1940: 46; Reichard, features of turquoise and the abalone "brain" on the reverse, spar­ 1950: 509,582; Wyman, 1970: 30-32). kling rock (specular hematite) sprinkled over the black coating,

20 21 ) 1

FIGURE 3. Gift after purchase. Left to right: top - two concretions tied to­ gether, hide rattles, unfinished and miniature bullroarers on two wrapping cloths, two other wrapping cloths; bottom - geode, bullroarers. FIGURE 4. Contents of Blessingway Bundle C. Top - pouch; second row (from top) - male mountain soil bundles in pouch, hide wrapping for tie-ons, tie-ons and protective wooden strips, three wrapping cloths; third row - two and a buckskin string ( mountain sheep hide ?; Wyman, 1972: 143). female mountain soil bundles, white and banded aragonite stone prayersticks, The miniature bullroarer is like the others except that the string green jasper flint, stone sphere, three stone discs, package of jewels, four little medicine bags tied together; bottom row - four stone prayersticks (cylinders), is missing. The unfinished one has been shaped and smoothed but six flints, two medicine bags in small pouch, three tobacco pouches tied to­ not painted. gether, paper package of red sand, medicine bag (emetic herbs). STONES and a small sphere, seven flints, eleven small medicine bags, and a Interesting or oddly shaped stones, concretions, fossils, and the paper package of sand. Some of these were wrapped in a square like are often found in medicine bundles ( v.i.). Included with the of cotton print and two pieces of unbleached muslin and tied with rattles and bullroarers were a large calcite septarian geode, 11.5 cm. twine or strips of cloth, and all were contained in a double ended in diameter, and two small septarian nodules, pierced and tied buckskin pouch with a slit opening in the middle ( Fig. 4). Ap­ together with a strip of cloth. parently Bundle C was the equipment of a Blessingway singer. BUNDLE C - BLESSINGWAY BUNDLE MOUNTAIN SOIL BUNDLES Bundle C obtained from a Navajo family living near Rock Point The one item of paraphernalia absolutely essential for performing in northeastern Arizona contains two ( or four) mountain soil bun­ a Blessingway rite is the mountain soil bundle ( Franciscan Fathers, dles, essential equipment for the Blessingway rite, and a lot of mis­ 1910: 410-411). It contains little buckskin-wrapped packages of soil cellaneous non-specific paraphernalia, some of which could also be from the four ( or six) sacred mountains, stone prayersticks, and used in Blessingway ( Cat. Nos. E 3977 - E 3991). This comprises often other items ( v.i.). Because of the difficulty in obtaining the a pair of tie-ons, six stone cylinders ( prayersticks), three stone discs mountain soil it is highly prized and becomes a treasured heir-

22 23 loom.1 So far as is known the ones in Bundle C and the ones given to the Museum of Northern Arizona in 1969 (v.i.) are the only mountain soil bundles to escape from Navajo ownership. The one sung over in a Blessingway rite holds the mountain soil bundle in front of his chest during the litany. Detailed accounts o.f the manu­ facture, meaning, and use of the mountain soil bundle have been published recently (Wyman, 1970: 20-24,104-105,475-481). The Blessingway pouch of Bundle C consists of two large and two small bundles composed of squares (large) or circles (small) of buckskin with the edges gathered together and wrapped with buckskin thongs ( Fig. 5). The larger bundles are contained in a rectangular buckskin pouch. According to the Navajo owner the larger ones are male, to be held by a male patient, the one with the stone prayersticks on the outside in the left hand, the other in the right. The left hand is held still while the right is repeatedly lifted toward the sky and blown upon. The smaller bundles are female, to be used by a female patient. One large bundle has a tapering cylinder of white banded ara­ FrcuRE 5. Mountain soil bundles ( Bundle C). Two female bundles at left, gonite ( travertine; mirage stone) secured on the outside under the two male bundles at upper right, their pouch below them. wrapping (see Kluckhohn and Wyman, 1940: 47-48). It contains wrapping. Two of these bundles are very six little buckskin bundles wrapped with cotton and buckskin strings one secured under the with cotton string. Under them is a mixture placed around a travertine animal figurine (bear) in the center. small and are tied only and some black hair (bear) .1 Three of the bundles are marked with attached beads, one with of cornmeal and pollen female bundles contains a still smaller white shell, one with turquoise, the other with abalone shell, sig­ Each of the two smaller pollen. nifying contents o.f soil from the sacred mountains of the east bundle of cornmeal and ( Blanca Peak), south ( Mount Taylor), and west ( San Francisco TIE-ONS : CHANT TOKENS Peak). A fourth bundle has a loosened string wrapping which prob­ The pair of tie-ons in Bundle C are like those in Bundle A ( v.s.), ably secured a piece of jet for the mountain of the north ( Hesperus that is the male has bluebird feathers and a turqouise bead while Peak). The other two unmarked bundles probably contain soil from the female has yellow bird feathers and a white shell bead, but Gobernador Knob and Huerfano Mountain, New Mexico, Spruce each has a pink and gray chert point attached to the wrapped por­ Hill and Mountain-around-which-moving-was-done of the myths, tion. The tie-ons were wrapped in a piece of hide, each one pro­ the locales of the birth and early home of Changing Woman and the tected by a thin strip of wood ( Fig. 4). First Man Group (see Wyman, 1970: 16-20). All these are set in a small, thin square of buckskin under which are four wadded balls STONE PRAYERSTICKS of wool ( or hair), dirt, pollen, fragments of turquoise and jet, and Slender, slightly tapering cylinders of mirage stone (banded or a white travertine tapering cylinder (haze stone, female mirage white aragonite, travertine) are often found in medicine bundles, stone; see Wyman, 1970: 104,253 n. 182). in personal pollen sacks, or as components of talking prayersticks The other large bundle contains eight little buckskin bundles set (W an, 1970: 26-28, Fig. 6, 104, 253 n. 182), and they are regu­ around a large white banded travertine cylinder. None are marked ym larly included in mountain soil bundles (v.s. ). Cylinders of other with beads but one has a black arrow point and another a gray 25 24 kinds of stone also occur in singers' equipment and like the small contains pollen ( v.s.). The three pouches tied together were said stone animal figurines (horses, sheep, bear) or natural pebbles, fos­ to contain "all kinds of tobacco from all over, a different kind in sils or concretions resembling animals, and other oddly-shaped each." One of these pouches also contains a gray stone tubular pipe stones, they may be placed in medicines, tiny pinches of powder ( v.s.); another a black flint triangle with filed sides and two small ground from them may be added to medicine, or they may simply quartz crystals, used symbolically to light a pipe or "cigarette" be carried for good luck ( Kluckhohn and Wyman, 1940: 46---48; the (reed) offerings ( Franciscan Fathers, 1910: 394; Kluckhohn and growing stone -Wyman and Bailey, 1945: 362). Wyman, 1940: 48; Reichard, 1950: 212; Wyman, 1970: 104); the There are six stone cylinders in Bundle C, from 3.0 to 8.3 cm. third a small banded quartz pebble, two castor-beans, a tiny piece long, made of brown quartzite, brown petrified wood, pink quartz, of hide with black and white hair, and a piece of animal horn or hematite, white aragonite, and banded aragonite (flattened, tabular). hoof with deep file marks (perhaps mountain sheep; perhaps the STONE DISCS dried herbs are "bighorn tobacco" -Franciscan Fathers, op. cit.). The four bags tied together are each closed with a buckskin thong Bundle C contains three stone discs, around 5.8 cm. in diameter, and/or cotton string. The smallest has ten white shell beads, a tur­ of gray chert bifacially flaked, smooth brown and white quartzite, quoise bead and a pendant, attached to it with cotton string. It was and red sandstone. Perhaps these are symbols of the Sun and/or not opened but probably contains live pollen. The other three contain Moon. In addition there is a small black stone sphere (obsidian ?) . small roots and stems and a fine powder (plant medicine); pollen FLINTS (live ?) ; white cornmeal ( Haile, 1947: 27; Reichard, 1950: 541). Besides the buckskin medicine bags Bundle C has a piece of a The seven flints in Bundle C are leaf-shaped bifacially flaked pre­ paper sack tied together with a strip of red calico and containing historic stone knives (Wyman, 1972: 145). Three are made of some red sand, no doubt consecrated sand from a sandpainting to yellowish, gray, or brown quartzite, three of brown chert, and one be added to infusion specific (Kluckhohn and Wyman, 1940: 47; of green jasper. Haile, 1947: 39). MEDICINE BAGS Of the eleven small medicine bags in Bundle C ( Fig. 4) two are BLESSINGWAY BUNDLE-1969 separate, two are contained in a little buckskin pouch, three are The ceremonial equipment given to the Museum of Northern tied together with a buckskin thong instead of being closed individ­ Arizona in 19691 comprises a mountain soil bundle and one of ually, and four are tied together with a strip of cotton cloth. One various stones, an animal image bundle, a pollen sack, and two of the separate bags contains dried herbs, five pieces of screwbean concretions ( Cat. Nos. E 4259- E 4263). This is paraphernalia fruit ( Prosopsis pubescens Benth.), and a tiny conical cylinder of for performing the Blessingway rite ( v.s.; Wyman, 1970: 104). white mirage stone (v.s.). The Navajo owner said the herbs are for the emetic used in the sweat-emetic ceremony ( Kluckhohn and MOUNTAIN SOIL BUNDLES Wyman, 1940: 50,82-87). The other is a square of buckskin gathered The mountain soil bundle (v.s. ) contains four little buckskin bun­ together and tied with a buckskin thong, containing bits of tur­ dles of sacred mountain soil tightly wrapped with cotton string and quoise, white shell, abalone shell, and black stone ( obsidian or jet), marked with a white shell bead, a turquoise pendant, a square aba­ a tiny fossil or concretion, and a corn kernel, evidently materials lone shell bead, and a sliver of jet respectively, indicating soil from for jewel offerings ( Franciscan Fathers, 1910: 409-410; Kluckhohn the mountains of the east, south, west, and north. The east and west and Wyman, 1940: 29,88; Reichard, 1950: 208-213). bundles also have a stone cylinder ( mirage stone ?) inside of them. The larger of the two bags in the little pouch contains a castor­ Each is placed next to a tapering stone cylinder (three of mirage bean ( Ricinus communis L.) and some ground seeds (?), the other stone or banded aragonite and one of tan-colored stone), and all

26 27 • .. ... FIGURE 6. Contents of Blessingway bundle - 1969. Left to right: top - do­ mestic animal image bundle, bundle of stones, mountain soil bundle; bottom - pollen sack, two concretions. of these are tightly wrapped with some pollen in a circle of buck­ skin bound with a Rat strip of buckskin ( Fig. 6). The other bundle contains two tapering mirage stone cylinders, a quartz crystal, and a white and black stone point, wrapped with some pollen and cornmeal in a rectangle of buckskin tightly bound with a buckskin thong. ' DOMESTIC ANIMAL IMAGE BUNDLE FIGURE 7. Domestic animal image bundle (a bove ): cotton tie string, buckskin This small bundle ( Fig. 7) contains two small £gurines made of wrapping, sheep (?), horse. Pollen sack (below): male and female mirage stone. banded aragonite ( mirage stone). One has a mane and evidently is a horse, the other may be a sheep. Such images are carried to bring gray-banded aragonite (male), the other a tiny one of white ara­ luck in obtaining domestic animals. They are wrapped with pollen gonite (female). and cornmeal in an irregular piece of buckskin bound with cot­ CONCRETIONS ton string. One of the concretions is of dark brown clay-ironstone vaguely POLLEN SACK shaped like a rotund bear with head, tail and four legs ( Fig. 6). The pollen sack is a small leather bag with a fringed top and six The other is of pale tan-colored sandstone. loops of small glass beads, white, red, blue, yellow, attached to the bottom ( Kluckhohn and Wyman, 1940: 46). The bag is closed with a buckskin thong tied around the neck ( Fig. 7). Besides pollen the sack contains two tapering cylinders of mirage stone, one of 29 28 NOTE Temperature Requirements of the Cicada, 1. The Navajo owner of Bundle C was very reluctant to sell the mountain soil bundle in it to the white school teacher saying that it contains "things Okanagana striatipes beameri: from the four sacred mountains and things from bears that are very hard to get," and that he wanted to sell them to a friend of his. He was finally A Study fromFlagstaff, Arizona persuaded to part with it for sufficient compensation. The Blessingway bundle acquired in 1969 was left at the Museum of Northern Arizona by MAXINE SHOEMAKER HEATH the donors without any explanation of the source. Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Illinois, Urbana REFERENCES CITED FRANCISCAN FATHERS Abstract. The cicada, Okanagana striatipes beameri, was studied in and around 1910 An Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language. Saint Michaels, Flagstaff, Arizona, during June and July of 1969 and 1970. Many of the Arizona. diurnal activities of O. striatipes beameri are dependent upon a limited range of internal body temperature. 0. striatipes beameri regulate their body tem­ HAILE, FATHER BERARD peratures behaviorally. They select perches and orient their bodies to adjust 1947 Prayer Stick Cutting in a Five Night Navaho Ceremonial of the the amount of solar radiation they receive. Temperature levels for flight Male Branch of Shootingway. Chicago. ° ° ° (22.9 °C), shade-seeking (36.3 C), heat torpor (43.5 C) and singing 1950 Legend of the Ghostway Ritual in the Male Branch of Shootingway. (40.5 C) are presented. Saint Michaels, Arizona. KLUCKHOHN, CLYDE, and LELAND C. WYMAN 1940 An Introduction to Navaho Chant Practice. Memoirs, American INTRODUCTION. Cicadas are abundant, diurnal, insects that live in a Anthropological Association, No. 53. variety of habitats in Arizona ranging from the hot desert floor MATTHEWS, WASHINGTON to the cool mountain slopes. Like other ectothermic animals, much 1902 The Night Chant, a Navaho Ceremony. Memoirs, American Mu­ seum of Natural History, vol. 6. of their behavior is related to maintaining their internal body tem­ REICHARD, GLADYS A. perature within an optimal temperature range. They bask in the 1950 Navaho Religion: A Study of Symbolism. Bollingen Series XVIII, direct rays of the sun, reorient their bodies to minimize incident New York. radiation from the sun, and retreat to shaded areas when they WYMAN, LELAL'

30 31 The insects were captured in an insect net. The net was tightened about the animal to immobilize it before taking its temperature. The experimenter's hands never touched the insect. Body temperatures were taken within five seconds of capture with a specially designed thermistor probe described in detail by Heath and Adams ( 1969). The probe was made from an ultra-small thermistor imbedded in an epoxy filled short segment of a hypodermic needle. This device was surrounded by cork to reduce heat conduction, and both the cork and needle were mounted in a nylon tube for handllng. The tip of the needle extended 4 mm. beyond the cork to aid in standardizing the depth at which the temperatures were taken. Because of the small size of this animal, it was necessary to enter the posterior of FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of an Okanagana striatipes beameri, drawn by Alice the thorax with the probe in order to obtain mid-thoracic tempera­ A. Prickett from a specimen collected at Flagstaff, Arizona. tures. Temperature measurements made with this probe are accurate to 0.2° C. Laboratory measurements were made within five seconds zona, July 1, 1929, for the University of Kansas collection. It is of the time the animal exhibited the behavorial parameter being described by W. T. Davis ( 1930). This variety is darker in color studied. In the laboratory the wings of the animal were grasped with orange markings and narrower forewings. It is considered a between the thumb and forefinger of the experimenter and the variety because of the presence of connecting specimens. animal positioned for measurement. At no time did the fingers of 0kanagana striatipes beameri is a medium size cicada, 19 mm. the experimenter touch the body of the animal as warmth from long. It lives on the Colorado Plateau on sagebrush flats ( Davis, the experimenter could have influenced the internal body tempera­ 1930) and in open areas adjacent to the ponderosa pine forests, ture of the insect. Laboratory experiments were made within one­ e.g. areas cleared for homesites, along roads, etc. The pine forest half hour of field capture of the insects. is inhabited by two related cicadas, 0kanagana rubrocaudata and The elevation at Flagstaff is about 2,000 m., thus the summer 0kanagana bella. climate is mild. Normal highs for June and July are 25.2° C and Because of the relatively mild climate in which 0. striatipes 27.4°C respectively. Normal lows are 5.3°C and 9.8° C for June beameri lives, it probably is seldom thermally stressed. Instead, and July, respectively. Record lows are well below freezing for much of its behavior must be oriented toward utilizing available June, -5.6° C, and right at freezing for July. Record highs for June heat sources to maintain a body temperature high enough to permit are 34.4° C and for July 33.3° C ( U.S. Environmental Data Serv­ normal daily activities such as singing and flight. This study deter­ ice, 1966). mines some of the temperature requirements of 0. striatipes beameri. RESULTS: Singing MATERIALS AND METHODS Singing 0. striatipes beameri were collected in the field during 0kanagana striatipes beameri were studied during late June and midday activity periods ( 11 :00 AM-2:00 PM). By this time their early July of 1969 and 1970 in and around Flagstaff, Arizona. The initial morning basking or warm-up period ceases, and the insects insects were collected while they were singing from open areas perch either in partially shaded locations or with their bodies nega­ consisting mostly of weeds and scattered ponderosa pine. They were tively oriented toward the sun. Solitary males sing. They do not perched primarily on the upper portions of Tragopogon dubius, sing in a chorus as do some other cicadas, such as the seventeen­ salsify, usually the tallest weed in the area. Some were singing from year cicadas. However, individuals seem stimulated to sing by the lower branches of the ponderosa pine. hearing other individuals singing. The song of an individual also

32 33 lasts longer when reinforced by the song of nearby animals. The good traction when moving to a new location. A heat lamp was ° mean body temperature of the singing animals studied was 40.5 C then used to irradiate the surface of the towel. The lamp was at ° ° with a range between 39.0 and 41.8 C. Air temperatures taken at least one-half meter from the towel and the animal. At the edge ° ° the same time three feet above the ground were 31.3 C to 34.0 C. of the heated area, the light intensity graduated from intense radia­ tion to deep shade. Most of the insects studied crawled into the Flight partially irradiated area; one Hew. Flight is important in the biology of an insect for many reasons. 0. striatipes beameri reaches this level at an average body tem­ It enables the animal to escape predators, to locate suitable perches perature of 36.3° C. The mean body temperature for shade-seeking for singing, and to locate food plants. Flight is temperature de­ is significantly below the mean body temperature for singing. 0. ° pendent. Below 22.9 C 0. striatipes beameri are unable to Hy. The striatipes beameri position themselves on perches where they con­ minimum temperature. for Hight was ascertained by cooling the tinue to warm but at a slower rate. Since they sing at much higher cicadas to a semitorporous condition, then tossing them into the air temperatures, the shade-seeking temperature cannot be considered until they were able to gain minimum control by spreading their either uncomfortable or dangerous to this animal. wings and gliding or Hying to a landing position. Body temperatures were taken immediately upon landing. When an insect is too cold Heat torpor to Hy he falls to the ground. Since the normal nightly low tempera­ Heat torpor occurs when an animal loses his mobility because of ° ° tures at Flagstaff in June and July are between 5.3 C and 9.8 C, overheating. For cicadas that inhabit the hot deserts and desert the body temperatures of the cicadas probably drop to a state of grasslands of Arizona, the temperature of heat torpor must be con­ cold torpor each night. An animal must warm each day by basking sidered a critical maximum temperature. If they should overheat at or close to his nightly perch until he reaches the minimum Hight to the point of torpor, they would fall to the intensely hot desert temperature. Extensive movement in search of perches for feeding Joor and literally cook ( Heath and Wilkin, 1970; Heath, Wilkin, or mating while the animal is still below the minimum temperature and Heath, 1971). Cicadas can be warmed until they reach a state for Hight could attract predators from which the cicada could not of heat torpor, but usually recover rapidly if cooled immediately. escape. Therefore, the minimum Hight temperature can also be con­ Heat torpor occurs in 0. striatipes beameri at an average body tem­ sidered the minimum temperature for activity. perature of 44.2° C. The normal highs in Flagstaff in June and July are 25.2°C and Shade-seeking ° 27.4 C. 0. striatipes beameri perch in areas of dense weed cover Ectothermic animals can lower their body temperatures simply providing a shady environment near the ground. Therefore, even by moving out of the direct rays of the sun. This behavior is called if an individual cicada should overheat and fall to the ground, it "shade-seeking." Reptiles as well as insects exhibit shade-seeking would most likely cool and recover rather than continue to heat. behavior. Modifications of shade-seeking behavior permit the animal The results of these experiments are summarized in Table 1. to continue warming but at a slower rate. This behavior occurs at a body temperature where continued heating at the same rate would DISCUSSION be either uncomfortable, unnecessary, or dangerous to the animal. The body temperatures of active ectothermic insects do not Shade-seeking was measured in the laboratory. The insects were passively rise and fall with the ambient temperature of their en­ cooled by placing them in a pasteboard container and surrounding vironment. Within any environment, a wide range of temperature it with ice. When their movements became sluggish, they were re­ is available from direct sunlight to deep shade. From this diverse moved from the container and placed on a vertical, white, Turkish range the active insect selects perches where he can either increase towel. The loops on the towel presented a rough surface so that his body temperature by exposure to solar radiation or decrease they could maintain not only their grip while cold, but also had his body temperature by limiting his exposure to the incident radi-

34 35 U.S. Weather TABLE 1 = Bureau Body Temperature Responses of Okanagana striatipes beameri 45 t Torpor 1 {: from Flagstaff, Arizona ili1iiliill!l!illllillllllllllllll!il1i1:l!f1t -.. Mean ( +2se) Range N ° ° 40 Minimum temperature 22.9 C 22.0 - 23.8 C 9 for Flight ( +l.32) ° ° Singing 40.5 C 39.0 - 41.8 C 6 35 June ( +1.16) July J ° ° Shade-seeking 36.3 C 33.0 - 40.8 C 17 record ( +l.08) high -� ° ° Heat torpor 43.5 C 41.0 - 45.0 c 10 () '- July ( + .78) ] Q.).... June ::::i normal ation. In a mild or cool climate an insect must warm each day to ...._ high feed, Hy, sing, or mate efficiently. The nervous system of a cold c::i.... insect reacts much like a cold automobile that has been left out Q.) overnight in midwinter. The movements and physiological body ? functions of the insect are sluggish and imprecise. As he warms, his � activity increases. In living organisms this activity tends to double with each increase of 10°C. However, like an automobile, he can also overheat. At high temperature extremes, he becomes immo­ - June bilized, dessicated and then dies. Thus, the nervous system of an normal insect reacts with precision only within a limited range of internal low body temperature. Some of the temperature requirements of Okanagana striatipes beameri are summarized in Figure 2. Not all of the activities of an ectothermic insect have the same thermal requirements. Those activities requiring greater precision - J,lyJune l of the central nervous system have a more restricted body tempera­ record ture range. The seventeen-year cicada, Magicicada cassini, can feed law when his body temperature is between 11 °C and 42°C, yet inte­ FIGURE 2. Summary of the body temperature responses of Okanagana stria­ grated chorusing of the male song occurs only when the internal tipes beameri. temperature of the insects is between 30°C and 34°C ( Heath, et al., 1971). 0. striatipes beameri can Hy at body temperatures above torpor each night and must warm to activity tempratures with the 22.9°C, but temperatures of the singing insects studied ranged be­ increasing ambient temperature and by basking in the direct rays tween 39.0°C and 41.8°C. of the sun each morning. Not only are daily activities dependent upon a limited tempera­ The effect of overheating a cicada is also torpor. Cicadas from ture range, but the result of extremes beyond this range is torpor. hot desert and semi-desert areas in Arizona emit a danger or alarm The low overnight temperatures at elevations of 2000 m. and higher squawk while being artifically overheated in the laboratory. The probably indicate that 0. striatipes beameri goes into a state of cold same call can be heard when they are attacked by a predator. Under

36 37 natural conditions these animals would be unable to escape death are mild. The cicadas are rarely heat stressed. Instead, even after they move from basking positions in the direct rays of the sun, they if they could not escape from the irradiation. Although the day­ assume positions either unoriented to the sun's rays or in partial time climate at 2000 m. is mild, "direct solar radiation increases shade where they continue to warm more slowly. None of the active with height above sea level" ( Geiger, 1965: 443). Thus it is possible striatipes for an insect at this altitude continuously exposed to direct solar animals observed in this study were in deep shade. 0. beameri are active throughout the day. radiation to overheat. 0. striatipes beameri exposed to an overheat­ Sagebrush is presumably the host plant of 0. striatipes beameri ing situation would fall into the shady weed environment, cool, and ( Davis, 1930). The animals used in this study were collected, while recover. 0. striatipes beameri does not emit any sound while being actively singing, from Tragopogon dubius and ponderosa pine. artificially overheated. An alarm call would attract a predator to Tragopogon dubius, although common in the collection area, is not the helpless cicada while he is in heat torpor. endemic to the Colorado Plateau. Although some of the animals An ectothermic insect controls or regulates his internal tempera­ observed were singing from scattered ponderosa pine, they were ture through gross body movements. 0. striatipes beameri moves not heard in more densely forested areas. After an initial morning out of a basking position in direct solar radiation at an internal ° warm-up and feeding period, 0. striatipes beameri apparently Hy temperature of 36.3 C, well below the temperature of heat stress. to perches near the top of the weed cover or in the lower branches A Hying insect can modify its position behaviorally in three ways. of the ponderosa pine for singing and mating. They continue to sing It can Hy to a new perch. The height of his perch, the type of plant and mate until mid-afternoon when they either retreat to deep he perches on, and the amount of shade available to the insect can shade or return to their host plant. be altered by Hying to a new perch. The muscular exertion of Hight ° The habitat of an insect affects its temperature requirements and may raise the internal temperature of some cicadas 4 to 6 C ( Heath tolerances. 0. striatipes beameri is more heat tolerant than Magici­ and Wilkin, 1970). However, in a climate like that at Flagstaff, loss cada cassini from the eastern deciduous forest ( Heath, 1967) but of heat by forced convection ( Gates, 1962: 42) would likely pre­ less heat tolerant than Diceroprocta apache from the Arizona des­ vent overheating during Hight. Since 0. striatipes beameri was fre­ erts ( Heath and Wilkin, 1970). They become torporous at tem­ quently observed singing from plants that are not its food plant, obviously these animals had utilized Hight to change their perches peratures higher than M. cassini but lower than D. apache. Their shade-seeking temperature corresponds in a similar way. 0. stria­ after their initial morning warm-up. The second type of behavioral regulation of body temperature is tipes beameri effectively utilize available heat sources to maintain orientation. An insect can maintain its perch and simply reorient its a restricted range of internal body temperature high enough for the body to expose less surface area to the direct rays of the sun. Some integrative precision of the central nervous system required by such animals possess variations in color which allow them to expose a highly energetic activities as Hight and song production. surface area of greater reflectivity. Thus, the darkly colored cicada, Cacama valvata, from the warmer Arizona desert grassland can ACKNOWLEDGMENTS orient himself so that his white belly reflects heat from the sun ( Heath, Wilkin, and Heath, 1971). 0. striatipes beameri does not This research was supported in part by NSF GB-13797 and a University of Illinois, Graduate Research Board grant to James Edward Heath. I am in­ face the heat stresses of a more rigorous climate, nor does it have debted to the staff of the University of Illinois Herbarium for identifying such a dramatically reflective surface. Tragopogon dubius and to James Edward Heath for his direction and assistance An insect limits the stress of temperature extremes by living as with this project. an active adult only during seasons of the year in which temperature conditions are favorable. 0. striatipes beameri inhabit the cool mountain slopes of the Colorado Plateau. They are active as adults during June and July. During these months, ambient temperatures 39 38 REFERENCES CITED A Meteorite Discovery with Archaeological ALEXANDER, R. D. 1960 Sound Communication in Orthoptera and Cicadidae. Pp. 38-92 Importance from the Camp Verde Area, in Animal Sounds and Communication, W. E. Lanyon and W. N. Tavolga (eds.). American Institute of Biological Sciences, Publi­ Central Arizona cation No. 7. Washington. DAVIS, w. T. DEE T. HUDSON 1930 The distribution of cicadas in the United States with descriptions of new species. ]our. N.Y. Ent. Soc. 38: 53-72. Arizona State University GATES, D. M. 1962 Energy Exchange in the Biosphere. Harper and Row, New York. Abstract. An unusual discovery of a meteorite, originally wrapped in a feather 151 p. blanket, is currently in the Nininger Collection of meteorites at Arizona State GEIGER, R. University. Details of its discovery, as well as its chemical composition, 1965 The Climate Near the Ground. Harvard University Press, Cam­ suggest possible transportation of the object over a considerable distance, bridge. 611 p. quite possibly for ritualistic behavior. HALDEMAN, s .S. 1855 Appendix C - Insects. Pp. 366--379 in An Expedition to the Valley of the Great Salt Lake of Utah by H. Stansbury, U.S. Army Corps THE PURPOSE OF THIS PAPER is to describe and report an unusual of Topographical Engineers. Lippincott, Grambo and Co., Phila­ discovery of a meteorite which has some measure of archaeological delphia. importance. Documentation concerning the circumstances of its HEATH, J. E. 1967 Temperature responses of the periodical "17-year" cicada, Magici­ discovery and its chemical analysis are from the notes and files of cada cassini. Amer. Midland Natur. 77: 64-76. Dr. Nininger and the Nininger Meteorite Collection housed in the HEATH, J. E., and P. A. ADAMS Center for Meteorite Studies at Arizona State University. 1969 Temperature regulation and heat production in insects. Pp. 275- The discovery of the object was made about 1915 by an amateur 294 in Experiments in Physiology and Biochemistry, Vol. II, G. A. Kerkut (ed.). Academic Press, London. collector of Indian relics while exploring some rather "extensive" HEATH, J. E., and P. J. WILKIN ruins on the top of a little mesa bordering Clear Creek, a tributary 1970 Temperature responses of the desert cicada, Diceroprocta apache of the Verde River, near Camp Verde, Arizona. In one of the dwell­ (Homoptera, Cicadidae). Physiol. Zool. 43: 145-154. ings, and situated in the northeast corner, he uncovered what ap­ HEATH, J. E., J. L. HANEGAN, P. J. WILKIN, and M. S. HEATH peared to be a stone cist. When the stones were removed it was 1971 Adaptation of the thermal responses of insects. Am. Zool. 11: 145-156. found that the cist was filled with loose dirt. Some fifteen to eigh­ HEATH, J. E., P. J. WILKIN, and M. S. HEATH teen inches below was encountered a feather blanket, wrapped 1971 Temperature responses of the cactus dodger, Cacama valvata about an object which the explorer considered to be a burial. (Homoptera, Cicadadae). Physiol. Zool. ( in press). Upon closer inspection, however, the object in wrappings weighed U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SERVICE 1966 Climatography of the U.S. No. 60-62, Climates of the States: considerably more than was anticipated, and proved to be very Arizona. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington. difficult to remove. What had been expected to be a burial was instead a large, oakleaf-shaped object composed of nickel-iron - a meteorite. Its length measured approximately 60 cm., its width 30 cm., and maxi­ mum thickness 13-14 cm. Later its weight was determined to be 61.5 kilograms, or about 135.5 pounds. Unfortunately, as is so often the case, the details of the discovery and its associations are frequently lost to the archaeological record. Such would most likely have been the case for this particular dis-

40 41 covery had it not been for Dr. Nininger, a specialist in meteorite BIBLIOGRAPHY studies and a noted scientist. Dr. Nininger purchased the object from COLTON, HAROLD s. its collector in 1939 and immediately set down a record of its de­ 1946 The Sinagua: A Summary of the Archaeology of the Region of tails. The feather blanket had been lost, and not a trace of it existed Flagstaff, Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 22, North­ by 1939. No other artifacts or associations had been collected. ern Arizona Society of Science and Art, Flagstaff. COTTER, JOHN L. Dr. Nininger, however, visited and examined the site of the discovery 1940 Receipt and Note addressed to Dr. Henry Nininger, dated April 18, with the collector to ascertain the details. Samples of pottery from 1940. Document on file at Arizona State University's Center for the site were gathered, along with some manos, and presented to Meteorite Studies, Tempe. the archaeologists at Tuzigoot National Monument for examination. HEINEMAN, R. E. S., and L. F. BRADY 1929 The Winona Meteorite. Amer. ]our. Sci., 18:477-86. They noted that the material came from a pueblo site near Road NININGER, HENRY H. Forkes, six miles below Camp Verde, and known as Island Mesa n.d. Miscellaneous notes on the Camp Verde Meteorite. Document on ( Cotter 1940). Dr. Nininger comments in his notes that their exami­ file at Arizona State University's Center for Meteorite Studies, nation dated the sherds to the 10th or 11th century. From this data Tempe. 1938 Meteorite Collecting among Ancient Americans. American Antiq­ the location and material are most probably associated with the uity, 4(1):39-40. Southern Sinagua occupying the Verde Valley at this time ( Colton WASSON, JOHN T. 1946: 301-305). n.d. Concentrations of Ni, Ga, Ge and Ir in Canyon Diablo and other The meteorite is, however, apparently not indigenous to this Arizona Octahedrites. MS, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California at region. Wasson ( n.d.) had examined a large number of such objects Los Angeles. from Arizona, including the Camp Verde specimen, and has con­ cluded that it is probably a fragment from the Canyon Diablo fall. The location of this fall from Camp Verde is some 100 kilometers to the northeast, and is believed to date somewhere in the range of 20 to 25 thousands years, B.P. Thus, if Wasson's analysis is cor­ rect, based upon the chemical composition of the Camp Verde specimen, it appears that the object was collected some 25,000 years after it fell to earth and was transported to the Island Mesa vicinity, perhaps in the 10th or 11th centuries, A.D. The transportation of a 135 pound object over 60 miles suggests a possible example of ritualistic behavior. Trading with the area of Canyon Diablo is quite likely during this time; however, our knowledge of a large segment of the Southern Sinagua region remains considerably void. It would seem, however, that the importance placed on this object, reflected in the required effort to transport it, as well as in the man­ ner of its burial treatment, would indicate some sort of ritualistic activity concentrated on a mysterious object.

42 43 Hopi Bowls Collected by John WesleyPowell WILLIAM J. BREED Museum of Northern Arizona

THE MusEUM OF NORTHERN ARIZONA now has in its collections two bowls collected by Major John Wesley Powell (Figs. 1 and 2). The story of how they came into the collection is rather an interest­ ing one. The bowls were originally collected by Major Powell sometime in the period 1870-1880 and sent to the Smithsonian Museum in Washington, D.C. This institution in turn traded them to Canter­ bury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand in 1897 in exchange for Moa bones - an extinct flightless bird, up to 12 feet in height. I was first privileged to see the bowls in 1957 through the courtesy of Robin S. Allan, who was then Keeper of Geology at the Museum. When I returned to New Zealand in 1969, I asked Dr. Donald Gregg, the present Keeper of Geology, if there was any possibility of an exchange between our respective institutions so that the Hopi Bowls could be returned to Arizona. Dr. Gregg consulted with the Director of the Canterbury Museum, Dr. Roger Duff who graciously agreed to an exchange. So now the Museum of Northern Arizona has the Hopi Bowls collected by Powell and Canterbury Museum has some equivalent Hopi pottery and in addition both a horned toad and a rattlesnake ( freeze dried). The Museum of Northern Arizona is most indebted to Dr. Duff and the Canterbury Museum for allowing these valuable historical objects to be returned to their place of origin.

FIGURE 1. Hopi Polychrome Stew Bowl, possibly Polacca polychrome. Inset shows Smithsonian catalog number, locality and collector. (Photo by Marc Gaede)

44 45 NORTHERN ARIZONA SOCIETY OF SCIENCE AND ART, INC. Dr. Edward B. Danson, Director of Museum and Research Center Dr. William D. Lipe, Assistant Director Mrs. Roxine Phillippi, Comptroller, Assistant Treasurer

Mrs. Elizabeth Dobrinski, Secretary to Director; Mrs. Sally A. Carothers, Sec­ retary to Assistant Director; Mrs. Shirley F. Stevenson, Assistant Comp­ troller; Miss Tracy D. Coker, Publications Secretary

MUSEUM OF NORTHERN AmzoNA

MusEuM-Mr. Barton A. Wright, Curator; Miss Karen E. Flint, Museum Fellow; Miss Neita Carr, Secretary; Mrs. Jane Blair, Mrs. Dale Newton, Receptionists MusEUM SHOP-Mrs. Helen Turner, Manager; Mrs. Dorothy Vaughter, Miss Christopher Van Dyke, Miss Janet Smith, Assistants

RESEARCH CENTER ANTHROPOLOGY-Dr. Alexander J. Lindsay, Jr., Curator; Miss Ann Hitchcock, Registrar; Mr. Steven L. Fuller, Fellow in Archaeology; Mrs. Kathleen James, Technician, Ceramic Repository; Mrs. Clarice B. Covert, Archaeo­ logical Assistant; Miss Mary Sharber, Secretary to Curator Archaeologists: Mr. Michael J. Boynton, Mr. David P. Braun, Mr. Douglas R. Brown, Mr. Donald F. Fiero, Mr. Jonathan Haas, Mr. Bruce Hudgens, Mr. Charles D. James, Mr. Peter J. Pilles, Jr., Mr. Brent Smith Laboratory Technicians: Mrs. Adalynn Brown, Mrs. Marsha Gallagher, Mrs. Pamela Haas

BIOLOGY-Dr. W. B. McDougall, Curator of Botany; Dr. Ardith B. Johnsen, Curator of Bryophytes; Mr. Steven Carothers, Curator of Zoology; Dr. Cole­ man Goin, Mrs. Olive Goin, Research Herpetologists; Mrs. Elizabeth Aitchi­ FIGURE 2. Hopi Bowl, similar to food bowls used at Oraibi in 1912, accord­ son, Secretary-Technician; Mr. Stewart Aitchison, Field Biologist; Mr. ing to Byron Harvey. George Ruffner, Zoologist. ENvmoNMENTAL STUDIES-Dr. Eric G. Walther, Coordinator; Mr. Robert A. Cudney, Research Assistant; Mrs. Jacqueline C. Pitcher, Secretary-Assistant GEOLOGY-Mr. William J. Breed, Curator of Geology; Dr. Edwin H. Colbert, Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology; Dr. Richard F. Wilson, Coordinator of Research; Dr. Stanley S. Beus, Curator of Paleontology; Mrs. Carol S. Breed, Assistant; Mrs. Nova Young, Preparator; Miss Pamela Lunge, Illustrator; Mrs. Deloris Douglas, Secretary

LIBRARY-Miss Katharine Bartlett, Librarian; Mrs. Susan B. Veblen, Assistant Librarian; Miss Wendye Ware, Library Assistant; Dr. Leland C. Wyman, Curator of Archives

PHOTOGRAPHY-Mr. Marc Gaede, Photographer PuBLICATIONs-Miss Evelyn C. Roat, Editor

MAINTENANCE-Mr. Ross Kidd, Superintendent; Mr. Elgin G. Hirni, Mr. Ray­ mond H. Hirni, Mr. Milton A. Wetherill, Assistants; Mr. Willie Coin, Mr. Vernon Coin, Mr. George Cruz, Mr. Henry Shelton, Mr. William 46 Yeager, Custodians