DOCSLIB.ORG

Country Case Study Quintana Roo

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Country Case Study Quintana Roo Country Case Study Quintana Roo, Mexico Sociedad de Productores Forestales Ejidales de Quintana Roo (SPFEQR) Focus Community: Petcacab ITTO, Forest Trends, RRI Peter R. Wilshusen, Ph.D. Environmental Studies Program Bucknell University Lewisburg, PA 17837 [email protected] 1. Country Background In Mexico, the structure of land tenure and resource use rights essentially obligates a community- based approach, given that agrarian reform land grants—ejidos and indigenous communities— occupy approximately one-half of national territory (INEGI 1988). When applied exclusively to commercially valuable forested areas this figure may rise to as high as 80 percent. Community forestry in Mexico presents some of the most advanced examples of common pool resource management anywhere and yet due to a range of factors such as internal conflicts, market pressures, and institutional reforms, most community forestry enterprises have not fulfilled their full potential (for discussion see Bray et al. 2005). 1.1: Forest Sector Overview Forest Types Forests and associated vegetation types cover almost 142 million hectares in Mexico or about 72 percent of the nation’s territory. Approximately 41 percent of this total land cover corresponds to arid and semi-arid ecosystems such as scrublands, deserts and grasslands while another 21.5 percent comprises temperate forests. Mexico’s tropical forests, including evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous associations, total 26.4 million hectares (18.6 percent). The evergreen and semi-evergreen forest types cover 5.8 million hectares, primarily in the states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, Chiapas, and Oaxaca. Tropical deciduous types spread across 10.9 million hectares of coastal plains along the Pacific coast, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec and the northern part of the Yucatán Peninsula. Another 9.7 million hectares of mangrove, palm, savanna, and gallery forests appear primarily in coastal areas as well as on the Yucatán Peninsula (SARH 1994, Table 1). FAO ’s Global Forest Resources Assessment considers only the temperate and tropical forest types in its calculations of total closed canopy forest cover. This places Mexico’s total coverage at 56.8 million hectares or 28.8 percent of all land cover types (FAO 2000). 1 Wilshusen. Quintana Roo, Mexico Case Study. August 2005 Table 1: Forest Cover by Type (1993 ) Forest Type Area Relative % (million area national ha.) (%) . territory a Temperate 30.4 21.5 15.4 Coniferous 6.3 4.4 3.2 Mixed coniferous/broadleaf 14.5 10.2 7.4 Broadleaf 9.6 6.8 4.9 Plantations 0.1 0.1 0.1 Tropical 26.4 18.6 13.4 Evergreen/Semi-evergreen 5.8 4.1 3.0 Deciduous 10.9 7.7 5.5 Other b 9.7 6.8 4.9 Subtotal 56.8 40.1 28.8 Other Forest Cover Types 84.9 59.9 43.2 Arid and Semiarid 58.5 41.3 29.8 Wetlands 4.2 2.9 2.1 Disturbed forest areas 22.2 15.7 11.3 Total 141.7 100.0 72.0 Source: SARH . 1994. Inventario Nacional Forestal Periódico, 1992-94 . aTotal national territory calculated at 196.7 million hectares. bRefers to mangrove, palm, savanna, and gallery forests as well as mixed fragmented coastal stands. Market Participation The 1994 National Forest Inventory counted 21 million hectares of closed canopy forests (37 percent of the total area) as having commercial potential with one third (7 million ha.) under active management, yielding an average of 7.4 million cubic meters of wood products between 1990 and 1999. 1 In terms of standing volume, just over 65 percent constituted coniferous and broadleaf temperate forests while close to 35 percent corresponded to evergreen and deciduous tropical forests. Over 80 percent of all wood harvested consisted of pine from states such as Chihuahua, Durango, and Michoacán (SARH 1994, SEMARNAT 2000). Estimates suggest that average annual productivity per hectare for Mexican commercial forests stands at 1.3 m 3, which is 3.5 times and 2.3 times less than averages reported for the U.S. and Canada respectively (Segura 1997). The estimated gross value of all wood products was 3.7 billion pesos (US$ 408 million) in 1998 and 4.3 billion pesos (US$ 476 million) in 1999 (SEMARNAP 1999, SEMARNAT 2000). The potential and real values of non-timber forest products, non-consumptive uses such as ecotourism, and environmental services like watershed protection and carbon sequestration have received only limited attention in forest policy circles. Studies by the World Bank and others from the mid 1990s conservatively estimated that Mexico’s forests could be worth approximately US$ 4 billion annually (Adger et al. 1995, World Bank 1995). 1 Total forestry production for 1999, for example, included lumber (73.4 percent), pulp and paper (14.8 percent), paneling (4.1 percent) and other products such as postwood, firewood and charcoal (7.7 percent). During the decade from 1990-1999 total production dipped from 8.2 million cubic meters in 1990 to 6.3 million in 1995. Output has steadily increased since then with 8.3 and 8.5 million cubic meters in 1998 and 1999 respectively (SEMARNAT 2000). 2 Wilshusen. Quintana Roo, Mexico Case Study. August 2005 Table 2: Standing Volume by Forest Type Forest Type Volume (m 3) Relative Volume (%) Temperate 1,831,003,948 65.3 Coniferous 568,614,469 20.3 Mixed coniferous/broadleaf 776,889,518 27.7 Broadleaf 399,638,899 14.3 Other 85,861,067 3.0 Tropical 972,483,913 34.7 Evergreen/Semi-evergreen 634,462,437 22.6 Deciduous 234,964,612 8.4 Other 103,056,864 3.7 Total 2,803,487,861 100.0 Source: SARH . 1994. Inventario Nacional Forestal Periódico, 1992-94 . The forestry sector contributes only a small percentage of Mexico’s gross domestic product (GDP), which is dominated by oil production, tourism, services, and manufacturing. Throughout the 1990s, forestry—including both wood products and pulp and paper—held steady at between 1.2 and 1.4 percent of total gross national production. The sector presented a negative trade balance of almost 4.5 to 1 in 1998 due in large part to heavy reliance on imported pulp and paper. Mexico imported US$ 1.2 billion of cellulose products and exported only US$ 100 million over the course of that year (SEMARNAP 1999). Despite its small contribution to national GDP, the forestry sector represents a significant portion of rural economies in states like Durango, Chihuahua, Oaxaca, and Quintana Roo among others. For temperate forests, the states of Durango and Chihuahua lead production, each with 25 percent of total pine cut in 1998. Michoacán follows with 15 percent while Oaxaca and Jalisco each harvested 9 percent of total pine. For tropical forests, Quintana Roo harvests more than a third of all mahogany and cedar in Mexico annually (33 percent in 1998), followed by Veracruz (20 percent), Tabasco (17 percent) and Campeche (10 percent) (SEMARNAP 1999). In both temperate and tropical regions several community forestry enterprises have sought to enhance market competitiveness by certifying their timber management operations with the Forest Stewardship Council ( FSC ). The FSC ’s main function is to accredit independent certification programs such as Smartwood, which is run by the Rainforest Alliance. As of May 2005, the FSC had certified 35 forestry operations in Mexico including twenty-nine ejidos, one community forestry association (UZACHI in Oaxaca), and 5 private enterprises for a total area of 617,676 hectares (FSC 2005). Production Efficiency Mexico’s forestry sector realizes only a small percentage of the potential annual harvest in part because of its relatively small and inefficient processing industries (especially compared to the U.S. and Canada). As of 1997, there were a total of 3,497 secondary processing installations nationwide including 2,058 sawmills (mostly small-scale), 48 veneer and plywood factories, and 7 paper mills (SEMARNAT 2000). Most of these are located in the states of Michoacán, Durango and Chihuahua. 3 Wilshusen. Quintana Roo, Mexico Case Study. August 2005 According to production figures for that same year, Mexico’s forest industry was only processing 60 percent of wood products relative to total installed capacity (sawmills at 56 percent and paper mills at 74 percent respectively). By one estimate, the average production capacity of Mexican sawmills is less that one fifth of an average medium-sized mill in Canada or the United States (Segura 1997). Industrial capacity varies by region. Chihuahua’s transformation capacity exceeds its harvest potential, forcing its mills to import wood from other regions. In contrast, processing capacity in the states of Durango and Oaxaca is significantly less than their potential annual yields, allowing them to consume only 64 and 47 percent of possible harvests respectively. Other limiting factors include inefficient management and silvicultural techniques, poor transportation infrastructure, and severe marketing bottlenecks (Segura 1997). 1.2: National Policy Environment Land and Resource Tenure Collectively held land grants known as ejidos form the foundation of community forestry in Mexico. An ejido is a uniquely Mexican form of communal land tenure that covers large portions of the rural landscape in many states (including Quintana Roo). 2 The ejido classification was the principal vehicle of agrarian reform that came out of the Mexican revolution (1910-20). The term “ ejido ” refers to both the physical location (geographical dimension) and the community of beneficiaries or holders of rights (institutional dimension). These beneficiaries or ejidatarios enjoy usufruct resource use rights and are widely recognized as the de facto property owners although natural resources on ejido lands such as forests or minerals belong to the state. Most ejidos are divided into collective use lands (forests, pastures) and individually cultivated arable lands or plots ( parcelas ). Other forms of land tenure in Mexico include private property, national lands, and indigenous communal lands.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Situation Information Bulletin Mexico: Hurricane Franklin
    Information Bulletin Mexico: Hurricane Franklin Information Bulletin no. 1 Date of issue: 9 August 2017 Date of the event: 7 August 2017 Point of contact: Santiago Luengo, Disaster Manager Coordinator and Emergency Shelter focal point; email: [email protected] Host National Society presence: The Mexican Red Cross has a national headquarters, 555 branches and 30,201 volunteers nation-wide. N° of National Societies currently involved in the operation: The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) N° of other partner organizations involved in the operation: National Civil Protection System; Mexican National Armed Forces; Mexican authorities at municipal and state levels. This bulletin is being issued for information only and reflects the current situation and details available at this time. The situation Tropical Storm Franklin hit at 22:45 local time on Monday 7th (03:45 GMT Tuesday) near the town of Pulticub, in the south-eastern Mexican state of Quintana Roo, on the Yucatan Peninsula, according to the National Weather Service of Mexico (SMN for its Spanish acronym). The National Civil Protection System maintains a red alert (maximum danger) for the central, east, south and west regions of Quintana Roo; an orange alert (high danger) for Yucatan, the north of Quintana Roo, central, southeast, east and north of Campeche, and a yellow alert (moderate danger) for the south and southwest regions of Photo 1: Mexican Red Cross volunteers from the Campeche branch Support Campeche, and the southeast and east areas evacuation efforts in the general hospital of in coordination with Mexican of Tabasco. authorities in Support of the population.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico: State Law on Legitimation and Distinctions Between Children Born in and out of Wedlock
    Report for the Executive Office for Immigration Review LL Files Nos. 2017-014922 through 2017-014953 Mexico: State Law on Legitimation and Distinctions Between Children Born In and Out of Wedlock (Update) August 2017 The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center (202) 707-6462 (phone) • (866) 550-0442 (fax) • [email protected] • http://www.law.gov Contents Introduction .....................................................................................................................................1 Aguascalientes .................................................................................................................................2 Baja California .................................................................................................................................4 Baja California Sur ..........................................................................................................................6 Campeche .........................................................................................................................................8 Chiapas ...........................................................................................................................................10 Chihuahua ......................................................................................................................................12 Coahuila .........................................................................................................................................14 Colima ............................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]
  • Quintana Roo Communiqué on Mainstreaming Local and Subnational Biodiversity Action 2016
    QUINTANA ROO COMMUNIQUÉ ON MAINSTREAMING LOCAL AND SUBNATIONAL BIODIVERSITY ACTION 2016 Quintana Roo Communiqué on Mainstreaming Local and Subnational Biodiversity Action 2016 Quintana Roo Communiquéc on Mainstreaming Local and Subnational Biodiversity Action 2016 We, local and subnational governments, our networks and our partners, convening at the 5th Global Biodiversity Summit of Cities and Subnational Governments held in parallel with the United Nations Biodiversity Conference, Cancun, Mexico, 2016 from 10 to 11 December 2016, hereby agree that, in order to further unlock the potential of local and subnational governments and our growing urban population to significantly, rapidly and collectively implement actions for contributing directly and measurably to the attainment of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets, - the understanding that people are inextricably linked to, and part of nature, and that this connection is essential to the health, resilience and well-being of our rapidly growing urban communities and their local and regional economies needs to be deepened, better communicated, planned for, and mainstreamed, at all levels of society, specifically in support of Aichi targets 1, 17, 18, 19 and 20, and - while local and subnational governments are increasingly recognised as significant and essential contributors to reach globally set sustainable development targets, notably among the Parties to the CBD, more accurate and specific and science-based information, decision-making tools
    [Show full text]
  • Peopling 19Th Century Mexico Ver. August 24, 1992 6-1
    Peopling 19th Century Mexico ver. August 24, 1992 6-1 The Peopling of 19th century Mexico: Critical scrutiny of a censured century* Published in: Statistical Abstract of Latin America, vol. 30 (1993): 603-633 Robert McCaa, [email protected] During the past five centuries, the Mexican people have undergone three enormous demographic transformations--holocaust in the sixteenth century, recuperation in the 17th and 18th, and transition, indeed demographic revolution in the twentieth. The nineteenth century, usually censured as embarrassingly stagnant, seemingly stands alone as a century of slow growth with few significant demographic developments.i Yet, while Mexico's caudillos and constitutionalists fought to rule the nation or defend against foreign attack, the peopling of Mexico advanced at a lively pace in the 19th century and, unlike other more rapidly growing countries in the Americas, grew solely by means of native stocks. Over four generations, from 1790, when the last colony-wide census was taken, to 1910, on the eve of a decade of violent revolution, the total population of Mexico increased more than three-fold, from 5 to more than 15 million inhabitants. Neither decades of political strife nor foreign invasions sufficed to stifle the vast demographic energy of nineteenth century Mexico. Paradójicamente, el problema más serio lo arrostra el investigador cuando desea perfeccionar el conocimiento de los mundos precolombino y colonial con una comprensión de la etapa formativa nacional, que tuvo como escenario el paisaje convulso del siglo XIX. Parece como si cayésemos en un vacío. Falta la documentación adecuada y la que hay no está expedita para su pronto empleo.ii --Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán, 1946 The nineteenth century marked the apogee of the "many Mexicos", when central authority exercised hegemony only sporadically over the regions and rarely counted the populace.
    [Show full text]
  • GEOGRAFÍA NACIONAL Sifeis Concaynt
    SIFeIS CONCAyNT GEOGRAFÍA NACIONAL SIFeIS CONCAyNT GUÍA DE ESTUDIOS DE GEOGRAFÍA NACIONAL Un agradecimiento especial al Co. FRANCISCO HERNANDEZ JUAREZ por la oportunidad y el apoyo para realizar este trabajo, así como a los integrantes de la CONCAyNT y a todos los que participaron en esto. RICARDO ROCHA LAURA GURIDI LUIS ESCOBAR DANIEL MORENO JUAN RODRIGUEZ SIFeIS CONCAyNT TEMARIO • DIVISIÓN POLÍTICA DE LA REPÚBLICA MEXICANA • OROGRAFÍA • HIDROGRAFÍA • CIUDADES IMPORTANTES Y SUS CONLINDANCIAS Recuerda que contarás con 30 minutos para resolver 30 reactivos SIFeIS CONCAyNT UNIDAD 1 DIVISION POLITICA 1.1 ESTADOS Y SUS CAPITALES 1.2 ESTADOS POR SU UBICACION 1.3 COLINDANCIAS Es importante que tengas a la mano los mapas correspondientes a cada tema. SIFeIS CONCAyNT 1.1 ESTADOS Y SUS CAPITALES La Republica Mexicana esta dividida en 32 Entidades Federativas conformadas por: 31 Estados y 1 Distrito Federal SIFeIS CONCAyNT SIFeIS CONCAyNT A continuación encontrarás los Estados de la República Mexicana y sus Capitales ESTADOS Y CAPITALES DE MÉXICO Estado Capital Estado Capital Aguascalientes Aguascalientes* Morelos Cuernavaca Baja California Mexicali Nayarit Tepic Baja California Sur La Paz Nuevo León Monterrey Campeche Campeche* Oaxaca Oaxaca* Coahuila Saltillo Puebla Puebla* Colima Colima* Querétaro Querétaro* Chiapas Tuxtla Gutiérrez Quintana Roo Chetumal Chihuahua Chihuahua* San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí* Distrito Federal Ciudad de México Sinaloa Culiacán Durango Durango* Sonora Hermosillo Guanajuato Guanajuato* Tabasco Villahermosa Guerrero Chilpancingo Tamaulipas Ciudad Victoria Hidalgo Pachuca Tlaxcala Tlaxcala* Jalisco Guadalajara Veracruz Jalapa México Toluca Yucatán Mérida Michoacán Morelia Zacatecas Zacatecas* * Capitales con el mismo nombre del Estado SIFeIS CONCAyNT 1.2 ESTADOS POR SU UBICACIÓN Debes saber cuales son los estados del norte, del centro, del sur, del oriente, del occidente y del sureste, de nuestro País, por lo que a continuación los enlistamos de acuerdo a su ubicación geográfica.
    [Show full text]
  • Archaeological Reconnaissance in Southeastern Campeche, México: 2001 Field Season Report with an Appendix by Nikolai Grube
    FAMSI © 2002: Ivan Šprajc Archaeological Reconnaissance in Southeastern Campeche, México: 2001 Field Season Report With an Appendix by Nikolai Grube Research Year: 2001 Culture: Maya Chronology: Classic Location: Yucatán, México Site: Campeche Table of Contents Abstract Resumen Acknowledgments Introduction Notes on Methods and Techniques Comments on Particular Sites El Gallinero Champerico Los Angeles Las Delicias El Manantial Other sites with architecture Caves Concluding Remarks Appendix by Nikolai Grube List of Figures Sources Cited Abstract The project represented the third season of reconnaissance works in an archaeologically little known region of central Maya Lowlands. Among the newly recorded sites, mainly pertaining to the Classic period, there are four major centers with large architectural complexes, and several caves with vestiges of ritual activities. The location and basic characteristics of the sites were registered and some surface pottery was collected. Urban cores of three major sites were mapped with a total station. A number of sculpted monuments were also found, including three stelae with well- preserved reliefs and hieroglyphic inscriptions, which contain important data on regional political history.] Resumen El proyecto representó la tercera temporada de trabajos de reconocimiento en una región poco conocida, desde el punto de vista arqueológico, de las tierras bajas mayas centrales. Entre los nuevos sitios registrados, que fundamentalmente datan del período Clásico, hay cuatro importantes centros con grandes complejos arquitectónicos y varias cuevas con vestigios de actividad ritual. Se registró la ubicación y las características básicas de los sitios, y se practicaron algunas recolecciones de alfarería en superficie. Los núcleos urbanos de tres sitios de importancia se mapearon con una estación total.
    [Show full text]
  • Doing Business in Mexico 2007 COMP
    Doing Business in Mexico 2007 2007 Mexico in Business Doing COMPARING COMPARING REGULATION IN THE 31 STATES AND MEXICO CITY AND MEXICO THE 31 STATES IN REGULATION Doing Business in Mexico 2007 Mexico Doing Business 2007 in COMPARING REGULATION IN THE 31 STATES AND MEXICO CITY orporation C International Finance ank and the B orld W A copublication of the ©2006 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 5 09 08 07 06 A copublication of the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank Group. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank Group does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Rights and Permissions The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this work without permission may be a violation of applicable law. The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission to reproduce portions of the work promptly. For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with complete information to the Copyright Clearance Center Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA; telephone: 978-750-8400; fax: 978-750-4470; Internet: www.copyright.com.
    [Show full text]
  • Mexico's Ten Most Iconic Endangered Species
    Alejandro Olivera Center for Biological Diversity, April 2018 Executive summary exico is one of the world’s most biologically rich nations, with diverse landscapes that are home to a treasure trove of wildlife, including plant and animal species found nowhere else. Sadly, in Mexico and Maround the world, species are becoming extinct because of human activities at rates never seen before. In this report we highlight the threats facing Mexico’s 10 most iconic endangered species to help illustrate the broader risks confronting the country’s imperiled plants and animals. These 10 species — which in most cases are protected only on paper — were chosen to reflect Mexico’s diversity of wildlife and ecosystems and the wide range of threats to the country’s biodiversity. New awareness of these unique animals and plants is critical to inspiring a nationwide demand to protect these critical components of Mexico’s natural heritage. Although the Mexican government began officially listing and protecting species as extinct, threatened, endangered, and “under special protection” in 1994 — more than 20 years ago — few species have actually recovered, and many critical threats continue unabated. In many cases, officials are failing to enforce crucial laws and regulations that would protect these species. Additionally, the Mexican government has not updated its official list of imperiled species, referred to as NOM059, since 2010, despite new and growing risks from climate change, habitat destruction, the wildlife trade and in some cases direct killing. This failure obscures the true plight of the nation’s endangered wildlife. The following 10 iconic endangered species are not adequately protected by the Mexican government: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Coastal and Marine Management in Quintana Roo, Mexico
    Participatory Coastal and Marine Management In Quintana Roo, Mexico By: Juan Bezaury Creel³, Carlos López Sántos¹, Jennifer McCann², Concepción Molina Islas¹, Jorge Carranza¹, Pamela Rubinoff², Townsend Goddard², Don Robadue² and Lynne Hale² ¹ Amigos de Sian Ka’an A.C., ² Coastal Resources Center – University of Rhode Island, ³ The Nature Conservancy Abstract The Quintana Roo coastal ecosystem is characterized by extensive coastal wetlands, a fringing reef that develops .5 to 1.5 Km. offshore and vast seagrass beds in the adjacent reef lagoon. While protected areas and Ecological Planning Ordinances have not specifically been designed as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)1 tools, this paper demonstrates that they provide an important foundation for a statewide ICZM program in Quintana Roo. These environmental policy tools have been extensively used along the coast of this state to promote inter- governmental and public participation, establish important vertical and horizontal linkages and balance conservation and development. The paper presents a brief case study of a community-based ICZM program in Xcalak to demonstrate the efficacy of these tools. A voluntary best management practices guide designed for developers to complement ongoing government regulations provides a second example. A statewide ICZM strategy could benefit from these existing resource management programs, and complement emerging international agendas such as the Mesoamerican Caribbean Coral Reefs Initiative. A paper presented at: International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium Townsville, Australia, November 23-26, 1998 1 Integrated multi-sectoral resource planning and management for coastal resources has been widely discussed over the last two decades, resulting in the terms Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), Integrated Coastal Area Management (ICAM) and Integrated Marine and Coastal Area Management (IMCAM).
    [Show full text]
  • Travel Guide Cancún
    Cancún M a p s & T r a v e l G u i d e www.visitmexico.com HOW TO USE THIS BROCHURE Tap this to move to any topic in the Guide. Tap this to go to the Table of Contents or the related map. Índex Map Tap any logo or ad space for immediate access to Make a reservation by clicking here. more information. DIVE PARADISE Scuba Diving in Cozumel Mexico since 1984 RESERVATION PADI GOLD PALM 5 STAR I.D.C. NAUI - SSI - NASDS UNIVERSAL REFERRALS NITROX DIVE TRAINING - all levels SPECIAL PACKAGES LARGEST FLEET OF BOATS ALL EQUIPPED WITH DAN OXYGEN COMPLETE RETAIL STORE Main Store 602 Phone: (01 987) 872 1007 R.E. Melgar Toll Free USA & CANADA: (Next(Next toto NavalNaval Base)Base) 1 800 308 5125 www.diveparadise.com www.cancun.travel E-mail: [email protected] Tap any number on the maps and go to the website Subscribe to DESTINATIONS MEXICO PROGRAM of the hotel, travel agent. and enjoy all its benefits. 1 SUBSCRIPTION FORM Access to see the weather at that time, tour archaeological sites with “Street View”, enjoy the Zoo with an interactive map, discover the museums with a virtual tour, enjoy the best pictures and videos. Come and join us on social media! Find out about our news, special offers, and more. Plan a trip using in-depth tourist attraction information, find the best places to visit, and ideas for an unforgettable travel experience. Be sure to follow us Table of Contents Presidente intercontinental. 24. Cultural History Buff.
    [Show full text]
  • TRACKING CARTELS INFOGRAPHIC SERIES the Violent Rise of Cártel De Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG)
    TRACKING CARTELS INFOGRAPHIC SERIES The Violent Rise of Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación (CJNG) KEY DISCUSSION POINTS OF THIS BRIEF • Despite the fact that CJNG is one of the youngest cartels in Mexico it is considered to be one of, if not, the most powerful and violent cartel in Mexico today. • CJNG’s assets are thought to be worth over $20 billion. • The successful rapid and violent rise of CJNG challenges Mexico’s capacity to govern and normalizes violence and corruption as a way of organizing power and order. CJNG OVERVIEW There is no greater example of the changing dynamics of the transnational criminal organization (TCO) activity and violence in Mexico than the Jalisco Nueva Generación Cartel (Jalisco New Generation Cartel [CJNG]). Rising from the ashes of the once powerful Milenio Cartel, CJNG is the epitome of a ‘modern’ TCO, swiftly and violently rising to become one of the most powerful TCOs in Mexico and the world. CJNG is an organized criminal security threat unlike others experienced before. CJNG is known for its brutality and violence, spectacular displays of narco-messaging (propaganda, notices, and threats), social media savvy, quasi-military tactics, diverse knowledge base, ‘orphan’ criminal cell integration, and efficacious narco- trafficking strategies. The violent rise of CJNG not only has considerable security implications within Mexico, but offers a significant security challenge to the region, and world. CJNG has successfully challenged traditional arrangements of narco-trafficking throughout Mexico. They consolidated enough power and profits to confront other major cartels and the Mexican state with high levels of impunity. As CJNG continues to consolidate power and capture more profit, it can, and will leverage its power violently to disrupt and seize a greater share of regional and global illicit markets.
    [Show full text]
  • CAMPECHE, QUINTANA ROO Y YUCATÁN En El Siglo XVI, Yucatán
    Este libro forma parte del acervo de la Biblioteca Jurídica Virtual del Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la UNAM www.juridicas.unam.mx http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx Libro completo en http://biblio.juridicas.unam.mx/libros/libro.htm?l=3720 CAPÍTULO PRIMERO LA PENÍNSULA Y SUS TRES ESTADOS: CAMPECHE, QUINTANA ROO Y YUCATÁN En el siglo XVI, Yucatán estuvo conformada por los actuales es- tados de Campeche, Quintana Roo y el propio Yucatán; por esta razón, algunos investigadores4 prefieren utilizar el concepto de “región peninsular” para designar a la península yucateca. En cuanto a la ocupación territorial, en ese tiempo sus habitantes, los mayas, estaban organizados en 16 pequeños estados, señoríos, divisiones, provincias o cacicazgos, que fue como los encontra- ron los españoles.5 La separación administrativa y política de la 4 Uno de los primeros fue Eligio Ancona en 1878 en su Historia de Yucatán, Mérida, Ediciones de la Universidad de Yucatán, 1978, t. I, libro primero, ca- pítulo I, pp. 9-20; en tiempos más cercanos, Pedro Bracamonte y Sosa en “Yu- catán: una región socioeconómica en la historia”, Península, revista semestral, México, Mérida, Yucatán, vol. II, núm. 2, otoño de 2007, pp. 13-32. 5 Careaga Viliesid, Lorena, Quintana Roo, entre la selva y el mar, México, Secretaría de Educación Pública, 1982, p. 55. Asimismo, Bartolomé, Miguel Al- berto, La dinámica social de los mayas de Yucatán, México, Instituto Nacional Indigenista, Conaculta, 1992, p. 64; dichos pequeños Estados los enlistó Diego de Landa en 1566: Chetumal, Bacalar, Ekab, Cochuah, Kupul, Ah Kin Chel, Iza- mal, Zotuta, Hocaiba Humun, Tutulxiú, Cehpech, Chakan, Camol, Campeche, Champotón y Tixchel, cfr.
    [Show full text]