" ."' / i \t-anjllWi.£^/2i?^^1 7 Sedimentology of the Outer Texas Coast
W
William Dave Blankenship, B. A.
prasaatad It the Pmmltg of the Ctra&*«t* School ©f fto Hmi¥#r»it^ of f©i«i» la partial Aslflllaant of tha Beciulr^aeiits
For t3a® B^re® if mmm of AMM
fhe osrrafisxn of tmub Vi w» wl£ t illappreelativn ilMil mm «Beoarts«Mie»t Abstract
H§ ftatant a* ap#f»3*#»ei*t#& ®& the f#n«s ©oast saqr &c a#p&rstad atoonolngijsslii into tha Xaglealcte, &l&is®£, mm
PoaVAlasan or tmmmt times ♥ Each aubaivlsion is associated aUjmti^ with a n&Jor fXmotn&tiaaf th« Xngl«»id« ftud F0»%» Hassan yltfe tte oflr«t0flr«t aM s^oßd oXlaMitl6 I',
% rtsp«6tlvely # eai t Altaaa with tbt» "Little Xc« %# » Clsari«st@Fisti^ if th# Xaglealde «»5 ?r#s®at time®, and an& lagoon ayfttema. file ptesmlvgmp&X& teaturaa of the preseist coastal banker ssrst^ foml«ig th# o«t#r f«»» e^mst, «aiilf«at a MAittM to tte ©liaatlci ItJtlftfilllltiil ®f th# Fr4HMHOt# Jtav&rlag onalK>r# aoT«&ant of »«dl®aat®. fhm »«4im€ott sa-rrle4. b> laainland streams to the b®% ayataßMi^ th#a »ov«(l tte©a.gh the fesrri#r passes b^ tidal o^rr#sta, ar# oostrlbated t® a sauttoestwara «^vJ4ag lon^J^^^e enrrtiit. Way® transport aM « 4 5 storm Vinci ooadltlops raattlt froa MPiUMI or rwoiral |f Barrl&aiiaa, ooourrixig at &m on@ loaaHty ©n the ¥***« aoast about H|t ays*? 23 yaars, pr©4n©# gf*#at hot©® tiMA flood Uui fe«3rrl«r ■y»t«n fti tli# r^ioß ntor# to^ MM traok ero«s#« th# @0a9%1t00. M hssrrlean# flood flatt#a» Icm fore- duoaa, fer#akß ttmmgh g«ps inMg^#r MMiiiMig MMI «®s&o^^ f«n« «iai t^porar^ ps»ae», «od oarrl^ft tli# maturlal aei^>ssi the isl&aa In oh«naels, &®p®nl%im% the s.©aim#atsi In front of 0«ok &i&® fields aiKl in tne lagoon. $hm day portion if tbe pf*@tfmt win*l regime (tJauit £$*## if precipitation) transports Mta Oulf hmm& eanas inlsaa over tte b»rri^ Fr«oipit#tlon, ae «fat4i® # mlm ttem dana fi#l4s aM tfiiis*eiit rldgat and furroira of tkm mainland, hsve 4#¥#lop@a trends in a^r#«m^it with tha W airisetion of a^lian m&m &wm*m%. fha 111 tr#M^ art «iparJUspoe«d on a sand eteet that e®nt#r» at 27*1 latltuda on th© s^inlana ana stands ¥ fwm tM&xm M©Or#, the nM sh«et yes probably the pro^siot of m diff^r^i^ iriad r^ima because of it« i^n^agraafiiant with tha pfesant ttilptiii of 5 * flW^i^MlffWt wfmtF w A gradaal sh&age of pi^tlogrspliio features souto^tstvara aloi^ the coast is the direct result of tke 61ffesrent of sand aov^^iit oorr«^onOiiis with a cllattlo r^o^# from luald in tl)# vicinity of Sabla© Fast to 9m&**®rM on mrt&epn :padra Island* Hetsrt^t^rp© Xntrodiiotlott ♥ #*##*♥#*#*.♥**♥*♥♥3.2 Background »""*«"««**"««""«« 12 IiMMM ana aaitofttlra " *»"»»«*""" 12 p II J#®%*l^#B *"*»"*««*«»#*«"*" p| i\€kiioirleclgm#ist® *»««*»..«*,"""« 13 Stmeta*.ral tettlag .."""♥**♥*"«*"*#*16 " : Flj>*Blogrsphie getting I■##.*#" # « ♥ # ♥, ♥t« £0 " Floi»too#a® ana raeent gtalagie history . » # « 22 SedUmmtft*? enviroiasitat and interrelatlozui * * " " %5 Btatrifcsntiv® *g«nt» aoa the rWilltig 3«iHse mtm t© b#«th ,**».♥"♥♥♥"#25 * * " * flKiXf beMli "*""«""""** ♥ ♥ 30 fltaXf tofttefe to lagaott beach """#*♥*#♥37 prettnt wiM r«glai* *#*#""»##« 3T jftw)^o'3Wi otliti* $t ttbte #nvif*oite#at I- #» | 43 ?fcysi&gr«pli±« f^ttt&r** ** *""«* 45 Earlier iriaa rogSa* .****««.,»"* 60 %ttmt of terrletn#» *""**.»#♥"". 60 Mtto&%; ol* Ess 1* n #.*.#* »*#» * " # " pS Sedimentary ssalyseft " """"*"**»»*""« 64 'Bmtvtor formstloa * **,#**.♥"".#♥ 6? $#l«*eies tetfellogrsptisf *»*«",***#**** 69 7 List of Illustrations Figures Page 1. Zw&mx map ®£ tke featas eoaet ...... la 2* Aerial pitu>togr«pii of aorthersi JiiPl XslanKl. » 11 4. A#3*ial pttot©gr%pti of Arai«N9» F«»# ""«#«« 27 fi Split e3rpoo#a at loir- IMNI ...... 19 Icjw " 6* Spltt as^ btrt #j^o»#di «t tid# « *. . 31 7. Basle NMMrtl prcfll»*t mlms UMili * ■ S%O*S * * # ♥ " * " |# * » # ♥ " * * ♥ # ,3:^ S« Usm'n cusp» a»a to«2f» *.»""«.**#*"" 31 9* VftYM imteri«ot.i«g I* fallow water *"* # » 36 B9liiip§'B& 10* elaftzukel ..»..♥"» f ..... 36 " * vet aa^s p«r vlad 41reotio© p#r ytar* . ■" 39 It* Vifid r©st iß&te sting mn**gs tu«b#r of dlr«otlon 0f sand moirfsaiit *"»§** * "< 48 15. For«^utaa« rldg« »«***#♥**""***« %6 16* Sfejmfe*eoppi©#" 4mstt on*southern" *********F#4rt XslaM . i If, Xaolated *et*fc*f*ti tittaa teld to^etter fey roots 18* Boa*€*s!!Brpe4 fWflfftti &i&e. t«**« * * * * 48 191 Bloirout toflgua atraaaisg ffli ova* aeoltan plain ...... 30 20* Leewra aid* of low dune on bloiroat toogue* * 50 8 9 Flgt»re©~~ Fag# 21* Windward side of law &*ne on blotr^at 22. Leev«r 2-. B«re dunes mxrrounaing live oaks bent HV under prevailing SI viaa* »»"«*«"" 4 5^ SaasKl sculpture fronting a *llp»f&e# la notion ♥".»»«"♥#.##♥♥"♥♥55 86* Looking V along s«lf £an« rl&ge toy*** Laguaa 2?* Slightly inclined resistant lamination* left after ml#ration of dune .♥...... ♥"39 26. Hittograaa for tables 1 through 5 &5 " £9, Hiategi*®in» for Maples 6 througb 10 ♥"■. 66 Fig. 1. Index map 11 Fig.2. Northern Padre Island 11 Fig .2. Northern Padre Island 11 Fig. 2. Northern Padre Island Introduction Background This stsdy ««" undertaken In parauanee of the writer's interest &n coastal geology aeq&lmd i&Lle vorldas for the Btaob Erosion Board illMaa^iii^toii# D.C « Location and Selection entire outer VeaeM eciatt MM Bafeint f#«» to the ftio ai^Bit E£^#r ftad c tittAllii ettid^ of the mvthem 10 cilles ©f F#te# i»laM OppOtite SM «EKt«QMIIDg «N9UttetVd fftm Co^Ut 6!iriCtl# fexas. Figure 1 is aa ißdess: nfip for looatlons ftwi Figure 2 is mi a#riiil pli®to^«p^ «tevlj)g a portion of the area studied lorthei*E fatoe lsl@aci wa© B#l#et€4 for the &et6lle6 »tu43f for two refteoimi 1) Its aooest-lblllty to s^ fviea Osrpas iritis, Christ! by pm®& roaa oaim^atii^ the ielaM the ualB!&u&# iM also Its «oeeeclbllltQr to ®M from Port Jkransss |p a b#aoh f«n@# dri^e, sM; a) of the *s®tlr# outer IMNMI {i@laM» f paart ptlANdittj and 4#lt®a) # Island the fNMMI ¥srlet^ of p^siosi^i^io featuf*o». Objectives f-fie obj«?otiv## of this tftMii ®^^ follondngt 1} to ssake a detailed stu4jr °^ j^aralographlc f#»ttir#a 12 13 of ih# aorthera ICatlee of F«dr® Island and iti ®4Jno©at ua&esiteter tNHii coasicieriag tte agnate of ttftrtlflrttiil aM toe HiiHttH ®$ transport of aedlttetttsj 2) to ass&e a general stti4y tf the ptts;®tQgi*tphS© features ©f to# #^tlro T®n.a® iMM la ort#i* to relatt pi^operly the arta of detailed attention! 3) To t^t^a^ taXl«nl*» anilytet if flttlf bmvh mMn &ljn& the Texas coast % the GdAltloa of 10 aaaplea %&&m aerotn MlPi XsXaad MMMMI the Half sad I#tgoea treaohes! %} fo obtuls data laliaatiflig teaaoual and iHW Is^ortsat clit«g#a la tte mrm toy fraqaaat tttlt oba#r^atlon» over a of oae jmrs 5) fo obtain ao«M» eom^t of lo^s p®ri®& ohaagea W eo«|>arlaon of all kaovn sets of aerial photographa, mups, JSt-¥M*S Atiki*V*&Ket Acknowledgments Xadabtadaftaa i» lanre ®o3a^?wl#c%^a It the m»m orsaal«atloiia and in*liirl Corpa of &&la*eFsf Vaahlastoa« 1&*G» for their iat#r©®t im the ostopme of thle &%&$$ ani for their g#«^rou» ®i 4in eupplylaiß «wp« *ad at^ial photogrepha* HH i«§« Imrl Mii"* HP HMPSMkI Spiral Mr Station pjroviae«l fjiHttlfii foi* a#rlal HMMVWttaH of fadre 14 Island aad Mustang lelaad frc« &i*n pats to Fort faMMLf fea^a, offering an liwalwable w@^ of st*3%ing the ptiyslograplile featuree of %h® bkrrZm Islands* the O.S* g*vy «t the Corpus HjFJJtI S***! ili1 Station Made a irp^l&i photegraphle flight oV#r Padre Ialand to pr^¥i4e mm up<~ts*date aat of aerial pictography, file o^B. Vaathar Buraau m% Cliff M@uf Field, C&rp\i® C&riuli* famlahed MiMiiWJl v«atlier data E#aatsary far ti*€ ao^ilstlea of wind rot#s loeludad la thla fttt%« S@b B%ar Mtta A#ri«l HMnNili MiMlti 7«naa # y9ftMtl two. @o^limentar^ aata of aerial ptooto^apha of ?®&r® islaM, fli© Stiaoes County Sunr^or** Offio# # Corpis O&rlsti, p.r©vis#s itoaPiliM swinr«^ lnfomatloii of Jtnaiaag aad fadra lsl«Bd®» %#cinl aciaQkovladgi»«»t Is gMm t© tbe Ea3?la€ fUjitlWli of fba oaiir#rsitf of feE«s at fort M>mmm&, faieaa, for pro^iaing g^i#r©ual^ of t&air faisllltl#a.» gtmt lat«r#at bw& tiatirlug aid, was a c.nstaot source if #j^omragt©«iit In f^trtliariiig tlie ooi^l#tio=ii of thla Iw^atlgstlom tot Fr®d M» Bullarat b#foro laatlug for Xta2y ata a Itellbrlglit aofeolar, wide a #p#©itl trip H t ©aaat to ltttroda«# tha writer tv t&* trea, Hr. E#^hd«l C, stal4^r of tte atttacrology dapartwa&t aMMIWi (MHIIiP data uatd la Uia 0os^ilatlo» of wind roaee, sakisitg it poaalble to laeorporate nateorologloal factora loto tlia p^tlogratp&lo »tud^# l»r« Stephen t« Clat»augh f a vptlaal mlaeralosar course and to. I&aofMa oomraea la s^iiiientatlcmpro¥l aeaclmic feao&grcma^ flaf ua&ertalciiig %&&& Investigation* fir. Benjamin C. fharp of the feotansr gepertaent identifled KM «r#e«e vtgetntian tteough hie feaaJfe- MMMttil ilratsea" ®»4 tto^u^ hit personal otaeaißliMitlcMft of sa^lt'S fercmglit ti from the HMk I^?* dordoa Viatel* if tte X«rln« Zjwtitiite at p-^rt J^tiiMia telpAil is dir^etliig the w!t#r f® attention to the role of blologloel fetors in the to* W. Arsetrong ?rle# of f#»§s A* HJb Solleoe lias tj##n piltlllillWli helpful toy gS£&H imli of hia ti»e in di«au®siaii af the th#sis probles^ flic aaj^pMttl helpX^l attitude of the faaulty of fhe oaiv«^ait|r of fesaa h«» bean app.r#©iited aM h®s eojatributad 00Bmi4#rs-fel^ to the nv&ter'a entli»aiaa» eomeimlug the WISWt of the MMiii Structural Setting The coastal region of fexes is part of th© Coastal Plain bordering the Gulf of Itexloo, Th© northern Oulf Coastal Plain Is underlain by a weage of poorly consolidated sedimentary rocks thickening seaward* overlying tsaconforsiably in a series of successive overlap® the older baaeoi«at roolcs. The sedimentary rocks ©utcroppiiag on the surface of the Coastal Plain rang® In age fs^n C^^tae^ous though Recent ana form a settle* of belts 3?ough2y paralleling the outer coastline. fke ljan#rsiQst belts ar© Cretaceous aisd HsUl mjoeeedlag belt n®@a*@r the (ktlf of iteiao Is yomagei' In ®ge« file rocks are aQiapo©-^! of sand; clay, marl, limestone, and oiaaik with subordinet© amounts of salt, volcaaJUs tuff> dlatomacaoua earth, and gravel and have a regional dip of less tlmn 1# » fh® basement surface has the greatest dip and each of the overlylag formations has progressively lover clip, fhe inner la^rgin of the Coastal Plain in fexas can be defined by m line extending from th# K© 16 17 underlying the landward portion of the Coastal Plain tfttftftMl under the aeavard portion, the continental shelf. the principal itruotur&l future if the Coastal g-lsla sediment Is tha 1treaOißg Oulf coast geosynollfte. Points of auMei»i9 t&i&k&ess lie approximately along the trend of the present aHorallna, an£ tha greatest thlokaeaa alon the taraad haa been eatlmatea to fee 40,000 feet nmr Mm Orleans. thm Itm of taaxiauai ttoloto^aa 1$ also a treaa of aagatlva ajXMßißly * tut? aaaondary atntetural faat»raa f tlia Rio arai»l# ayB0Una of aoutb Taxaa aiKi tba Saia Rareoa ®mh of soitfe o#atral fexaa, trend Sl» Xa #aa% f^xes, t&e aeoomlary &tjmetural features sr« the 9 tr#i*dixig fyler basla and the Sstfeliie area, IE trends ar# formed toy the Slaton antlellne aael by numerous paralleling fault® to tiie W and Kof thm anticlinal HtlN t&e Slnton anticlinal air.l® lies Urom 30 to milea lalMi of th* barrier lalaad syst€® # exteailng from the area baaking mld^Fadre Island ig to th© area tasking Cavallo Fast between Matagorda Island and Mat«go.rd# fealnaula. Otliar snare aubcrAlaata IMMI ®®& faulta, not »imim en the feetonio Map of tfem f parallel tu# treM of the Btnton irffiJtfUttt. One mieh atraafeir® li the "Btlollnal fold lasted 1 tt 1 the term fe«rrler lalaad* la jf§tfiligl to the term *'offshore toarIJ. the former n#» revlviNi fey Frlc# In 19!>1 to alleviate tte aonftision aaaoolatad with th# latter. 18 on Mustang Inland* . Aaathei* is a possible *t?uctur*l felgh m tontharii p«dr« Island* afeoat 05 «!!"» Iof Bm%®s Santiago " fim ttboire Is mxgg^sted b^ as miMrop of ftase&t @Ij^» la^Xesl4# or Alasan In m®» **& W ® *laPßifl«MKßt asrroirli^ of th# beaeli #t tto loentio© (Fig* 3)* 19 Fig. 3 Outcrop of Recent clay on southern Padre Island Fig. 5. Spits exposed at low tide. Spits point north due to development during southerly winds. Northern Padre Island. Physiographic Setting The mrtm* msp&mmlm of the £oastai Plain in tmi ©an#i@ts principally of a eerlee of prairie belta separate fey eeea?paeitte« The o*it©*»et belt, between 25 ana %0 mile© tfttlj I» fesem. $« tlie Coastal rralrie 01* the Beauao&t Prairie (Fig* 1), Tlie Wltfti b«s an <»treßHily IHi mrfsee vlth c elope of 3 UNI p#^r ®ila. It l« a aley plain foi^#^ by the uatflerlying B^-umgat formatlqu* fix* plaia #irt#a«l» fnm S&feina I*ake on tea Texss-Loulslax^- touatiary southirdstvsi^ to Baffin- MXq Baf. In the aramde wmll^ &rm $ the ®irf®o® ia the 4#ltni£ plalm of the 81e o^®ua© RiT€r, Betir©^n Baffin Bay and the Bio araaOe delta a aand aheet extenda vestvard. from La^ona Madr®, flWlVim po3ftlan» at the delta a^4 the Bnauaoat UMiMIMta the region is a ir#g#tiitud saai plain broken toy eoattere^ 20 21 pr#o€f&fc eoaatal lagooa. Ml the feaya »" eomp&r@;tlir#ly ahftllotr. tlie deepeet, Sffjpii Christ! Sa^# has a pr#s#ut aaxiai» iifM of only 15 V2MMh 41reetly tte ©at#r "«€"%« «^pot«4 !" the fltelf iff M#ieie0# Is formed by the preeent ®h&&& of berrlpr isX^Ms ajiti barrier ptMtWdMri «uo^ «#r#ral river ?eaineala# Kata^orda Island, St. Joseph Ieland, Mu*taxi& l®l@n^ lmlmmd$ MtN # Bramoa Islaßi. f sM the Mo orsn^® Eivtr delta, the dulf eo^»tlin# of the pr®s#ut barrier system ia a «ooth broad ar@ fei*okes c?bJ^ by narrow p«»ae« aad t#veral river souths, nhile la contrast, the lagoon ooaatliaa la highly Irregular* fi m w the term hmrrtwr pmlnml® $ atopt^a b^ this iftli"* daalsaatea a peuiimila aots aa a b#rrl@r to an laner eoa#t, Fe3alnaail®» of thie tyye v#rt also referred to aa toarrle* islands by frie®. Pleistocene and Recent Geologic History During the n«iitt#e^t rivers flowing toward th# Oalf of Mexico «awi#s h^avy loa&s of ne&te&iitis* 4epssitiiig them in a series ©f cooXepelix- deltas* A deltalo plain was tins tm&m&f the outer portion of vM^ Is manifested superficially fesr tH« oiitor©p of the B««uaKmt clay. B,C fls# begixtatag of tfe# B®c®at f about 6500 W,acaoi^Oij^g to Millett (19^8) # ii^^ i^rkc?d fey the atltttg a^ 2?@trantiag of the ice sheets elsxklfylag the elos# of the last Plelstooeoe glacial stage. As a result of the alimstio eliaage to nmrmer, river flow 4laimleh#4f In tern d^ireesiiig the s-cdlßu»it load e*3?f»ie4 to the ftlSf« B#tv#^a 5000 B,0» antl 2.OCX) i«ff» 4 the oUnitemm vsimer thaa #t present, The "ollattlo optlimm*5 (VlUett» 19%8) wse r^eh#4 betvetfi 4000 B.C. ana 2QQ® 8.C., r^reseßtlas lafcesp&Uoiel ehsrtteterletloe of the Pleistoo^e M% of leeeer degree »mt eterfe^p Airstiom* At thie timi# the ccc level stood onl^r a f«if feet higher than at p3f#So2&* Under these oondltloiis, the Ix^leslde barriers aevalopea ulth their outer eoastlizies in^or# of the present locntXoa* a^pr©«iiaot«ili thftt of th® .Ho^*o^intiia^ isaialaM nter#liß®. fh# islaneis were baa&ed fey lagoons in the same aaaner at the present 4©^ barrier The In^lesidie is the probable e^iival©^ of the Silver Bluff barrier island* tad lmgo©&s, r@@ognis#«l on the Half coast of Florida.. laglesi^ tia#s @^®c to aa ®aa with a ellastlo otoi^® ta 22 21 coia^* and a loverly of ®ea level to the cxteot that the fower la^oone Imnmm* diy MMk Froa 850 B«G. to 350 A*©*, kaoim mm the "Little lee *!"% the oliMt* vm anab ooX&nt then at preset. Streams entering ton foraer lagoo&e ext©UEied t&elr aourses to the lov««t points or toe 4i^ bottoms, then turs^d 9-0* to tl&w with fcku l#@g aases of the Xsgoaas- The Oairmutti^ of the etreaias r#«nlt#4 Zm their estrenehzseat la valise. Maoolat#cl vith ta*is loveriag It een liM&i 0 »^oim system of bax^lep isXai^is ®m Z&&9QB* mm tov# developed vlth the outer aoastliae massto airth^p ##Bva3?d of the present* Biological #rM€^a« far the abovt oS|r be i»Ucated bj the shells of a t^pioal boy o^st^c, §^f^#ty#a. vjUg^^fi{> vhieh are v®»ii#d onto the heeohee of Pe&fe Xaleaa inMMi^ awafca® mimer®. fli# abater t^ple^ll^ Hire® In am ra^ixajnMmt of Imm* Mllx»lty then the #¥i^i## 3S */** 0^ the «#^* Alttougla the »p€Ol®# IMli fi t&e pi'cs^xit Iwy «yst«Bui # am r the p3?#»«at #i^i*##sl#» of MM iMPftMa oUhmm vtll«i -s# ©n# of toawaing of theAr IWit portiaiia, lnaieat#i the present atena of »m level to be higher thaa the pr#ae4lag # tH^u^h mot m» hitsh as terl% la^lesl4# timea* Thcrerore> terJjg^g s the ti«e preoe6iag the pi#®«at # a lagosn or bay aaratem li I^®* 1 Sfff^-ftjpßS ¥.S^fi^# vo»M have Itmi HHH iHW ejitte4 "eewrd of Fa4re Islaria* If @ la^ana ayetoat €Elst«d t It M^M is* tiM laply the px*#s^oa@ of ea outlying baj^i#r s;,stes. lo previous mm® im® hmmn applied to this time 24 rtpi^wt&Bg a jrtM|iflitiii ®f tb# R#©#nt # 00 tlui wlt#r talents the #Bme Alftssa, taken frass the old Al&san stream valley* the Lover portion of which is droimt*! at present, forming Alssaa RiPi til® ©cmiteratsost $3mm®& valley M the f€3ra® coast, Alaaan time #nd#4 irlth a final r!s# in eec level ®xwml®s the lavm* porfcioaa of the «tr#tti t&22@y® #M producing c »©v tttyftf series if eofte&ftl tta^#B, 0s^# itfiWi aai tritoitariiNi of Katagorcte Ba^ # Foifdar Horn Lsict# ami fr#s Ptlaoioi* B«y» Associated with this pr#»€ttt stand in sea level is the mil recent barrier e^ste- nM its twoklx^; HgMI tisgiMmt® aua 1^ »iy»teßui* Thie eysten probfthly ha4its initial d#nP£lopm#iit some time after 400 &>&*, aeeoelated with the eeoonwi wftsmlag of fUaeot tJUnet. Che «eoond (WiXiett, 19*8) esteaHe^ tWI A*l^* to 1000 4J&» f reprceeißtlJig; the eee#M approtah firing the Kecent to ii*t#£gl&el*l cliniate, but of levser than the ftWl %liMlil aptia^I** 11l mxMMJpy, the Mmmt am r®pm&mts& on the Ttga* coast may be n^aratfKi into thr«e miMivisioßsi toe li^ltiMfi AX&2«n» aisa Post^Alaasn or Frtt^at* A ehsraeterl©ti® of the associated barrier Iftlaad and lagoon «y stems* Hem^^ tiro teflnlte sii oa# posalbl® barrlez* az»d lagoon a^'StaES ohai^^terlst th# H@o«nt* Sedimentary Environment and Interrelations the Texas »^or« of t&e Oulf of Mexico off#rs a moat revealliag locality for the ©tu^* of the Int^rrelftted aedl* a«nt«ry «EnrlPoxiffl«otal factors: ellmatio^ topographic, and biological♥ Mxjf eo^r^lii^asive investigatlom of the eotstai sr©a raast of aee*»*ity include eonsia#rstion of all the fetors eon-trol tbe 4i#triSxttioa and the r#paltii^ pbj?Biographic form of the sediments* Distribut iveAgents and the Resulting Physiographic Forms fh# pre««»t acitlva b&rrXm? assratcn is tte result of the eotJlon of wat#r ana vtm. With full eoatiteration of thes# important agents, the «H®en.s&io.& will follow the path -of the eetfime&ts in th#ir airectioa of transport. Source Area to Beach JWiiiPitj enai^tloal atntfy (19*2) "* t*Mi fexaa Oulf fee^h s^imeats i»iieata4 their maiiaai^i ©rigln and the i«sportaae# of longshore enrrmtt la their 25 26 triad directions* both northerly sad southerly, show* by the southward turning of the tidal stream, the definite existence" of a- southward flowing longshore current (Fig* 4)» pilot charts for the Gulf of titaslo© indicate a southward flowing counter current Inshore of am outer aorthvam flowing clockwise current. 7hls counter current vool-d be the eoitthipaM flowii^ Xoagidiare aurrtat noted an the «erl«X photographs " Aeaor^ii^ to BuXlerd^ «t oml^@stan the current has a velocity of X*l§ aph| oppo»ltt Corpus Ghrletlf o*9 ®ph. 1 M ljuthore drift ®wr#iit » r«v#rsitoX© in 4ir^stioii with the wIM, flows b#tw#^a the lot^sbore currtat anfi th# h®mh, as evKteacedi by a#rlal photographs (^ig* %) and as confirmed by field iHflHtlons* A northerly wind geatrate® a south Inshore drift ©u-rrent f vhlXe a southerly wi®& genai^t^s a MMI inshore drift mirrcsit. A northerly vlnd^ oo^par^ vlth a southerly vluci of equal Intensity,causes the Inshore ififl ourreiit to floir at a such greater relative Telocity due to its addition to the soutinrard flovln& longshore current^ producing a comblaad Intensified floif southirard. velocity of the Inshore drift current vhen moving southward irsa m^imred for this study as I#ll »ph; when wiving northward* as o*l6 aph< Sediments, contributed to the longshore current the tidal streams flowing out of the passes, are lost to the <&m % wii#r« t applied I Currents ar# &**!&&*t«4 fey the Fig. 4. Aransas Pass 27 Fig. 4. Aransas Pass 28 Inshore drift current fey the coabiafttlon ©f wave transport ami ed% totloa. thn sediments reseh the benches fer we transport. When tidal flow is dljsliiistied in the barrier pttidf n#ai* change of tl£es* ih# rorttmrrii flowing Inahore drift current, under the influence of a south «iad # will b^-p©t» the tiOaX outlet e®a«iiig « miaur cilatributlon of "edla#nt» x^rtinrsrd of the past, fhit represents the ealy set of eoodltioiui uiKler vhich sedim#Bt« will be 44strltoted north of a main pass* A minor pass, such as CecUir lipMl# with a lesser tidal flair will probably permit the bypassing of sediments %® the nc^rth toy a nortlnrard floiring insliort 4rift eurr#ist mm an outgoing tftt§« oM#r all other CQiKiitiuns, tlit aediseßtt will te eoatribute£ to beaches soutn of tHe p®ss#t, tv#n setiiiaents are ©arrlt4 northward by a alov Inahc-re drift current j, if not already last %q MU beaah# vhen reaeliiias a ssaln paas thesy illl fee earrled outirani in a s^ii-elreiilar path to b# again to tfee aouthim.nl flowing longshore oiirrent {Fig* %)♥ dreater additions to the beach bj deposition vould b# a3Q>eote4 during aoath@rl^ winds in contrast to northerly wl^d® of e^ual inteasitf, due to the relative difference of velocity of the wi»i*dri¥on ©urrent as mentioned |>ii#taill|^ Under aijilirtr n>i @au&ing a slower TO^^lug insiior© drift ourrentj, waire aotlon voul4 be more effsetive in depositing auspeo&ed sediments onto the teaches. Field observations hmm verified the atsjfa* 29 Aerial p&otograp&s of th# various p#aa®s «hoy aeeretlon «.r#ift ou both north an* month aloes of the passes where jetties have been eonstrueted {Aranaae Pasa# Fig. |4 ami. "MIMP Santiago), the south secretion areas as*e larger, ao»e«po*»t4*ig with the greater drift aontfewmr^ of the sedimenta. Tldel enFr#nta ttoangh ttie pa»«@a ar# lat#a©ifi€4 b^ vlßd- iMMM Hadre pretant® a spsalal oast with its i*S trend 30 an& It* effeative dtvlftloa fey * taiMl flat iato twa »#p#rste fe<»4l#» of uttr (Fig, I), A ssortla Mai tttonm tto* lagoon nst#r «outli««rd flooding th« *a&6 fl*t «nA i.nt*&«if>lag outgoing MM flow thrc*i&b Br@&®t Santiago ?*"«. A toutb. ntui tis© Xag^^tt w«t#r MMHMVfI flooding tln# »®M flat* m& foxing tiufr ««ter lato tee fea^r iHHi ¥imis M all oife#r 4lr#cti©»B «r# l^tff^tlir^mm to tiilillyjilir ¥i^^4rlv®a iM9MM 1b tht WMMMI itg^oß »«ipa«&ta are #fT#etlir# MS I* dorel©ui^ sHar®l!a# tmmt&Tm® m&h m ®pitt # tv tli© tisa^isport of the nvC&amtw sloas tl»e t«Bd of thm l^jag tue«« of tli« lageoix* Gulf Beach Spit® r@arm ©lojpg tiie jjtlf OMMMMNP p^iat'iag In iti# tflKHlii'iii of te# in«hor# IMfl omrr^&t* IJMH jjlit v#r€ QlMtiVWi to ©toas# MMMiM It ttm timrt p«i*iD4 tf ©b# d^y^ ooiTo#pcri3«ilag vltli t a&»3ag® of ¥i»d dlrestlon |R|HN 5 ®u«i 6). %#^ wiad© %m tmm a air^tloa such that tte ftpproaeh pa»ll#l to th» b#aati |MM|MMHI HMWitl wAto th« trondl if tb» count)* tm »pit» tmUM to bar» ntii Fig. 6. Spits and bars exposed at low tide. Spits developed during southerly winds, changing to bars on the outside by later easterly winds. Northern padre Island. Fig. 8. Beach cusps and bays. Shows ripple marks end backwash channels associated with bays. Northern Padre Island. 32 aHiMNii o& Fadr* &®& H^stasg lalaa&a. Av#r»g# rtllef b#tn*£*** tour or spit and th* adjacent t^mtglj wa oaly 6 lafthe». fh» ottenrla* «nooth er#«t» of the b«r* ftui ffrfli iw« j^jdfi^l to? fallow mmrwmh Gbmsm&l*, tpproislsfttely X i^^ &*tp 0 irhleh iiliiipil on tte ba@kslop#» of the MNMi whta MViAp t fc®r» mmd tspltn ir#r® ais^litM with MMI ialylas fill© &$&« Is MAiMtt irlth all vlads* Sutriiig h^mp periods if calm ar o«3a # it !" th* WMly fe3^®k«r mane. mj3m®l Durlas all at # aM Btorm* aometiaws am# bat iMMMUI MM iHMtf br#®ter *#»®s for® if the first, #®,a^ in MM WHMMilil »itfe a aHooth ertat^a ter «nEI r%plt*is^3?k#il trough, fte flrat s^a# 1» tb* nasrrow##t # t tEH the wi4©»t* with tto»f?t iMiIN «®^^ mv® approaeiiliia; MM beaoh frts« th* |M|f fer©#fea mi r^foims t^## MNiN ts u«lght l#»»#»JLaE tlMl ""o*l rtfonali^ (fig* 2), oaafaore* tb« ittifWi ti rtMwaicd In mtm&mmrd tmmport of "adlaMHita* 3ontli#ri^ # ooeyrrlag nalaly la to« mmm®r mnth*t eff«et tha gr«^%#«t addltiona to the te#©eh in« to tlie r#l«tiir#ly ilow®r m>¥i^ lnahor« tMf% ©urwwit* lor^iarl^ vladat pravalllug Airi^ tha viator aK>iitlia« affaot tli^ greatest ta«eh aroaloa ii# to thm greater ffSUMfi filaiiHf of tha lndlior# b#e& lflsj§ttft la tli# are® of Barthera ?ndre Island ami Itastsag Island, reflating direatl^ the usual raogt of winds (Fig* ?)♥ MWHitt A develops with light to g#mtl## southerly or easterly vlncis, Profile B# I^pMMMMHI i»»b»1 conditions, Iffftlipi with £«itx« to frssii *outii«i«t vladu* Ffofll® C f rfpr#»«Kfelng; "tons concUti,..ns# &&velQpst with fresh to stroa^, south^rl^ a&d «tttt«rly wlM#, and probably Mpviii^s to laclm«l# tiMi of gftlt force, flit profile €msl®p®& by c &an*l©«ja® is profeftbly profile an ainoet flat plaim. mtki J^rtlierl^ # A &as pPW b##a obsenriKl to 4#r@lop« p-roflie B develop* ffcth tl»e lishteet Bc^rt&^rl^ irlMt, ifeite Iftflli0 has developed at all other tl»ee* Aeeoelated with ohajagiag profile® #r# tbe li&ht end dark l«ttixtetlone of var^liag laaellxuitioiie formi^i the iattraul structure cf beache* (Thomptcn, 193?)* the dark laalziae represent a period of deposition of dark tienv^ minerals and tbe light laminae represent a of liglit*eolored «lja«r®ls # principally jf^arts* these fmtmrm* &?% a @h@rao* tcr-istlc of the barrier benches as irss determine b^ outtln.~ eross"-s#atlo»s ttirough the beaoh* Beach cusps, us expressed here, coaslst of a series ®i smooth transverse ri4g#s extending seanard to euspate tads* flic ©nsps are s^arated fe^r seoop-likt, ripple»sark« ©urr^at exul Olreetlug prlm&lpal veve orthv^ioj^ls eoathyar€l t (Mmcc the isolate of aftxlaoii bay ladentstion to shift dawtHr%&&* 9eually tiro »et* of imve tralas, one auborcllxiftte to th# other# e^rpx*oeoh the beaches (Fig. 4)* this was evident an all aerial pho-tographa aad «&a checked by obaei^stlos vaves eomlag Into the beach (Pig* 9)» near calm vl&£ e-o^ltloaa# slne««a by Frofllt A, the baya ar# flll«4 In in their lover portions by aocretion. C euepa llmler »torm irlmS MMttMiMi sto^t by froflle # the tend to b# r«Hsved tgr uml#ro^ttlsg on th© site opposed to the Insert cirlft euri* Fig. 9. Waves intersecting in shallow water. Northern Padre Island. Fig. 10. Rainwash channel. Extends across beach. Northern Padre Island. 37 entire hwmh ®p to the base of the HftH, During the early pli**#« of an tatm** atom of long ctawitiM, or as the result of a less l&tenae usaS ah&rter atorsi, a general ttKigtoalsg of tlit beech oeeum, &i# to the uaciersuttisig of the cubds sod th# tot«a»lfieati©ja of t bmkim^ olmai^l«* prvolpltdtloo #omirriag irtth a storm «!.«# causes c rmtg!i#aSxsg of the bm®U ty d#r«loplag r«ia»Jiito eteasels esteis&lng MM tlw» froat of the «3t2Hs* to the sterelißt (Fl#. 10). aßi 0, imto a for©«ha^€ and baokahore sr^i# t foretfaore r«preamtii^ that portion b©ty##n the ordiiiavy low voter msrlc ami the or«#t of the feeaoh, ami the tiaekiihore F*sr®&mt%m that portion betveen the crest of the beiioii aiad the front. ¥he foreshere Is an area vetted by the e&ntn&e end retreat of the t!4ee, oon^aetlon r®®dm*'im the *one firm* the feaak^s>re# Hi reoelvlaig the mrttlt^ to vhloh the f-reshor© i« subjr^teu, r^aeina Gulf Beach to Lagoon Beach re gime laporteaoe of wIjkJI ting; Present wi nd -^JiPhe la effee sand &®v#ss€?iit d^nande that viva enal^aea fee aade ieteftag the 3Pegioa» Basic data from the Weether &ireea atatlon at Carpus Ciiristl, fracas, w#r© ana3ysed on a 3) ftia reaultamt o*^ iriiwta # baaa* oji v®ot»r aaal^aia of wiasl ¥#lo€iti#a t ar# ff©m 4 UNtttMM HBt i# Slf ami It 39 Fig. 11. Average percentage of wet days per wind direction per year. Corpus Christi, Texas Scale: 1mm = 1% Fig. 12. Average number of dry days per wind direction per year. Corpus Christi, Texas Scale: 1mm = 1 day 41 Fig. 13. Resultant dry winds per year based on vector analysis. Corpus Christi, Texas 42 Fig. 14. Over-all effective sand-moving wind direction. Based on vector addition of resultant dry wind vectors. Corpus Christi, Texas fh# SE direction far outweighs th« others. 'Thin indicates the net direction ans tea&eiioy of sa&A asroßwat; 4) fh# ®m fWl*iiil «rr«otiY« fttiwuaii of sand movement was 4stansiinea b$ wsotor mMltXm &t tte rm<«ttt dry wina veot^Fs ol&taliia4 by st«p 3* H««ults I»aicat# SB to b# tto ■JKiHiiH Qgfmttv® iHBHIIi of wiM aai»4ag «s&£ «o?«^Bt* E«no#, tho ciTective iHfiiiill mvmm% if Ui# send it W, Fl^rslogriphl^ chjftoges with l^aatXoß aloi^g th# fe-airii^ &3JT®r*tii®o». fh# telly w#atH©r reports of two M4itiaa©2 statioat^ B^>im»vill# &m& d#lv#«toa f ir#re «i»lys«Ql s* w#ll ii th« Corpus Chrlitl station. Tneae thr«N» statiani i^iioh ar# vitely iip«nitia ©loss the fisiis coast nr« w#ll loo«t#a li fUrnlih " g#o4 ripr»i«ntitloa of tho prusemt wladi rfgiate for the #ntim fmm* barrier iysteei* fh« resulti in&Uitid i slight te»il#»ay Hf noro suuth«rly wiaci® at aslv^stom as @09pajr@4 with Corpus Christi, «nd a slight teodenoy for aore esiterly wi»as at Bpowssville as Oofi3p&r«*si with Corpi® Oteistl. ilawevei^ these QXlaatXe factor of '$m&?em®mfo, atuatal relafall anl teuddity, influence directly the t^p# ana atnuatoaest of ragatatloa growing aa the tMumler a?eta». Variation if T^getal typee with loaatlait along tba ooast directly i^flu©^@s ttos taadanoy fw wmd ciovaaent. Hi r®latl¥# 4^pto of saaA »^«^s^ in turn lias Its reflection la thm p^r«logr®plilc f#ttaraa* to tha if^X Y«aiDook of AgrU»ilt»ira # a stNuSoal ohaa^a In average a»mal rainfall It iOi&m eloa* the HMH frtm a high of 32 imtes at Bafeint rasa to a lav of 2% inehea about allea north of Brassos Bamliag0t than lmr®m&m slightly to 26 imhiMi at the aouth of tha Elo Hlvnr. H*mi4lty also d«craaaea m>iitore»t^ia?d aloog th® cosst, Mo^x^ng to Th£>rathimit# {19**$}* the f^xss ccaat wy fee St. Joseph X»la^ # Xalaitf, FaOr# lolfiad, aM Bsmsoa Zalandl. fu# Xlaae of aepai«tloa beti?e&a Metagord® Zalana aad it* ilo&fipti X»Xaml rapreaaata the approxißtfite e graaaea of the aorttiaaatem wqfrm twm a denae cover» occurring i» arena of high r®l&fiill and the atort gniiN of the aoaitiniestito region, tftUitft^i *& &£*fNBe of i#w i*»to* fmll$ font a light«r cover* Ph ysiographic features**~A eowon ftttwr* of tli« bwrler a^atasi, from Mataaor^s Island south to a point ©n F«to« Island 43 mile© nc-rth of Braaoa Santiago, 1@ tb# v#^@tatea Fig. 15. Foredune ridge. Gulf beach to right, aeolian plain and blowout tongues to left. Northern Padre Island. Fig. 16. Shrub-coppice dunes on southern Padre Island 4? aboreltae, its lmm*& alse is q^Xtm irregular, Out to a tsa to astaud Inland with the d«velopstot of vtad ite^vt and aatfill laol&ted peaka If tonss&okß in t&e lee-of the ri4ge, ®pp®fcite the low vlnd (Bagmld, 1941)* orovtlt of a rorttoeai n%# tak#« pl«e-« «h«ii tlui lalaad mrm a€ji^#^ to Ifeg bmtit bmofa is e©¥e«*#«l «d«qptfit«S9 by v«s Vegetated daaea # 1b oontrevt ulth t»ar« tent## esMfelt major dirf^ttHßooaa in fom* a^v^^i^t if tetli tsrpet of a^uet It rmtrl^t^ i^en th^r ar# vet. vith varlstion in tte awmut tf ir^#t«l cover ov^p a dun« mirf^#, field befor# the wIM la uncrqual^ prodtieln^ iri'^ilar &ti&pss uiaike the «woth g.#ometrlo afaapea of fe^rt tenaa* I*i^# vag^tatioft root r^as^nta of dead vegetation vmmm&M hold the mx& tagathar to aaah an «Uat |Ht 01* mmr vartlt*! alo^ea rwmlt. Paaka aamjm« aftiaprea ftiytlg DMM oonioal and to sf^tea^ielsr irr^iil^ (Figs, 17 ant IB), Yfee fWaißMa rl%e takes a tr«ad pamllel to tit* «ho*eXlaa f^x* the rmmmt mm&l®m& alraaily f rather than, a dlreetion ooiaaldlag vito the pr#ra4ll^ eftaatiire aaadkaovlos «lnd« 48 Fig. 17. Isolated vegetated dune held together by roots of dead vegetation. Northern Padre Island. Fig. 18. Dome- shaped vegetated dune. Formed by thicket of live oaks. Northern Padre Island. / 49 5 Btoyout toiwoo # ©eeurrlug c^paalt# X«rge gaps in tte for#^sat e&alu, point XV «t ite^n ©n a^ial ptotag^apto ana dteeetioa ©ol^sMss with tbe oT#iwmii eff^tiv# mmfl&f&wim wIM at ec^pited In thm -w%sa& aisolyses, fh# l«rg«r tsnpi#s* th|«9 greatest rtiiittii tb# amounts of m®& 9 VLm*Xl# a do*«lesa«itt if low on «^rta^#t |N#N &s$ 21}* « fl» telcmc^t tonipt#B «r# ®HoS#@ of bar© »visg smnd vs®X&h ntrmm laUmA for WWyftl €i«t«!Dei#s to tto#o*@ightho of m file saM plain la a n^^om f«atare of tht bai^ier «y-oti«L # vßt^lm i» its pfayalogiwpl^Le ««^#sslon with laentlasu Oa Bollvsr f (MTOtton MmaA, «mdt pottltOjr on MstatMMtai ftoiaaalaA tHe sail plain Kb a. aerlat of bmsh H4gt9 tail »v@l#» vhlela a#velot a sarf&e© oallad a beach plala (Johxiaoiij, 1919). On Matagorda XaltnA and iK>rth St. Jaaipli ltlaM# tte plain 1$ formal batoh ri%#t a^i mmtm on the Mtif s!4© ai**a on the lagoon sMif h$ lurrioane vaabQV«r f©B© ©-M tidal 4«potitloa of sedlisenta oo»t3^lt?ut€Nl fraa the bay directly to th9tNMk of the imlm&m* On th#s# laXante the plain la oontiiai Y«m uftcdl fc? tto vrlttr, Prle# (1990) u@@t tte t«*« fS spot blowout**" Fig 19. Blowout tongue streaming NW . over aeolian plain. Foredune ridge in foreground, back dune field barely visible below horizon. Northern Padre Island. Fig. 20. Leeward side of low dune on blowout tongue. Slip-face formed by SE wind breaking down with wet NW wind. Northern Padre Island. Fig. 21. Windward side of low dune on blowout tongue. Rainwashed during wet NW wind. Shows dark heavy mineral streaks. No rthern Padre Island. Fig. 22. Leeward side of seif dune ridge showing ripple-marked slip-face and cross-bedding exposed in a subordinate N point. Northern Padre Island. 32 swsles sbov up ffgtg in aosttigi*©^ patelum as ares* vfeloli MM escaped. Moving #««S* At| vestls* &f ttts fsattiiNMi bss«»s* eovsrwA up am tht smith snft if fti Jestpti XuX&iKi iil ransliui so from hei*« soutiiiivardi. oa f#4r# IslaM tte former bt^M j/Hmin tlaiUy Imooami oof^>l»t«2^ #toUin (Fig, f}« fill® gradual c^i\jclover ia t&« iHr#ot r«ault of iacir^tii^ sri^tjr «»tte««ttrirdi ttlosg tt# @oa#t» Cotmmmlm ®& 9o*th*m l^istang l®laM # in «s»ociatloii n4th tte »t«rt if b#^# deoert*-^r^# dunes on tte l^efc ©f ttie island* the neolitt plain occure between the £®rsssim® mn^ the toarw b«^k (F%#. a «»ft If). tl»i» ©liar®et#rlttl^ plain oonfcUues scutteeatvar^ tv a point on fm&m I»l«ad oppo«lte tofnji M|P« From tikis liilllli acmte fw utosmt 6 s4l#®, ttw» plain b^tea to giw# I^leti*vd*t«l? to tlit iMire ia tltls 6 mile atrvteli^ t&e plain ®«l»ts oal^r la seattersdl pa%otea s«p«v«ted fisMs It fc^1^ A»n#«* SotttlWQird of tits 6 mil® strsteh» bar# flslds famntsi 1^ Hi foi*##*i*o ri4g.# fiom ths surfaes m^m®tigb Is witMa 43 «u«s itBi^is^a Ssntla^Qj reprsseatlx^ a strcteh of 36 allssi th«» smitla. to tlw> B1& drttnas outlet, a stratoh of miles vhsrs tte Island 1® "ai'flolsatly wldt far fonwtloa^ tear# btok the sl^rul>©o|>plc.e a&nss* fh# gr#^ial SlMgSM^rsr of eliJMito# cmtlimitWFd sloms the Yes** o©aat # from huusia st -tetolne ?aaa to »6iii*arl Iwreiiftijag «aaA mvmmt is the Oireet reflection ieaa&aa^r ItNP " If the g^&i&X @ha^g# tf vegetftttoa u^a#r tiM» isflu«»»« ®t cliznote. E?«& though the bXonmit toa^#» ?«pre*ent the IPMt of jpfeettMt aapd oigrtttio& towt^J the te@©k &vie fitlds^ MNli 40 HH tosses eojxtaet idtibt tlu» b&m bmk ®&m® igr«t«n» fti® vrlt^ oaadi44o« IMi t@ fe» «k ii^ywtlo» that tike fe^^k araa« ar# not b#i^ aDu^lahad lay viiv^bloim tm^i fro« $&mB ; I*ll® ftttdiii ttmXr $&mtmt 4mml®pmmt 0m !Mi^ Isi«^ # raaohli^ s soxiausi er«ttnl height of 3? feet. Of the c-Btlre aaatla^it^l rt»r## of the 9nlt«d St«t««» o&l$ mlono, MM itoir#a of fexas &*ftea?t4 Hfl the Ar«bl«a Bes^rt* fh# »elfe asad tarohana form au ulaont aontli^oue Ouna field offfr the HMHi 131 of F&4r# laland C^%®» * 2%»2^ § 2% mm 9sh Only tte isXini& 4ona to mere &e®e& or i^x#r# irtiahoverii touve cMMwrred faavvlMUlM are the &iji# rields uiscontlmous. the !^*ch&iis of the Oui^ flaW are fe^th i^-^aetrioal aafi «^«3rtnet2*le*l* A tMOKfthfta is tte veil topum itiiiMM^AMpil 1 hairing s gentle s!i Fig. 23. Desert-type dune field showing E-W trending seif dunes with clear lanes between ridges . Northern Padre Island. Fig. 24. Bare dunes surrounding live oaks bent NW under prevailing SE winds. Northern Padre Island. 55 Fig. 25. Sand sculp ture fronting a slip-face in motion. Northern Pad reIsland. Fig. 26. Looking W along seif dune ridge toward Laguna Madre. Northern Padre Island. 56 vlata*;** slop© end s sharp leevsml flops. The lee slop* ®& the inside Is steep, fomiiag a slip*faoB which itiaits the angle of r®po#e tttv the siuad, atamt' 3%*. th& outside of tfee lee slope forms tiro points heading davzarlnd* fte «wiynfi«trieGl bajwjl^®, iM costruwt with %h® syvmtfcci&Ql t&p*, has 0110 Of tte points eloa^etcd. Vary aoall smn^trieal UarchAxui irit& points 4on»rijsi a®aa«4 # W c&iri^ a prevailing 31 wind, a«¥«lqp oa tto ¥ «Mt of tte daa« field &@xt to tlm lagooa beach. the self done* an ©stress©*! ftere* is a single eoatlaicai* ridge trcssd!*^ E~W irith a larg# £ tad mid a pointed V ead. - ' libtPttttpit points, the «*«t«raaotrt bcd&£ the largest, «re located qu Urn 1sld# of tte rii%# ami h.«^4 1« L&ng, Mgh «llp*fna#a loeattd 9m t&t 1$Mt axt^ad b#tir# %m$i wltli 0 siiiigl0t Aort Ipoint ana a longer M point. fH# two e^iametricuil bargfoaa polat« si*# s#t #^" fmm tto effeetive «aadNM»¥liig teuetion or jKf apart, fte B*W 4ii»^etlom «ox |immi the dune field is «t?«mlt abort CK»a3^ared to the B*S Oireation* fiila mi»t flmt l#ss t^ograpliii© intez'fer'eaee inm M te**sati©m as «igola»t a M Oiraotlon; h#^0#j the V poi&t strings out a»re # lMi#fttii3a th# direet^n tf f«»or«a ®©¥«^it* fh# wi^t 57 for a pntlmilw aalf «ouX6 fee to® wot dune to tto tt« Although migration of t^ doaee tttmi pl«®# vit& effeetlra aaa^moiriiis wia&s, the dto&* s§aiat&iii@d tha sa®e fc&ti® pattern of feeturaa ttomg£*£«tt the year *toli&g vhloh ttM nvlt^r n»te oDatmtioai. 4«rial piiotogrmpto iismr ttsat tto petteva lias rmsiiMHl """eatlally tl3tt M»t «lco# at tmwt 1935* dirtotlon by tteir alld^^at tTCBMnr«n« to tte mrfeee irlnd* Eippla wurloi «r© typical of tte b^r^ &mn mrfae#«* Field olMMTvatioiui of scifs firing a prevailing SE niad tare ia^l^atad th»t tbL# wiM r«eoto«a tlie vladMra #l^p# "« SB aM ocmtii3u#» 00 to the toii^c v&i&h tr«iDda B*W* fte wiM »tr#am» out over the brinks -«lroppis^ its loa^ of amd. oaa t^e slip-fsc©. Cos»urreiatly, ¥i^d «tr«ttst ¥ aloag toe tll^l^# fonsiae; ripple raa^ks om tto ***■£ «c* nix^^gup and 6&m toe I'ace. At tint bets® of tto £U,p<»nce, am tte s»3ad platform o©ll#cl tto pllsth, rippl« faarks in aligfttaixt vith tte®# CoomMasiag " on the «llp*f«# # iaiiisati^ a iWHI 1ni»ft* few ftot «mt fvoot tlw sl.l|Kr®e# # s*i»l^ m^rlai otoisg# Olreetioß sCT»tot3ly Isy turaiiig in t eunr# uatiX th€^ again lie traaaverae to « 9E viad. %p^r-aattl>%* tlia »©lf» migr«t# Ifej ali^ftaa s^^»»# ajacl ataplag te !"♥iMe wlatf ou.ir«t # illta&la^ pxs^# advanut vas gal»#d fc^? jsatehii^; field sMsurmeate with the nailer %r#stlier attHaarlaa of the 0oo*|»i» Clffiati atattoa. Ov«r a p«n®& of 12 dar* if ®^ wiM» mem&im 17 m&* t&ara yea m ivflnft «tff«ai« of 1.0 inatiaa p«r day* and ©var a § m& period with wiM* &versigij3& 16 apii, t&nsre vaa m tvamga tint field aOalft to tgree with a vlmS e-^age. Parii^ tlae miasi^ nitii long poj^i€r4s if piwsiXing % niMs^ a l^i«®^am will ofUn live tt# ««&«s&* htt clarii^ th« winter Ditto. lif@Md HIv^HJiblt viwts9 t m^r last onljr » fair file saM from it** fc&re cunfv fl^lu blove i&t© tte lagoon at c rapid r©te formtag i«rg« oaad flatt««. fit flutt eottend ©ntwa^l from %he ®am& into the lagoon, torlug lav w^ter piPtaigy tb# ©t#r tte flat* Vitk a r#tui^ ©f higher natai* ltval« the outer Mmm hmmm af»r«l9pad A i^n^laaa beo^ai^ t«^oipafT i«lania* JDnn« structure Itself in vinfl gapa aad rasidual trumated l?aa#® of slgratiis dunes, f&e stmaturt aoasistt of a miitw of laaiwitlttni "< vtrylag lasJUUyitioa94 aieh, csrigis^tijig aa a ®urfne€ laor®3r d«^ait«S on t&e duist (Wat* At a diuia ad^rataa ov#r ita b®*#» ateap leevard laaiaaa ax^ plms& over l#nt iacliaad lamijigte sM vice v#raa # r^seiltiag ija tiia d«v«XopM«Bt of @ro»^feeidi^* $^»» lsmis§e ataaA oat meira t&an otiMirsi M0to meir partial e«i«*t&tiaii mm graatar a«a9»aati<»i* Fisar gvaiN t#nd to si^ tliroag^ tlia ,^mlßB if ttMi diaiwi tey MM agitatioß of tto anrfaoa aad p«ro©latioa if rai» MNM (B«gi^ld # 1941). *ha laslaa« ®r^ 59 Fig. 27. Slightly inclined resistant laminations left after migration of dune. Northern Padre Island. 60 more pemeftble along than ftooagk thai? surfaces* fiiia favora p*taa&g# of vatar and flaa grains torn t*ut atsap letmra laadsa* *ffacting a ooaaaatratlon MiW aXoagt th« iMMM if a gaotly laaUiiad laalßa (Figs, a? §i«i 28). Earlier Wind Regime Aerial $mt®smsam &M " if«s#mt series of nap*,of tte aainlmijd a4jto#at to Fa^rt lolaad siiaw saatt«*€4 bar® duxie fleia* em the Isgl®sMt bai^X@r «2rat«ta end qb tha aasidt §&®#t ar-ae o€rnt©ro4 at 37*1 latitude ®n wi^mttmß W* Min^mit fax^Qv^ asi»a riches with, a Wi trnead era also aup«e*lfl|poaad oa tUt arad i&ttt aM l^il^mi^e barriers» faieaa treats result £wm tha pr#»®at vlnd r^i®# iriiiofe aff^tiv#l^ s&¥#s sand in a w MMMlilli |H ttia aaad aha«t UMif spi*#mls out 1b a ¥ dii^ection, atsout W nll#a ialaßd» ft*oa Xagans tfadra (Fl^* l). It aaam avldoot tluit tha ateet was a -pi^N&i^t if a 41ffarant vin^ raslJM» lt« i^n^a^tam^xit wltl* tte p?w®mt m®& aQvaeaxit* At bqm^ time tte par/t, poaalbl^- dariag tha Plelatocaoa* a dlffarant w±M r^iaa su«t hava aaclstad njl'th ail # aanilHßK^li^i vlttl ojT S ifatii^i* ttiMH tt# Si eharaat#rtsixig the present* At a result, sand ssov«sast vould ta^rs b#ea ¥ f <2feirlßa the p^iod of fomnati&A* Effect of Hurricanes Hurrioaoes strike a particular loiilfly on th® tmm* 61 at mm® paint on tho Tesaa oo*et &fe«*t a»e evesy 2 fWMm (ffannefedll* 19%4}, tfaen a tatreleasie &*ra& late the itMt* a hi&h vater level tievolopa t#Mlsag to HMMIi lit OQastal MMHii A «#ri#« of gr««t «mp«i fereak IMttMMh otrwiopptt* «oftll fvre^xiift- s^©©a iM tluxtu^ tiu» gtpa im the 4^lgli®r f#re«3fetße ar<^s r,,llevii^ the MMif ttie blowout tompifMi vtiioh JU^trt " W 4ir«ctioa on the ecmrs# of %hm H®q4 ®tr#«m», E®^ussti of thase otoimals still ilMtti M fcfce a#Q3Jlam plais #r®© (iUg* 2}« fist elMnubtXt o* tte plala |HM W ori^atatitn to 1, lottostin^ a deflection Isiparta4 by the preeei^t of the bmk Mmi» The UN&ek iMH forms s $na*i#« af offt#t*# e«ah point of mtixissin JUDdentati-jn opposite imftjor break* through located la #»^ oaae ntor@ Hi texui f1#3.4 aarrova. %par#iitl^ # me Hi*rlo«a© flood utter IMMto along the fx^nt until er^^ii^g fe^ «4jae^eifc ®tr<^iB» fsrae® it to bf#alc throua^k the ireak .point® to the tfaae f«wt* SH (Wlii iMMiI off livto a m«l3#i* if supteai© mtrmmmt m®h flomim V tlm« A lEii^ieaaa flooti HMNi vast -qaaatitlea of i^H&ant from the fox*e tfctt «r*a« if grmUmt mml&mn novoßKot if asas rr^is fc l^aoti rarely QQiijai&fc up wifclx th« tore tm&k aum tiold, iii&La«tl&g a iwk of s^irlatis^it fMtt tt*i» t3»r©©* Haias^, the nrlt#r Da toutli^ni P«dr« Islamic the? fpi^tai#@ booome auch Ic^nnt an^ thm island s«^o«», Soth MMMI IMptMfct i^^ii^g aw#i» in t^t mmkw? *rmm Dqt hurricane tmv«», fh#se ref@rr®4 f#itii.i»'«» t to a.# WtfWWCi cut tlu*ou^JU tv& islaad S3»a?m3i to th© Oulf a^reXlsw 4^o«ltaag si^ la the lifMi foxmi^g a «"»! n»t. iMHi iff X»tltm^# # «*iw 40 n®i^i&¥#r® ar# reoo«Bi»ibX#« iftMf a hUiIMMi HI w«tov*p» f#ra t«niponu^ pa»#«MSi lAdLoh fill on tto O^Xf sid*, t*mAߧ l®lm&m* S©r#, i^ier« in tto foroiu^tt rligt airt of less dt^ee aM bX#m»itt tonpi#s such IMiUbIP as ooz^>ar«a with i*«d»>» v©^: fttm|% w^s^la^g MMi toe iftXaM ina miber of ttf^srai vUoh fan mit from t&m for^ia^e broftk^ttirou^ point* f&® MiaXt in a dlttrllxttai^* pattern Ml a MMH nWeli omiX4 )»" t@3rawl a i^^g^ir#r fits Cfrf,ae* X3%7)» fli# i«XaM» tel^# into tlw bteJclng X@^oxi opposite a br^lcthvcßiitfi* F^XXo^lug tte tamHßmms MiItiWttrttiMt niloa tii» aiif rtitg r^rwtv "noli «" C«4ai* ii|M fomOJi^ tb# ai^aratian MUNMM St* Jaa^i 63 and H&tag©rsß I®X®Mm 0 vlll fetffi a otoe of fltinriviag as a pass #j.n to the iffl*tise flHßittPSl of aortbeirly ftltttf Effect of Man Jtai Is umlttlxigXy && la&ortftiit fa^to* of $*tsm&&9sA&&* Bit ill* iill»lltii a& Mtt MhMViig aaft aultlvating tlie la^d iMpa.ituri«g st-,ck, fee Ma uiKloubteaiv laorease^ the aiacmat Qt &sMmm& rea^Mj^ the Imy aiy*tengt in |HNI acUliss to the «v aUa&le li the beaelios t&rmi^ the pmmn* His px*e»«aot Mi the b#ne!ie§ mMI doite* iufi the p#.wtnrl^g tf itoek ®n the HUM pialas ha* defl»it#l^ ißsr-^OSOi tho WtMiM of saml t-arosa the btrri#r#» &ss&3Ni#§ if HKi (U>Xlx ®p® ®rtvm ®m the ttm* KeiJilhU bl@^a fe##oto#.# eaoh reifti&g saisd lato Ihi »lr *t3fea» to he feoi^mie m tjitiiitlili 4##ptaiag # an*t iriieai^ of pMMHI to tl^trim^jt if others, astislttg IHflt iliiCiii %ese up-set tb* aatural di«tril^itioa of tcdSaeatt, Sedimentary Analyses 10 mb^ilm frcm tte d«t«U«6 studs ar#© on Padre Island nwe analysed toy stans©r4 ai«vlas methods, and the results plotted aa Mstagrwia (Figa* £8, and if). ftie nod# of all samples was 1/8 Mb fto hitfh degree of sorting; altars® thistle of tli# duir beach sand elimlaatad to a grmt ©jrt^nt the Batu3?»l aortic action of ¥iad, fi*# aftnda of th« f&r^lmi# ar#a w#r@ JMi«tioa9tilaliaibla frea th# taads of the tjaek duna araa f iss^apt that tlia iMarior hmk dona aanpl^a ttoirad a allgto i»ar#aa# in te^ di^x%# gf t*mm§&m "«! froatA^g of the fh# wmixk &lff®r®m® in sa^laa naa 1b tha r#latl^e abuaOence of carboasoeous ®aterial # chiafl^ plant and ©nii^sl rasiaina of tl^rk 0010r t wfeieh aomiaitad to toe full range of ala#a characteristic of the oiaaral gNWWN aartoan^eaoas ®at#rlal shoved lmrmm& aktn4a»# in the lov toiricaat Hood aliann#la of t&® plain ami baok areas, fhese lair areas ar# lafl aa poada aft#r a JKirrieana flood and aftasr ti&fi.w^t remain olos#r to tha wtas* tafclt, tlua b#ii^ convolve to grovth of v^g#tetloii tton. adjacent (MpMU Al«o^ tl%# n^sspl^ from tlia lagoon &6#oli a^oir#d ILmrmumi a^inda»# of earboni&o#Qa» ntarial# the reatilt of tlae h%^ ooa^ant #f organi© r€®a.iaa» pPittalMV 4#^ription of tto E^#nt lacuna Hadr# oore sauries (1952) indioate p^#a«^# nf %ordrooax^>ona along witi* organic matter, to® foanur imreaai^ and tlia latter deereaaind; with depth* 6h 65 Sample 1: Dune laminae. Sample 2: Gulf beach. Sample 3: Foredune ridge. Sample 4: Hurricane flood channel on plain. Sample 5: Assymmetric e1 berchen on E front of bare dune field. Fig. 28. Histograms 66 Sample 6: Channel bottom of clear lane between self dunes. Sample 7: Plinth of self dune. Interior of bare dune field. Sample 8: Crest of seif dune. Interior of bare dune field. Sample 9: Lagoon beach. Sand flat. Sample 10: ;oon spit. Fig. 29. Histograms Barrier Formation Barrio island syat^na sa here Itemed are a typlMX development «&«** wwre* are AWtfl to fertaic offshore of an almost tJUg sasmei*g#*t surface If a ooast&l plain. ¥he recognised initial $>h&s# of formation of a barrier is t aeveX^piaeat of a affahor'e bar* With e^Btim^ of tH# fear, th« »tag# Is finally r«aeh«i4 in vMeh it beeoties ia^ l«aA. At this Mtafti tto fear b«oon#s a true barrier in that it r^cei^es tli-t full wsire attack of th<* s@® # foxiMrly (Johnson» 1919)* Bach ri%# slsnlfles a fo^wer location of the shc«reline> Lnaicativc of progrtdlag* B«Mh ridges «t*# »ois#tia€S topped by a chain of @&nm forming @ ridge* fh#s# f««tures are oharttot«risti4» of the present barrier system, showi%3 up in serial phsto^sraphs of the ar«a from Bolivar Peninsula to rtiid-st. Josi^>h Island* Frcm isi^ust. Joseph Island to the nonth wti of padre Islana^ corresponding with in®r#&&ed aridity southirarcl^ migrating eanas hav^ ob^urt^ sarfaoe m&&@m® of the features* Maretltm on tbm )®m&ato®F® of the bsmiers remits froa ooastal lagoon cl^osltion, saa^ blovn across the bfltrrlers fmm the iMltti @s«S oir#r*»oh of lairricane flood An air^t?gig# if in b«^eh ri4g#s iflW the entire width of aalvestoa Island with vei^r little or uo occretlon on the baekshore. 67 On Xattgoitfa Xelmft *t& north it. aoseph Xanana, the bm&h riitgee #oir®r onl^ a a&ali portion of tte vi4tht one^eighth to fi¥«»elghths of a mile, while noorirtioa on the bookstore by tsirrioais^ imsiio^^r iai lagoon deposition bss #Mf4 up to 3 mll#i* On Failr# XaXand* an states, pr^vimislj, tha feaao^ ri4g#a w# not evltent to laor®aa#4 or *rin&* bloim aftadi l>oa ttoe OnUf »3»i*#* Aenretioa ©f tba teek^rt Haa fc#®a antlwly by imrriMom vaabovar sM vinu-blovn saM from the front of the 1&X«hS» Waaraaa the islaMs bocl to ps^gimde originally in tteir fonsation# aa iMleat€4 by ttie bemh rldsea, airv#Sf inforafition cohering tte laat 90 yeara 3j3jUaat®s a raaaaaioa of tto Oulf on Muatans ani F^^t lalaada* ttiis r#@#®slon i» apparasxti^r int#»sifi4g4 soutls^ai1?! ©long the barrier ohain* oorreapoxnUing vith imr^»@ii oridit^* Altlrogh ao r#liafelo aarvc^a w^# tm&% before this int#rrml# @ono#iy«.to.3ty the ielau&a l^nr# built galfwrd mm ©#rtain p#rio4a ft>llov«& b^ x*e*aalo& oth^r p^io4s, fli# r«o#aalon ov«r the iaat 90 111% aoiuoide with th# oltaafclfc «ten3« to imrm#r tiist tool: plmm about 1870 {FrSot and Ouster, 19%a}« fhe idlf aho^a of the barri#r island ayatan i%m» a smooth oorra und#r th# lntanaa Wire attack of tha fliilf i^ila the lagoon shoreline forma an Irregular ourve nM#r the effocts of lanrricane wagtover, vinu-llovn sana, ami lagoon 4npooition♥ 69 Selected Bibliography BAOiQLB, E*A* (1941) fSM BiV^M if MM* »s^ SBd d#s#s*t. dunes, Wllllan Mosrow 4 Goa»ai^ # lev York (Printed in ar#©t Britaia) h$ Butl#r a fanner, Lta%> Hunt asd linden. Am, ccs»t gao^^eli^^. A««oe« Petrel" O«ol. t Bull* # «&« 1?, p* 1446-1458. Oalf eoagt cf fioctt, deoi, so®» to* # Bull*, toI. $3* j. aManf # be» (1950) a#©i«w or Mm iulf tgiittl »#» »s»i costlzM&tal stelf. te* 4s»oa 9 Fstrol* aeol.» Bull#, *aJU Pi p. 35L"305« COIXim, ME^^ m* ffimP^H, jail* ¥♥ Cl9^O) && intro^jotlo© t© the l^4rc.gi^pl^ of UJ*X v®ter» of ft3»s # Publlettioas of tlMi liistitate of larine 3el#m#, vql* 1# ao* 2M tUrn SOKHXSH, ¥J^CH4i (IB9B} St* l^^aeliei and saM feaiikt, ®&qs. __(193^) ffcw#a and klMr«4 jjiflyrtiill phaaomBia # €®mferiog@ at t&e fni¥»rsi^ STess, CQHEOffj $"&* (IsM*s<) d#o«jrpb@iogy, Joto VUiy & Son** In©., S#w York* Fourth Edition, Jl«vl*e&. FIil»AB, SEVXV M* (193B) MBprtagrilifci of eastern gnlttf fttttev* ftear&n^Hlll Book §*« 4 lac,, I«ir fork* milSf B.F. (1935) Salmrs, HM &r*«t d#»trt # tllMJllt fci^asportntloa, HAXBU# 3QM ¥" (1931) ffcMt ifiWWlti and Besah lr©Bl©© Botird, Offioe of the Ohief of l^agliie^« # HXHm, aOBIUUI B»A* (1943) (tamerphologsr* tHHIiI Mill, Km., foraaUoii star Corpus Cferiati, f#xa» # Jour. S««llji^itaiET F©t«^l#a^# lf# 3# P< 118*12?, fSst* I*9* 70 JGHXaoii, &"¥. (1919) Siiort pi*Oo®##es ami shoreline development, John tfllc*y & oons, Inc., Sev Yeife. mm, PHXLip §« (1931) the tectonics &r mxa<&ie is*** tiMMsfii Frlaoet&n University* khbii&sxi, *?*§« "&& aiioths, a, {193?) «*" seAiaents if taratarle Bey, Jour* Stolraatavy Pttr^grs^l^, ¥01. ? t ■ m* 1, p* 3*l7* PH. 1, (1950) * Sons, mw#m$ Marine n#olag^ t Joto HUMV inc., Mm ¥ork. LMS, H^aKl' ft* (1931) Br»ckl«i*»water and aarlue 8«8«^bltge» the fMMi "#""%, with «peei«l r«f«r«WMi to wiltette* Publications of %&$ la«titut© of Marine Science, vol. XX, a&* 19 th* telveriitjr of fexes Friatlßg Dlvleloa. »BBSE» Mb (1939) teoTO3?pholog^, ■Ma^t^KalBook€o #,Km*, lew ¥01%. iwH^t, EP9AR ALU (1952) Sh®llaw*marl߀ sedlaeats »f the Jilo oraa^t th*s. Dissertation, University o£ fex^s. lUUSOB, Hi-fis A. (19^0) $#ologf in ttere-ocitttrol yfoM—il Applied SeaimfatatlQH^ national Keaeerch Coiuacil, Vashlngt&n, ©♥€ John Vlltgr A S^nc, latt* # Hew York* HffWHli MHIWI adtrMJXL (19^») teetoni^ map of th# oaitei States* Am* A»«o©» ?etrol» 9eol«j fult«. PSSUJOHIIj P*J» (1949} Se&lamiitsr^ jjftti Hsrp#r k Bros., lew fork* P&XOS, W* (1933) Mole of 41a»trophi»a la topogrspliy of Oorpis Chrieti area soxith ¥cxc«, Aa. Aaaoo« Petrol. ieol*« B«li*| yol* IT, p. 907«-9&8» CK)M^I geological jMal OCTifffi^ (19-42) Certaiß Reoent ancl ""fclologieal aliasget In south fe&&® with «©n©ldei»@tl&ii of @^ P&«MmSIs e®is€S # i^rlmt#4. frsm fi^ißaectloaa of the Texas Aeadea^ of 3aieme* »— .09*7) B^illlbrlum of form maA hHH in tidal ba#ins of ~¥feasi of wwl tailslm*®, to* Atso ' fMICMt V. AfIRfIHIOW (1950) a#oitorpiiology ajad Fleisto©#ae geology # Cvrpue Caristi-Hockpu-rt urea Texee, Outline for 3emlaar of State 3ame, Flah ©ad oyster Goi^i»»ioa, Oct. 27-29, 1950* Deperta#»t of Ooeaja^graphy, fexaa A, & M« College. _(193O) SaM caia«» of take Michigan and tamlaolcgy^ iliprtaftai from th© teog. ii#«« voi* xl, ie* 3# 1950. a (l§§o> Sataairaa asud aM the origin of the ""leaglt^CLiaftl dua©, Raprlatad from th# o#©g. Bey., vol. XL, a&. 3 $ 4'uly, 1950* (19^1) Barrier isiaa&, mt **offaliare bar% &«s>plufc«4 Trom 3ci#fiue, vol* 113, *k># 2937t P* *87*488. FHOtrnr, V*F* (195^) Carolina boys and thslr origin, o©ol. $®i&« to*. Boll*, p. 167-&2% * "* li^B^f PJOLIIIS (193B) Master's tfcggfcti tiMi Collas« iiM ana Inciuitrics. SHFPAED, FRAHCIS F. (1948) Submarine geology. Harper & Bros*, Heir tork* BNX7K# JH. f Mt V. (1952) Frtliminaz^ aot# oa origin of petroleum* A»soo. Fetf^ol. Cle&l., ittli*# vol. 36* mwmv?L a.v., aoHsaai, KAK2IM t#i m* FLmiia, aiaHAHD c* (19^) f^ oaed»s # their physio« 9 ohinlstry, and general biology, Fr©atioe-Kfill, lac., Hw York. fJtmmiXM, Vim BM (1944} &irrioan«a # ;riacetaa Ualverslty Pr#aa. fSMi% mmzmXU C. {1932) fasias ranga graaaea, onivaralty of faaeaa r-raaa^ fHJMFSOH, W.O* (193?) Original structures of seeches, fei*t« and' dunes, Qml. So©. *&** Bull., vol. %B* p* 723-751. ta&8&, PARIES $" (1930) %na®io» of ««4imemt«tloa* Applied 3«dlme^tstlo& f fiatioaal Hesearoh Coui»ll # V#slii»gton f D.C, Joim ¥lXe^ & Soa»* lac* f S«v York. TOE«a>FEL # V.I. (1950) Prlaciple^ of sedimentation, McJr^v- Hill Book Co,, Siv Xork. tnaJEH, J.A. (189%} Kroslei&t tra&sportafci^a ami s« Konthly E««0Pd 4 $tatlo»! C^rpj^ Christl, fexaa, Cliff Mm® Field. # Coast®! Pilot, taif Coast, Kmy West to Rio Sran&a, fMra Mltloii, f*§* Ooif#nm#at printing artl©e # W&g&iisgtou, W.S* O^B>dXC^L mVB (1930) FX#i&to«®&o slior#llae® In Florida aasl o#orgl# # fWfaaiiftMil, F«p#r I^» 221-F, ViDS BSiULS, o.o* (1942) o«om©rp^olag^, fli® Kaoatill«D Co., Mm ¥oii£» VZX&STT* H*C, (X948) Loi*g ptPioa fluntaatioaas of Hi general elreolatlcft af tte atnoapbtra* Jour* H#t#orol©gy t iSl* 6> Vita William JPsve BlajaJce&ship was bora la San franalsao, California, July 12, ls2k, t son of Edltfe ®n& H#nry B®ve Blankgnshlp, He attained Jefferson Orsaaar School sM Lowell High Befool in $&n Fr®n©itco. H# first the m» tevim&ent «Oclr@»®i 2638 Brova's V®ll®^ Road IM^ii California Thl® thesis vag Iffii b^ Er»» Valeric C* Bl®akeii»hlp 73