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Natural Heritage Trends. the Seas Around Scotland 2004

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Natural Heritage Trends. the Seas Around Scotland 2004 Natural Heritage T Natural Heritage T Natural Heritage Trends Working with Scotland’s people to care for our natural heritage The Seas Around Scotland Scottish Natural Heritage is a government body responsible to the Scottish Executive and Scottish Parliament. 2004 Our mission statement is: Working with Scotland’s people to care for our natural heritage. Our aim is: rends: The Seas Ar rends: The Seas Ar Scotland’s natural heritage is a local, national and global asset. We promote its care and improvement, responsible enjoyment, greater understanding and appreciation, and sustainable use now and for future generations. Our operating principles are: We work in partnership, by co-operation, negotiation and consensus, where possible, with all relevant interests in Scotland: public, private and voluntary organisations, and individuals. We operate in a devolved manner, delegating decision-making to the local level within the organisation to encourage and assist SNH to be accessible, sensitive and responsive to local needs and circumstances. We operate in an open and accountable manner in all our activities. Further information further copies of this report are available from Scottish Natural Heritage Publications Section Battleby ound Scotland 2004 Redgorton ound Scotland 2004 Perth PH1 3EW t: 01738 444177 t: 01738 458613 e: [email protected] w: www.snh.org.uk/trends ISBN 1 85397 4048 NPO.5K0804 PRICE £10 HERIT NA SCOTTISH TURAL AGE Working with Scotland’s people to care for our natural heritage Natural Heritage Trends The Seas Around Scotland 2004 Graham Saunders Scottish Natural Heritage Battleby, Perth 2004 Acknowledgements This report was supervised and edited by Ed Mackey and John Baxter. Grateful thanks are due to Ed Mackey, Phil Shaw, Catriona Burns, Beth Mouat, Katie Gillham, Sandy Downie and John Baxter for their major contributions to the text of this publication. Thanks also to Colin Galbraith and George Lees for further editorial comment and suggestions. Thanks for contributions, use of data, thoughts and comments should also go to David Donnan, John Gordon, Anton Edwards, Judy Dobson, Bob Reid, Calum Duncan, the Marine Conservation Society, the Sea Mammal Research Unit, the Scottish Environment Protection Agency and the Scottish Executive. Finally, many thanks are due to Bill Forbes, Betty Common and Jim Jeffrey for assisting in the design and production. Front cover: Jewel anemones (Corynactis viridis), G. Saunders Inserts: Andi Robertson/SNH, MCNR/SNH, G. Saunders/SNH. Contents Acknowledgements 2 Part 3 47 Abbreviations 5 The use of the sea 47 Foreword 7 7 Mariculture 48 Introduction 9 Introduction 48 Trends 48 Part 1 11 Issues and implications 49 Knowledge of the marine environment 11 Sources of data 51 1 Knowledge and enjoyment 12 References 51 Introduction 12 8 Continental shelf fisheries 52 Trends 12 Introduction 52 Issues and implications 15 Trends 53 Sources of data 16 Issues and implications 58 References 16 Sources of data 63 2 Marine conservation 17 References 63 Introduction 17 9 Deep-water fish and fisheries 65 Trends 20 Introduction 65 Issues and implications 23 Trends 66 Sources of data 25 Issues and implications 66 References 25 Sources of data 68 References 68 Part 2 27 Marine life 27 Part 4 69 3 Sharks, skates and rays 28 Quality of the marine environment 69 Introduction 28 10 Coastal and estuarine environment quality 70 Trends 29 Introduction 70 Issues and implications 32 Trends 71 Sources of data 32 Issues and implications 76 References 32 Sources of data 77 4 Dolphins, porpoises and whales 33 References 77 Introduction 33 11 Marine litter 78 Trends 33 Introduction 78 Issues and implications 36 Trends 79 Sources of data 37 Issues and implications 81 References 38 Sources of data 83 5 Seals 39 References 84 Introduction 39 12 Non-native species 85 Trends 39 Introduction 85 Issues and implications 40 Trends 85 Sources of data 41 Issues and implications 88 References 41 References 94 6 Seabirds 42 13 Environmental change 95 Introduction 42 Introduction 95 Trends 42 Trends 95 Issues and implications 46 Issues and implications 98 Sources of data 46 Sources of data 101 References 46 References 101 Additional source 101 Natural Heritage Trends: The Seas Around Scotland 2004 353 Part 5 103 Conclusions 103 14 Conclusions 104 Summing up 110 Reference 110 Part 6 111 Appendices 111 Appendix 1: SEPA coastal waters classification scheme 112 Appendix 2: SEPA estuarine waters classification scheme 113 Appendix 3: definition of microbiological requirements for guideline and mandatory passes of bathing waters based on the minimum number of samples (20) that are taken from each location 114 Appendix 4: Scottish marine environment data sources 115 Biological 116 Biological and chemical 127 Physical 135 Part 7 151 Have Your Say! 151 What do you think of the report? 152 Index 155 4 Natural Heritage Trends: The Seas Around Scotland 2004 35 Abbreviations ACFM Advisory Committee on Fishery MBA Marine Biological Association of the Management United Kingdom ASCOBANS Agreement on Small Cetaceans of the MCS Marine Conservation Society Baltic and North Seas MLURI Macaulay Land Use Research Institute ASP amnesic shellfish poisoning MNCR Marine Nature Conservation Review BGS British Geological Survey NANSEN North Atlantic Norwegian Sea BOD biological oxygen demand Exchange BODC British Oceanographic Data Centre NERC Natural Environment Research Council CEFAS Centre for Environment, Fisheries and NERPB North East River Purification Board Aquaculture Science NHM Natural History Museum CFP Common Fisheries Policy NORSWAM North Sea wave model CITES Convention on International Trade in OSPAR Oslo and Paris Conventions for the Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Prevention of Marine Pollution Flora OWS ocean weather ship CONSLEX Continental Slope Experiment PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls CPUE catch per unit effort PDV phocine distemper virus cSAC candidate Special Area of Conservation PML Plymouth Marine Laboratory CTD conductivity, temperature and depth POL Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory DDT dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane PS particle size analysis DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and pSAC possible Special Area of Conservation Rural Affairs PSP paralytic shellfish poisoning DML Dunstaffnage Marine Laboratory ROSCOP Report of Observations/Samples DSP diarrhetic shellfish poisoning Collected by Oceanographic EC European Commission Programmes EQS environmental quality standards RPB River Purification Board EU European Union SAC Special Area of Conservation FAO Food and Agriculture Organisation of SAHFOS Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean the United Nations Science FRS Fisheries Research Services SAMS Scottish Association for Marine Science GIS geographical information systems SCOS Special Committee on Seals ha hectare SEPA Scottish Environment Protection Agency IACMST Inter-Agency Committee on Marine SMRU Sea Mammal Research Unit Science and Technology SNH Scottish Natural Heritage ICES International Council for the Exploration SOAFD Scottish Office Agriculture and Fisheries of the Sea Department IOS Institute of Oceanographic Sciences SPA Special Protection Area ISA infectious salmon anaemia SRD sewage-related debris IUCN International Union for Conservation of SRPB Solway River Purification Board Nature and Natural Resources (or World SSSI Site of Special Scientific Interest Conservation Union) STD salinity, temperature, depth IWC International Whaling Commission TBT tributyltin JCD Joint Cetacean Database TERC Tay Estuary Research Centre JONSDAP Joint North Sea Data Acquisition Project TRPB Tay River Purification Board JNCC Joint Nature Conservation Committee UKCIP02 UK Climate Impacts Programme 2002 JRC James Rennell Centre for Ocean UKOOA UK Offshore Operators Association Circulation UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and m metre Cultural Organisation MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and UOR undulating oceanographic recorder Food WFD Water Framework Directive MARPOL International Convention for the WOCE World Ocean Circulation Experiment Prevention of Pollution from Ships 34 Natural Heritage Trends: The Seas Around Scotland 2004 355 6 Natural Heritage Trends: The Seas Around Scotland 2004 Foreword n presenting this analysis of the seas around Scotland, three questions might come to mind: why have we done it?; how does it relate to our policies and plans?; and how can the outputs be used to Itake forward the work of Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH)? I shall address them in turn. In our Natural Heritage Futures policy statement on Scotland’s coasts and seas, which we published in 2002, we point out that comparatively little is known about the marine environment. Nevertheless, the wealth of information that does exist, from many and disparate sources, is not readily known or accessible to the non-specialist. Our task has been, quite simply, to bring together the best information available on natural heritage trends in the marine environment. Inevitably, we have had to put bounds on this. Our focus here is on life within the seas. While no less relevant, matters relating to the land/sea margin, landscape and recreation are largely beyond the scope of our present study. Trends across recent decades have been documented up to the start of 2004. The SNH Natural Heritage Futures programme sets out challenging, but achievable, natural heritage objectives within a 25-year time horizon. Eight key objectives are defined for coasts and seas, including, for example, improving understanding of marine ecosystems;
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