Asian Journal of Research and Review in Agriculture

3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

Assessment of Existing Palearcatic Migrant in Jabel El Dayer National Park, North Kordofan State,

Ahmed H. Ibrahim1, Mohammed A. O. Rahom2, Tigani Allam2 and Muneer E. S. Eltahir3*

1Faculty of Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, University of Kordofan, Sudan. 2Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 3Institute of Gum Arabic Research and Desertification Studies, University of Kordofan, Sudan.

Authors’ contributions

This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Authors AHI and TA designed the study, performed the statistical analysis and wrote the protocol. Authors AHI and MESE managed wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors MAOR and TA managed and supervised the study. Author MESE managed the analysis and literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Received 22 February 2021 Original Research Article Accepted 29 April 2021 Published 04 May 2021

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted in Jebel El Dayer National Park, North Kordofan state-Sudan during 2014 to 2018. This research aimed to identify Palearcatic migrant birds, all direction on the top of the Jebel was surveyed. The study depended on direct observation using field binocular, digital camera, (GPS) device for coordinating and types using manuals. Seven visits were done to cover the main areas where seven out of them represented the main entrances of the Jebel in addition to two areas on top of the mountain. Data were analyzed descriptively in Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) where frequencies, means and percentages were calculated. The results were showed in tables and figures. The results of the study showed that Palearcatic migrant bird are found in high diversity. One hundred and twenty nine (129) Palearcatic migrant bird species were recorded during this research. These species included in 14 orders and thirty seven (37) families. Showed Palearcatic migration bird species that found in all directions of the study area. There were 7 species recorded in all directions of the mountain. Regarding the abundance of Palearcatic bird species, they divided index according to Nicklaus (1987). They were 5 divisions uncommon (Un) which included 43 species represented 33.3%, rare (R) encompassed 49 species represented 38%, common (C) included 19 species represented 14.7%, very rare (VR) involved 14 species represented 10.9%, and finally the lowest abundance was very common (VC) encompassed 4 species represented 3.1%. However, frequency for years 2014 showed the highest percentage 48.4% followed by 2018 which showed 40.5% and minimum percentage was in the year 2015 showed 11.1%. It also recommend setting working plan aiming at sustainable development and optimum utilization of the resources. ______

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected];

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

Keywords: Palearcatic birds; Jabel El Dayer; ecology; biodiversity; abundance; conservation.

1. INTRODUCTION and several other factors, such as temperature and productivity, vary along the environmental Biosphere reserves promote and facilitate gradient associated with elevation because various functions. They play an essential role in elevation affects the condition of the physical providing the environmental ecosystem services environment and the kinds and amounts of through their three zones and functions [1]. They resources available for breeding and foraging also offer financial income opportunities and activities [8]. The composition and structure of contributing to sustainable development [2]. bird communities may change along elevation Moreover, they generate employment gradients, [8]. Bird explorations in the Sudan opportunities both directly (park management, have really begun about the year 1820, earlier rangers, foresters) as well as indirectly than that date, the most important contribution (recreation-related services, research, etc.). seems to be that of James Bruce in 1772 [13]. 1n Conservation in them can be seen in the 1918, Scalater and Macworth-Praed made the protection and the long-term maintenance of first comprehensive list of Sudanese birds and human values and uses [1]. They provide sites recognized 713 species. Bowen (1926 and 1932) for research and studies, contribute to the as quated by Nickolaus, [14] published a sustainable development and poverty alleviation catalogue of bird species of the Sudan. The first through the management plans that integrate filed guide on Sudanese birds was published by and involve the local communities in and around Cave and Macdonal [13]. Nickolaus discovered the protected areas [1]. National Parks provide some Birds new to [15,16]. This the chance for economic development of the included 938 bird species belonging to 76 communities through provision of food, cover and families [14] including more than 200 migratory medicinal resources [3]. Ecosystem disturbance species coming from Europe and Asia. A large alters the relationship of organisms and their number of African birds have regular seasonal habitat in time and space. Some species of birds movements within the continent, always may adapt to the human habitation and mining coinciding with the rain season [10]. This environment as it provides easy food and habitat research aimed to identify Palearcatic migrant [4,5]. Identifying the habitat requirements of birds birds out in Jebel El Dayer National Park. is essential of protecting habitat to maintain populations of the species. Numerous studies 2. STUDY AREA have focused on the proximate habitats used by birds, describing features associated with, for This study was carried out in Jebel El Dayer example, the territories, song perches, or nest National Park, during the period 2014-2015 and sites of breeding birds [6,7]. Few studies have 2018. Jebel El Dayer National Park has been investigated the relative importance of proximate declared as a national Park in April 2010. Jebel and landscape-scale factors [7]. Identifying the El Dayer lies in North Kordofan State which lies scales at which birds respond most strongly to within the arid and semi-arid ecological zones landscape features would help clarify and explain between latitude 12º-25º, 13º-45º North and effects of fragmentation on bird distributions. Longitude 29º-35º, 30º-30ºEast.The topography Scale information could also guide habitat of the land range from sandy soil in the north to management, ensuring that efforts are applied at Gardud soil (type of clay soil) in the south with appropriate scales. Identifying dominant scales some valleys and mountains [17]. These soils of response also would be useful in predicting vary from sandy interspaced by silt depressions environmental responses in contrasting in the northern parts (Mitchell, 1991). It is about agricultural areas and wooded landscapes. Much 39 km from El Rahad town and about 10 km from of the initial research on the influence of different Jebel Dambair [18]. It rises over 1000 m above scales on breeding birds has emphasized forest the surrounding terrain and about 1451m above dwelling species [7,8,9,10,11,12]. In that context, sea level. Most of the North Kordofan region is landscape-scale habitat fragmentation has fairly flat and with a series of low linear sand emerged as an important factor influencing dunes, marginally suited for subsistence population levels and reproductive success. agriculture as well as for commercial crops such Occurrence of bird species correlates with the as Sudan peanut, sesame, and Gum Arabic [19] vegetation structure, in turn, vegetation structure (Abdalhameed, 2005) [20] (Fig. 1).

2

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

Fig. 1. Satellite image of Jebel El Dayer N.P Source: (Ahmed, 2018)

3. METHODOLOGY study period during the rainy season, winter and summer. The length of the visit varied from 14 The survey was focused on the main entrances days to one month. Identification and counting of of the mountain which represent the locations in different vertebrates was done by direct all directions in addition to the two areas inside observation with the aid of bird watching the mountain (a nursery and (Sering and El Zollal binoculars, digital camera, GPS and field guide springs). These areas are characterized by books. The survey started daily in the early abundance of water, dense trees and wildlife. morning at 05:00 lasting at 19:00 in the evening. The study area was divided into (9) locations The observer walks along a route with an they represented the main entrances to the approximate length of 8km. The observed wildlife mountain from all directions and often contain species were identified and recorded. water sources whether springs are permanently or temporary springs flux or mayas or seasonal 3.2 Status and Abundance of Birds pools which depend on rainfall where all wildlife and human could use for drinking. Bird status and abundance were done following Nickolaus [14] as stated below: 3.1 Identification and Counting of Palearcatic Migrant Birds 1- Very Rare (VR): The species seen once or twice throughout the study period. The study was conducted in two successive 2- Rare (R): The species seen in very low years in the protected area of Jebel El Dayer numbers throughout the study period. National Park. Seven visits were done during the

3

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

3- Uncommon (U): The species seen in small birds in Dinder National Park as one of the numbers throughout the study period. biggest park in Sudan is about 13.695 in five 4- Common (C): The species seen in Mayas studied comprises 54 different species. reasonable number throughout the study The distribution of birds in Dinder National Park period. mainly depends in the availability of water and 5- Very common (VC): The species seen in food [21]. Following the duty were Falconiformes large number throughout the study period. included 21 species belonging consist of families (Accipiteridae and Falconidae). The order 3.3 Data Analysis Ciconiiformes includes 3 families with 13 species, family Ardeidae 9 species, family The data were analyzed using the Ciconiidae 2 species and family Statistical Packages for Social Sciences and Threskiconithidae 1 species. The order Excel. Coreciiformes includes 6 families, with 12 species, the family Meropidae 4 species and 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION family Alcedinidae 5 species they are all founded in rain season. The order Pelecaniiformes included 3 species belonging to 2 families. The 4.1 Palearcatic Migrant Birds Species numbers of Ciconiiformes families are found Recorded at Jabel El Dayer National during the rainy season. The order Gruiformes Park and the order Piciformes encompasses 7, 3 species with 2 families respectively. Observation One hundred and twenty nine (129) Palearcatic seven (7) orders including only one family in the migrant bird species were recorded during this study area as well as the order Anseriformes research. These species included in 14 orders recorded family Anatidae with one species. The and thirty seven (37) families. The Order of order Galliformes belonging family Phasianidae Passeriformes included 48 species belonging to encompasses 2 species. The order 12 families. The family Sylviidae showed the Charadiiformes recorded family Charadriidae highest one consist of 11 species, the families of encompasses 4 species. The order Motacillidae and Turdidae were recorded 8 Columbiformes belonging family Psittacidae species, family of Laniidae encompasses 6 belonging to only one species. The order species, the families of (Hirundinidae and Cuculiformes belonging family Cuculidae Pycnonotidae) were belonging 3 species, the encompasses 5 species. The order families Alaudidae, Oriolidae and Plocidae recorded family Caprimulgidae included 2 species and the families of Corvidae, with one species and the order Sturnidae and Frigillidae belonging to only one belonging family including 2 species species. It is worth mentioning that number of (Table 1).

Abyssinian Roller (Coracias abyssinica) African Golden Weave (Ploceus subaureus)

4

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

Table 1. Palearcatic birds Species recorded of Jebel El Dayer National Park during the study period (2014-2015 and 2018)

No Species common name Scientific name Local name 2014 2015 2018 D1 D2 W1 D3 D4 D5 W2 Order: Pelecaniiformes Family: Pelicanidae 1 Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus Baja kabier - - + - - - + 2 Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens Baja Ramadi - - + - - - + Order: Pelecaniiformes Family: Anhingidae 3 African Darter Anhinga rufa - - + - - - + Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ardeidae 4 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Riheiu El bagar - - + - - - + 5 Little Egret Egretta garzella Riheiu Sagier - - + - - - + 6 Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia Riheiu Kabier - - + - - - + 7 Great white Egret Egretta alba Riheiu Kabier - - + - - - + 8 Little Bittern Lxobrychus minutus Wag Sagier - - + - - - + 9 Green-backed Heron Butoriaes striatus - - + - - - + 10 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax - - + - - - + 11 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Habeeb - - + - - - + 12 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea purpurea - - + - - - + Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae 13 White Stork Ciconia ciconia Bagbar - - + - - - + 14 Black Stork Ciconia nigra Simbiria - - + - - - + Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Threskiconithidae 15 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus Abu mingal - - + - - - + 16 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia Abu melagga - - + - - - - Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae 17 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiaca Wizzin - - + - - - + 18 Garganey Anas querquedula - - + - - - + 19 Common Teal Anas crecca crecca - - + - - - + Order: Falconiformes Family: Accipiteridae 20 African Black kite Milvus migrans Hidaya + + + + + + + 21 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus Elsagur el Abyad - + - - - + + 22 Palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis - + - - - + + 23 Hooded Vulture Neophron monachus - - - - - + - 24 Osprey Pandion haliaetus Boaj - - - - - + +

5

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Local name 2014 2015 2018 D1 D2 W1 D3 D4 D5 W2 25 Afrcian fish eagle Haliaeetus vocifer 26 African Marsh Harrier Circus ranivorus El Sagur - - - - + - + 27 African cuckoo-hawk Aviceda cuculoides Baz - - - - + + + 28 African hawk-eagle Aquila spilogaster - - - - - + + 29 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo El Sagur elhomm - - - - - + + 30 Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus - - - + - - - 31 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax - + - - - + - 32 Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis - - - - - + - 33 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus - - - - - + - Order: Falconiformes Family : Falconidae 34 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus - - - - + + + 35 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni - - - - + - + 36 Greater kestrel Falco rupicoloides - - - - + + - 37 Sooty Falcon Falco concolor - - - - - + + 38 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Shahiean ------+ 39 Amur Falcon Falco amurrensis - - - - - + - 40 Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus - - - - + - - Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae 41 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix Firra + - + - - - + 42 Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei Firra Asowad - - + - - - + Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae 43 Spotted crake Porzana porzana Maraah - - + - - - - 44 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus - - + - - - + 45 Ruff Philomachus pugnax Deriga sharsah - - + - - - - 46 Black tailed godwit Limosa limosa - - + - - - - Order: Gruiformes Family: Otididae 47 Arabian bustard Ardeotis arabs Hubara Umgarin - - + - - - + 48 Savil's bustard Eupodotis savilei Hubara Umakkar - - + - - - + 49 Nubian Bustard Neotis nuba Hubara - - + + - - + Order: Charadiiformes Family Charadriidae 50 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula - - + - - - + 51 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus - - + - - - - 52 Kittlit's Sand Plover Charadrius pecuarius - - + - - - +

6

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Local name 2014 2015 2018 D1 D2 W1 D3 D4 D5 W2 53 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius - - + - - - + Order: Columbiformes Family: Pteroclidae 54 Pterocles Pterocles Gata + - + - + - + 55 Black-faced Sandgrouse Pterocles decortus Gata Kabera + - - - -+ - + 56 Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus Gata - - - - - + + Order: Columbiformes Family: Psittaculidae 57 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Babagha - - + - - + - Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae 58 Levaillant's Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii Wagwag - - + - - - - 59 Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius Wagwag - + - - - + - 60 Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus Wagwag - - + - - + - 61 Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus Wagwag - - + - - - - 62 Senegal coucal Centropus senegalensis Wagwag - - - - + + - Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae 63 Golden eximius Labbada ------+ Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae 64 Little Apus affinis Grenhashash - - - - +- + + 65 Mottled Swift Apus aequatorialis Grenhashash - - - -+ - + + Order: Coreciiformes Family: Meropidae 66 Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus El warwar + - - + - - - 67 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster El warwar - - + - - - + 68 Northern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicus El warwar - - + - - - + 69 Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops superciliosus El warwar ------+ Order: Coreciiformes Family Alcedinidae 70 Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis Agib Shineitir - - + - - - + 71 African Pygmy Kingfisher Ispidina picta Agib Shineitir - -+ + - - -+ - 72 Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti Agib Shineitir - - + - - - + 73 Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima Agib Shineitir - - + - - - + 74 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Agib Shineitir - - + - - - + Order: Coreciiformes Family: Coraciidae 75 European Roller Coracias garrulus El Khudari - - - - - + + Order: Coreciiformes Family: Upupidae 76 Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops Hodhod + - + + + + -

7

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Local name 2014 2015 2018 D1 D2 W1 D3 D4 D5 W2

Order: Coreciiformes Family: Phoeniculidae 77 black Scimiterbill Phoeniculus minor cabanisi hodhod ------+ + Order: Coreciiformes Family: Bucerotidae 78 Northern Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus Abu mangur sagier + + + + + + +

Order: Piciformes Family: Capitonidae 79 Arnaud's Barbet Trachyphonus darnaudii - + - - - -+ + 80 Black-breasted Barbet Lybius rolleti - - + - - - + Order: Piciformes Family: Indictoridae 81 Lesser Honey guide Indicator minor Kareima - -+ - - - + - Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae 82 Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea Batag - - - - - + - 83 Sun Lark Galerida modesta Batag + - - - + - - Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae 84 Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis Khataf - - + - - - + 85 Ethiopian Swallow Hirundo aethiopica Khataf + - + - - - + 86 Wire Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii Khataf - - + - - - + Order: Passeriformes Family : Motacillidae 87 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea Um Gerdoun + - - - - + - 88 Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys Um Gerdoun + - - + - - + 89 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava Um Gerdoun + - + + + - + 90 Yellow Throated Long claw Macronyx croceus Um Gerdoun + - - - + - - 91 Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis + - - - - - + 92 Red Throated Pipit Anthus cervinus - - - - + - - 93 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris - - - - - + + 94 Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis Meiri - - - - - + + Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae 95 Cabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi - - + - - - + 96 Northern Brownbul Phyllastrephus tenestris - -+ - - - + - 97 Icterine Greenbul Phyllastrephus icterinus - -+ - - - + - Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae 98 Common Red start Phoenicurus phoenicurus - - - - - + +

8

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Local name 2014 2015 2018 D1 D2 W1 D3 D4 D5 W2 99 Rufous-tailed scrub-robin Cercotrichas galactortes - - - - - + + 100 Red-breasted Wheatear Oenanthe bottae - - - - - + - 101 Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti + - - + - + - 102 Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica + - + + - - - 103 Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka - - - - - + - 104 Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina - - - - - + - 105 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe - - - + - + - Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae 106 Little Rush Warbler baboecala - - + - - - + 107 Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida - - + - - - + 108 Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina - - + - - - + 109 Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus - - + - - - + 110 Eurasian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus - - + - - - + 111 Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria - - + - - - + 112 Cricket Warbler Spiloptila clamans + + + + + + + 113 Northern Crombec Sylvietta brachyuran - - + - - - + 114 Green-Backed Eremomela Eremomela canescens - - + - - - + 115 Yellow-bellied Eremomela Eremomela icteropygialis - - - - - + + 116 Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brevicaudata - - + - - - + Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae 117 Grey-backed Fiscal Lanius excubitoroides - + - + - -+ -+ 118 Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio - + - - - + - 119 Red-tailed Shrike Lanius isabellinus - - - - - + + 120 Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus ------+ 121 Woodchat Shrike Lanius senator - - + - - - + 122 Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor - + - + - - + Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae 123 Pied Crow Corvus albus Ghurab - + - -+ + - + Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae 124 Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus - - + - - - - 125 Yellow-billed Oxpecker Buphagus africanus - - - - - + + Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae 126 Ruppell's Starling Lamprotornis purpuropterus A'kk - - - - - + -

9

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Local name 2014 2015 2018 D1 D2 W1 D3 D4 D5 W2 Order: Passeriformes Family: Plocidae 127 Lesser Masked Weaver Ploceus intermedius Zarzur - - + - - - + 128 African Golden Weaver Ploceus subaureus Zarzur - - + - - - - Order: Passeriformes Family: Frigillidae 129 Cretzschmar's Bunting Emberiza caesia - - - - - + + Total 263 17 13 68 15 17 46 87 % 100 6.5 4.9 25.9 5.7 6.5 17.5 33 (+) Recorded, (-) Not recorded D1= dry season between 24/3/2014 - 20/4/2014, D2= dry season between 20/5/2014 - 14/6/2014, W1= wet season between 20/8/2014 - 14/9/2014, D3= dry season between 18/1/2015 – 10/2/2015, D4= dry season between 25/4/2015 - 20/5/2015, D5= dry season between 10/4/2018 - 30/4/2018, W2= wet season between 27/8/2018 - 22/9/2018

Table 2. Percentage of Palearcatic bird families and species at Jebel El Dayer National Park during period 2014-2015 and 2018

No Order Family Species 2014 2015 2018 2014 2015 2018 No % No % No % No % No % No % 1 Pelecaniiformes 2 9.5 - - 2 6.3 3 6 - - 3 3.5 2 Ciconiiformes 3 14.3 - - 3 9.4 13 26 - - 12 14 3 Anseriformes 1 4.8 - - 1 3,1 3 6 - - 3 3.5 4 Falconiformes 2 9.5 2 10 2 6.3 10 20 15 32.6 12 14 5 Galliformes 1 4.8 - - 1 3.1 1 2 - - 1 1.2 6 Gruiformes 1 4.8 1 5 1 3.1 1 2 - - 2 2.3 7 Charadiiformes 1 4.8 1 5 1 3.1 2 4 2 4.3 4 4.7 8 Columbiformes 1 4.8 1 5 2 6.3 2 4 1 2.2 3 3.5 9 Cuculiformes - - 1 5 1 3.1 - - 3 6.5 3 3.5 10 Caprimulgiformes - - - - 1 3.1 - - - - 1 1.2 11 Apodiformes - - 1 5 1 3.1 - - 2 4.3 2 2.3 12 Coreciiformes 3 14.3 4 20 6 18.8 3 6 4 8.7 12 14 13 Piciformes - - 2 10 2 6.3 - - 2 4.3 3 3.5 14 Passeriformes 6 28.6 7 35 9 28.1 12 24 17 37 25 29.1 Total 21 100% 20 100% 32 100% 50 100% 46 100% 86 100%

10

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

Table 3. Frequency and abundance Palearcatic birds of different species of at Jabel El Dayer National Park during the period 2014-2015 and 2018

No Species common name Scientific name Frequency of birds 2014 2015 2018 ST AB Order: Pelecaniiformes Family: Pelicanidae 1 Great White Pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus 13 - 7 PM C 2 Pink-backed Pelican Pelecanus rufescens 48 - 7 PM C Order: Pelecaniiformes Family: Anhingidae 3 African Darter Anhinga rufa 1 - 2 PM R Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ardeidae 4 Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 1098 - 1650 PM VC 5 Little Egret Egretta garzella 78 - 55 PM VC 6 Intermediate Egret Egretta intermedia 6 - 5 PM U 7 Great white Egret Egretta alba 4 - 2 PM U 8 Little Bittern Lxobrychus minutus 12 - 4 PM U 9 Green-backed Heron Butoriaes striatus 7 - 4 PM U 10 Black-crowned Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax 33 - 4 PM C 11 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 19 - 1 PM C 12 Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 2 - 2 PM R Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiiformes 13 White Stork Ciconia ciconia 114 66 14 PM VC 14 Black Stork Ciconia nigra 10 - 8 PM C Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Threskiconithidae 15 Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 8 - 4 PM U 16 Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia 4 - - PM R Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae 17 Egyptian Goose Alopochen aegyptiacus 53 - 20 PM C 18 Garganey Anas querquedula 4 - 3 PM U 19 Common Teal Anas crecca crecca 4 - 5 PM U Order: Falcoiformes Family: Accipiteridae 20 African Black kite Milvus migrans 263 60 39 PM C 21 Pallid Harrier Circus macrourus 3 - 3 PM U 22 Palm-nut vulture Gypohierax angolensis 4 - 3 PM U

11

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Frequency of birds 2014 2015 2018 ST AB 23 Hooded Vulture Neophron monachus 1 - 1 PM R 24 Osprey Pandion haliaetus 1 - 2 PM R 25 Eurasian Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus - - 2 PM V R 26 Montagus Harrier Circus pygargus - 3 - PM R 27 African cuckoo-hawk Aviceda cuculoides - 4 3 PM U 28 African hawk-eagle Aquila spilogaster - 2 2 PM R 29 Common Buzzard Buteo buteo - 1 2 PM R 30 Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus - 3 - PM R 31 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax 2 - 2 PM R 32 Steppe Eagle Aquila nipalensis - 1 1 PM VR 33 Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus 1 - 1 PM VR Order: Falconiformes Family : Falconidae 34 Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus - 9 1 PM U 35 Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni - 3 1 PM R 36 Greater kestrel Falco rupicoloides - 2 1 PM R 37 Sooty Falcon Falco concolor - - 3 PM R 38 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 1 - 1 PM VR 39 Amur Falcon Falco amurrensis 1 - 1 PM VR 40 Lanner Falcon Falco biarmicus - 6 - PM U Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae 41 Common Quail Coturnix coturnix 12 - 17 PM C 42 Harlequin Quail Coturnix delegorguei 12 - 3 PM U Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae 43 Spotted crake Porzana porzana 4 - - PM R 44 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 4 - 5 PM U 45 Ruff Philomachus pugnax 14 - - PM U 46 Black tailed godwit Limosa limosa 3 - - PM R Order: Gruiformes Family: Otididae 47 Arabian Bustard Ardeotis arabs 1 - 3 PM R 48 Savil's bustard Eupodotis savilei 4 - 9 PM U 49 Nubian Bustard Neotis nuba - 2 2 PM R

12

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Frequency of birds 2014 2015 2018 ST AB Order: Charadiiformes Family : Charadriidae 50 Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula 13 - 4 PM U 51 Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 7 - 10 PM U 52 Kittlit's Sand Plover Charadrius pecuarius 26 - 7 PM C 53 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius 20 - 16 PM C Order: Columbiformes Family: Pteroclidae 54 Pterocles Pterocles 55 - 24 PM C 55 Black-faced Sandgrouse Pterocles decortus 2 - 11 PM U 56 Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse Pterocles exustus 2 - 9 PM U Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae 57 Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 20 - 3 PM U Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae 58 Levaillant's Cuckoo Clamator levaillantii 5 - - PM R 59 Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius 2 - 2 PM R 60 Jacobin Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 4 - 1 PM R 61 Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus 2 - - PM VR 62 Senegal coucal Centropus senegalensis 4 - 12 PM U Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae 63 Golden Nightjar Caprimulgus eximius 1 - - PM VR Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae 64 Little Swift Apus affinis 2 - 14 PM U 65 Mottled Swift Apus aequatorialis - - 7 PM U 66 Common Swift Apus apus 3 - 1 PM R Order: Coreciiformes Family: Meropidae 67 Swallow-tailed Bee-eater Merops hirundineus 8 8 - PM U 68 European Bee-eater Merops apiaster 1 - 2 PM R 69 Northern Carmine Bee-eater Merops nubicus 1 - 2 PM R 70 Blue-cheeked Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 1 - 1 PM VR Order: Coreciiformes Family Alcedinidae 71 Woodland Kingfisher Halcyon senegalensis 15 - 23 PM C 72 African Pygmy Kingfisher Ispidina picta 5 - - PM R

13

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Frequency of birds 2014 2015 2018 ST AB 73 Striped Kingfisher Halcyon chelicuti 19 - 16 C 74 Giant Kingfisher Megaceryle maxima 27 - 6 PM C 75 Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 6 - 5 PM U Order: Coreciiformes Family: Coraciidae 76 European Roller Coracias garrulus 1 - 2 PM R Order: Coreciiformes Family: Upupidae 77 Eurasian Hoopoe Upupa epops 12 17 4 PM U Order: Coreciiformes Family: Phoeniculidae 78 black Scimiterbill Phoeniculus minor 1 - 1 PM VR Order: Coreciiformes Family: Bucerotida e 79 Red-billed Hornbill Tockus erythrorhynchus 485 338 48 PM VC Order: Piciformes Family: Capitonidae 80 Arnaud's Barbet Trachyphonus darnaudii 4 - 1 PM R 81 Black-breasted Barbet Lybius rolleti - 1 1 PM VR Order: Piciformes Family: Indictoridae 82 Lesser Honey guide Indicator minor 1 - 1 PM VR Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae 83 Flappet Lark Mirafra rufocinnamomea 2 - 1 PM R 84 Sun Lark Galerida modesta 3 2 2 PM R Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae 85 Mosque Swallow Hirundo senegalensis 2 - 2 PM R 86 Ethiopian Swallow Hirundo aethiopica 11 - 6 PM U 87 Wire Tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 2 - - PM VR Order: Passeriformes Family : Motacillidae 88 Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea 16 - 4 PM U 89 Plain-backed Pipit Anthus leucophrys 24 5 2 PM U 90 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava 45 25 4 PM U 91 Yellow Throated Long claw Macronyx croceus 1 - 2 PM R 92 Long-billed Pipit Anthus similis 8 - 1 PM U 93 Red Throated Pipit Anthus cervinus 5 - 8 PM U 94 Tawny Pipit Anthus campestris 8 - 9 PM U

14

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Frequency of birds 2014 2015 2018 ST AB 95 Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis 4 9 14 PM C Order: Passeriformes Family: Pycnonotidae 96 Cabanis's Greenbul Phyllastrephus cabanisi 1 - 1 PM VR 97 Northern Brownbul Phyllastrephus tenestris 2 - 2 PM R 98 Icterine Greenbul Phyllastrephus icterinus - 1 2 PM R Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae 99 Common Red start Phoenicurus phoenicurus - - 3 PM R 100 Rufous Bush Chat Cercotrichas galactortes 7 - 3 PM U 101 Red-breasted Wheatear Oenanthe bottae 2 - 2 PM R 102 Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti 3 4 5 PM U 103 Black-eared Wheatear Oenanthe hispanica 3 15 - PM U 104 Pied Wheatear Oenanthe pleschanka - - 4 PM R 105 Isabelline Wheatear Oenanthe isabellina - - 2 PM VR 106 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe - 4 2 PM U Order: Passeriformes Family: Sylviidae 107 Little Rush Warbler Bradypterus baboecala 2 - 1 PM R 108 Olivaceous Warbler Hippolais pallida 2 - 1 PM R 109 Icterine Warbler Hippolais icterina 2 - 1 PM R 110 Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 5 - 4 PM U 111 Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus 2 - 4 PM R 112 Barred Warbler Sylvia nisoria 2 - 3 PM R 113 Cricket Warbler Spiloptila clamans 8 10 7 PM C 114 Crombec Sylvietta brachyura 2 - 1 PM R 115 Green-Backed Eremomela Eremomela canescens 4 - 3 PM U 116 Yellow-billed Eremomela Eremomela icteropygialis 1 - 4 PM R 117 Grey-backed Camaroptera Camaroptera brachyuran 4 - 1 PM R Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae 118 Grey-backed Fiscal Lanius excubitoroides 10 33 - PM C 119 Red-backed Shrike Lanius collurio 2 - 1 PM R 120 Red-tailed Shrike Lanius isabellinus 2 2 PM R 121 Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus 2 1 1 PM R

15

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

No Species common name Scientific name Frequency of birds 2014 2015 2018 ST AB 122 Wood Chat Shrike Lanius senator 1 - 3 PM R 123 Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor 3 - 1 PM R Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae 124 Pied Crow Corvus albus 8 12 84 PM C Order: Passeriformes Family: Oriolidae Eurasian Golden Oriole Oriolus oriolus 1 - 2 PM R 125 Yellow-billed Oxpecker Buphagus erythrorhynchus 2 - 6 PM U Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae 126 Ruppell's Long-tailed Starling Lamprotornis purpuropteru 2 - 2 PM R Order: Passeriformes Family: Plocidae 127 Lesser Masked Weaver Ploceus intermedius 2 - 4 PM U 128 African Golden Weaver Ploceus subaureus 8 - 10 PM C Order: Passeriformes Family: Frigillidae 129 Cretzschmar's Bunting Emberiza caesia 12 - 5 PM U Total number of birds 5848 2830 647 2371 129 129 % 100 48.4 11.1 40.5 ST= Status, AB= Abundance, ST: PM= Palearctic migrant, AB: VR= very rare, R= Rare, U= Uncommon, C= Common, VC= Very common

16

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

Table 4. Percentage of abundance of Ciconiiformes and Coreciiformes included 12 Palearcatic bird species at Jebel El Dayer species represented 14%. The order of National Park during the study period 2014- Charadiiformes included 4 species represented 2015 and 2018 4.7%. The orders of Pelecaniiformes, Anseriformes, Columbiformes, Cuculiformes and No Abundance No. of % Piciformes included 3 species represented 3.5%. species The orders Galliformes and Caprimulgiformes 1 Very rare (VR) 14 10.9 included only one species each as 1.2%. 2 Rare (R) 49 38 3 Uncommon (U) 43 33.3 4.3 Frequency Abundance of 4 Common (C) 19 14.7 Palearcatic Birds in Different Years, 5 Very common (VC) 4 3.1 at Jebel El Dayer National Park Total 129 100% Table 4 presented distribution of Palearcatic 4.2 Percentage of Palearcatic Migrant birds frequencies and abundance in different Bird Families and Species at Jabel El years at Jabel El Dayer National Park. Regarding Dayer National Park the abundance of Palearcatic bird species, they divided index according to Nicklaus (1987). They Table 2 showed the percentage of Palearcatic were 5 divisions uncommon (Un) which included bird families and species at Jebel El Dayer 43 species represented 33.3%, rare (R) National Park. During the research in 2014 the encompassed 49 species represented 38%, observation of 21 families in highest orders common (C) included 19 species represented Passeriformes includes 6 families represented 14.7%, very rare (VR) involved 14 species 28.6% encompasses 12 species each as 24%. represented 10.9%, and finally the lowest The order of Ciconiiformes included 3 families abundance was very common (VC) 14.3% encompasses 13 species (in highest encompassed 4 species represented 3.1%. species in this year) represented as well as 26%. However, frequency for years 2014 showed The order Coreciiformes consisted of 3 families the highest percentage 48.4% followed belonging 4 species each as 20%. The order of by 2018 which showed 40.5% and minimum Falconiformes recorded 2 families belonging percentage was in the year 2015 showed to 10 species represented 20%. Three 11.1% . orders (Pelecaniiformes, Anseriformes and Coreciiformes) recorded 3 species each as Fig . 1 Abundance (%) of Paleacatic bird species 6%. In addition, four orders have not at Jabel El Dayer National Park study area been observed in 2014, these included during 2014-2015 and 2018 Cuculiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Apodiformes and Piciformes. 5. CONCLUSION

In 2015 observed 9 families the order of A successful management and conservation of Passeriformes was the highest one which environment should recognize the rights to included 7 families shown 35% and the highest access and use of the natural resources without number of species 17 represented 37%. The affecting livelihoods of local communities and the Order of Falconiformes species 15 in the year national park. This would result into sustainable represented 32.6%. The Order of Coreciiformes conservation. included 4 families represented 20% and also the number of species 4 represented 8.7%. Other 6. RECOMMENDATION five orders have not been observed in 2015, these included Galliformes, Pelecaniiformes, Jebel El Dayer National Park area might be Ciconiiformes, Anseriformes and qualified of being biosphere reserves and Caprimulgiformes. particularly it is important to endangered birds. In 2018 the highest observation was 32 families, however no any new records of order or family of COMPETING INTERESTS Passeriformes. There were recorded of 9 families represented 28% included 25 species Authors have declared that no competing represented 29%. The orders of Falconiformes, interests exist.

17

Ibrahim et al.; AJRRA, 3(2): 1-18, 2021; Article no.AJRRA.385

REFERENCES 11. Eltayeb H. Idris, Adam E, EzaIdeen A, HDM. A forest in a city biodiversity at 1. Abdalhameed SM, Nimir MB, El Jack AO. Sunut Forest, Khartoum, Sudan. Egypt. The present status of protected areas in Acad. V. Biology. Sci. C); 2012. Sudan. ARRC Scientific Conference, 12. Korssi AMAA. Wetlands of Zalingei Area August 17-21. 2008;16. (West Sudan) as Birds Habitat. 2. Abdelhameed SM, Nimir MB. Biosphere Unpublished theses Submitted to the Reserves between concept and University of Khartoum, Sudan; 2015. implementation. Albuhuth. 1999;8(1):480- 13. Cave FO, Macdonal JD. Birds of the 506. (In Arabic). Sudan. Oliver and Boyd Ltd, Edinburgh 3. AOAD. The role of protected areas in the London ;1955. protection of biodiversity in Arab region. 14. Nickolaus G. Distribution atlas of Sudan's Book. Published by AOAD; 1999. Birds with notes on Habitat and Status. 4. Martin TE. Food as a limit on breeding Bonner Zoologist momographies, Bonn. birds: a life history perspective. Annu. Rev. No. 25. Zoologists Frostings in statute and Ecol. Syst. 1987;18:453-487. Museum Alexander Koenig, Germany. 5. Smith AC, Virgl JA, Panay DI, Armstrong 1987;90-322. AR. Effects of a diamond mine on tundra- 15. Nickolaus G. Notes on some Birds new to breeding birds. Arctic. 2005;58(3):295- South Sudan-Scopus. 1981;5:121-124. 304. 16. Nickolaus G, Hamed DM. Birds of the 6. Cody ML. An introduction to habitat Sudan (in Arabic). Translation to Arabic selection in birds. Pp. 3-56 in habitat Tex by Hamed D. M. Produced by ICBP selection in birds (M. L. Cody, Ed). Migratory Birds Programmer. Publisher of Orlando, Florida, Academic Press; 1985. Cuxhavener Nachrichten Lufthansa British 7. Finch DM. Relationships of surrounding Museum; 1987. riparian habitat to nest-box use and 17. ADS, El Obeid. Executive summary of reproductive outcome in House Wrens. project, paper. Presented to workshop on Condor. 1989;91:848-859. pasture nomads into ADS Program for 8. Maurer BA. Biological diversity, ecological Sudan; 1995. integrity, and neotropical migrants: new 18. Abdalhameed SM. Assessment of perspectives for wildlife management. biodiversity in J. Ed Dair, Northern Pages 24-31 in D. M. Finch and P. W. Kordofan. WRC Report. 2000;7. (in Arabic) Stangel, editors. Status and management 19. Wikipedia. Mountains of Sudan; 2006. of neotropical migratory birds. U. S. Jebel El Dair http:∕∕en.Wikipedia.Org ∕ Jebel Department of Agriculture, Forest Service El Dair. General Technical Report RM-229; 20. Ibrahim AH. Assessment of Existing 1993. Wildlife Resources in Jabel El Dair Area, 9. Hamed DM, Evans SM. Seasonal changes North Kordofan State, Sudan. M.Sc in in bird fauna at Hantub. Sudan Notes and Production (Wildlife); 2009. Records. 1982;LIX:176-189. 21. Yousif RA. Abundance, Mayas Preference 10. Hamed DM. Bird Fauna in Dinder National and Distribution of Birds in Dinder National Park, Sudan Notes and Records. 1998; Park, Sudan. World's Vet. J. 2012;2(3): 11:187-203. 27-32. ______© Copyright Global Press Hub. All rights reserved.

18