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Manduchiibz.Pdf biblioteca di testi e studi / 965 studi storici I lettori che desiderano informazioni sui volumi pubblicati dalla casa editrice possono rivolgersi direttamente a: Carocci editore Corso Vittorio Emanuele ii, 229 00186 Roma telefono 06 42 81 84 17 fax 06 42 74 79 31 Siamo su: www.carocci.it www.facebook.com/caroccieditore www.twitter.com/caroccieditore I movimenti giovanili nel mondo arabo mediterraneo Dalle indipendenze nazionali a oggi A cura di Patrizia Manduchi C Carocci editore 1a edizione, novembre 2014 © copyright 2014 by Carocci editore S.p.A., Roma Realizzazione editoriale: Omnibook, Bari Finito di stampare nel novembre 2014 da Grafiche VD srl, Città di Castello (PG) isbn 978-88-430-7384-9 Riproduzione vietata ai sensi di legge (art. 171 della legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633) Senza regolare autorizzazione, è vietato riprodurre questo volume anche parzialmente e con qualsiasi mezzo, compresa la fotocopia, anche per uso interno o didattico. Indice Introduzione 00 di Patrizia Manduchi Parte prima Traiettorie 1. Studenti e dissenso nel trentennio di Mubarak (1981- 2011). La componente islamica dentro le università 00 di Patrizia Manduchi 2. Le rôle historique de l’Université tunisienne dans les mouvements anti-dictature (1956-2011) 00 di Vincent Geisser 3. Dalle università al web: giovani e attivisti in rivolta nella Libia di Gheddafi 00 di Marcella Tramatzu 4. L’Union Nationale des Étudiants Marocains (unem) e l’opposizione politica studentesca nel Marocco post- coloniale 00 di Andrea Duranti 5. Università e questione linguistica. Il Fronte di liberazione nazionale e il processo di arabizzazione in Algeria 00 di Marisa Fois 7 indice Parte seconda Sguardi 6. La modernizzazione complicata dei paesi arabi del Medi- terraneo 00 di Gianfranco Bottazzi 7. Al-thawra mustamirra: la rivoluzione continua. I movi- menti d’opposizione egiziani tra successi e sconfitte 00 di Alessandra Marchi 8. La democrazia nei campus universitari in Giordania: un microcosmo specchio della società? 00 di Valeria Ruggiu 9. C’è un pilota in questo aereo? Storie tunisine di resistenza al regime 00 di Michele Carboni, Maria Paola Crisponi e Giovanni Sistu 10. Le tende di Rotschild Boulevard: le proteste in Israele nell’estate 2011 00 di Filippo Petrucci Gli autori 00 Indice dei nomi 00 8 Introduzione di Patrizia Manduchi Questo volume raccoglie i risultati del percorso di ricerca di un gruppo di studiosi, la maggior parte dei quali operanti all’interno del Dipartimento di Scienze sociali e delle istituzioni dell’Università di Cagliari. La ricerca ha preso avvio dalla volontà di indagare e riflettere sui sommovimenti definiti “primavere arabe” a una certa distanza di tempo dall’esplodere degli accadimenti, al fine di poter meglio definire i contorni di una fase storica che – comunque la si voglia valutare – rappresenta un grandioso momento di svolta per buona parte del mondo arabo, musulmano e me- diterraneo. L’obiettivo più specifico è stato quello di analizzare il ruolo dei movi- menti giovanili e studenteschi all’interno delle rivolte stesse, sia per ribadire – in tanti lo hanno già fatto – l’importanza dell’elemento generazionale in questi rivolgimenti politici e sociali, sia per tentare di indagare se le univer- sità, luoghi deputati per vocazione specifica a coltivare la coscienza politica, la crescita intellettuale e la formazione civile delle nuove generazioni, siano state nel passato protagoniste attive nei momenti di risveglio della società civile e sino a che punto siano effettivamente coinvolte nelle recenti rivolte in paesi come la Tunisia, l’Egitto, la Libia (che a loro volta hanno innescato altri rivolgimenti comunque significativi). Da un punto di visto metodologico, questo lavoro collettivo può for- se apparire una sfida, poiché i singoli contributi riflettono l’orientamento specifico e le competenze dei rispettivi autori: storici, sociologi, geografi, antropologi. In realtà, senza voler peccare di presunzione, ci pare una sfida superata poiché la lettura dei vari saggi consente al lettore interessato agli avvenimenti in questione di poter spaziare dall’approfondimento storico, sempre necessario, alle analisi più teoriche, fino alla prospettiva più ravvici- nata dell’intervistatore e dell’osservatore diretto di quelle piccole storie che stanno contribuendo alla costruzione di un nuovo paesaggio politico nei paesi arabi e mediterranei. 9 patrizia manduchi Ecco perché la Parte prima è intitolata Traiettorie e affronta il percorso storico che in Egitto, in Tunisia, in Libia, in Marocco e in Algeria le univer- sità, intese sia come istituzioni sia come microcosmi della società stessa (per parafrasare il titolo di uno degli interventi di questo volume), hanno com- piuto, assumendo sempre un ruolo di primo piano nella storia degli Stati di appartenenza. Al loro interno – lo si vede con chiarezza leggendo tutti gli interventi della sezione – l’impegno politico ha sempre accompagnato lo sforzo intellettuale e accademico. Ne sono esempi la lunga storia – che presenta alcuni parallelismi e simi- litudini – delle coraggiose battaglie politiche, ma anche dei dissidi e delle spaccature interne ai movimenti studenteschi nelle università egiziane e tunisine, descritte rispettivamente nei saggi di Manduchi e di Geisser; le drammatiche vicende degli studenti libici, costretti ad assistere alle peri- odiche impiccagioni dentro i campus universitari nei lunghi anni bui del regime di Gheddafi, ci cui ci riferisce Tramatzu; le università marocchine, che nel saggio di Duranti sono contraddistinte dall’attaccamento alla tradi- zione e dal forte legame con la monarchia ‘alawita da un lato, e dalle spinte impellenti alla modernizzazione dall’altro, in una storia difficile, soprattut- to negli “anni di piombo” sotto il re Hassan ii; infine le battaglie contro l’egemonia di una lingua, quella araba, imposta agli studenti berberi dell’U- niversità di Tizi Ouzou in Algeria, in nome di una predominanza culturale e linguistica indispensabile alla costruzione di un’identità nazionale ancora non ben definita. Decenni di proteste, impegno, dissenso e repressione che ci raccontano di società nient’affatto passive e per nulla restie alla democratizzazione, di giovani attaccati alla loro identità nazionale, culturale e religiosa, ma anche consapevoli dei loro diritti e pronti a coraggiose prese di posizione contro i regimi al potere e le politiche di soffocamento delle istanze di libertà e democrazia che dal mondo universitario sono sempre emerse. Una prima riflessione da trarre è che questi movimenti di dissenso e pro- testa – da alcuni definiti “Sessantotto” del mondo arabo – siano i precursori delle cosiddette recenti “primavere”, che dunque non sono avvenimenti né imprevisti né in controtendenza rispetto al passato, ma anzi si inseriscono proprio nella scia di una lunga tradizione di opposizione politica, all’inter- no della quale i giovani, e gli universitari in particolare, hanno giocato un ruolo importante. Segue la sezione Prospettive, così titolata perché raccoglie i saggi attra- verso i quali si tentano analisi più diversificate dal punto di vista metodo- logico: in questo contesto, Bottazzi introduce opportunamente a uno dei temi chiave dell’analisi delle rivolte arabe, quello della “complicata moder- 10 introduzione nizzazione”, che comporta inevitabilmente – e ovunque – la necessaria ri- flessione critica su se stessi e sulla propria cultura, riflessione senza la quale nessun tipo di evoluzione politica può dirsi reale e concreta. Segue il saggio denso di spunti di riflessione teorica di Marchi, che s’in- terroga sulla definizione delle categorie di “giovani”, “movimento studente- sco”, “società civile”, nello specifico delle più recenti declinazioni della co- siddetta rivoluzione di piazza Tahrir, un fenomeno nient’affatto concluso ma che continua, con gli esiti anche drammatici che ben conosciamo. Un’altra prospettiva per inquadrare il mondo delle università in rap- porto ai sommovimenti politici e sociali del passato e del presente è quello di tentare un approccio più ravvicinato, come fa Ruggiu che, in una realtà apparentemente meno conflittuale come quella giordana, ben delinea una modalità di controllo e irreggimentazione del mondo universitario volta a incentivare le divisioni tribali fra studenti, in modo da incanalare la violen- za e l’aggressività in quella direzione. Da una prospettiva altrettanto ravvicinata si pone il gruppo Carboni, Crisponi, Sistu, in un saggio che prende spunto dall’incontro con Chokri Yaich, professore all’École Nationale d’Ingénieurs di Sfax e, dal 2011, depu- tato dell’Assemblea nazionale costituente tunisina. Yaich è stato una figura centrale del sito SfaxOnline, attorno al quale si è raccolto un gruppo di Sfaxiani, nell’intento di risvegliare fra i loro concittadini la voglia di par- tecipare attivamente alla vita della città (e del paese), in un’esperienza che concorre a mostrare il volto vero della Tunisia di Ben Ali e il prezzo da pa- gare per fare resistenza e opposizione in tempi di dittatura, anche attraverso l’utilizzo della rete. Il volume si conclude con un contributo che guarda alle proteste di piaz- za che hanno, per la prima volta in Israele, coinvolto migliaia di giovani nel movimento J14 (di cui così poco si sa in Occidente) e che, pur affrontando tematiche sociali e concrete e sebbene non siano riuscite a ottenere un reale cambiamento politico, hanno comunque avuto il merito di aprire un dibat- tito aspro in una società che fa dell’unità e della coesione interna il proprio mito fondatore. In conclusione,
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