First Pipe Arrives for Nord Stream 2

ISSUE 32 | JUNE 2017

Cover story: First pipe arrives for North Sea resources Interview with SPX Nord Stream 2 update Flow’s Jose Larios Page 20 Page 44 Page 28

CONTENTS STATS GROUP Managing Pressure, Minimising Risk Issue 32 | June 2017

REGULARS INTEGRITY From the editor 4 Best practices in pipeline integrity for gas World wrap 6 pipelines 34 Accurate fatigue assessment for gas Tecno Plug™ News in brief 8 pipeline systems Events update 54 36 Pipelines International is Advertisers’ index 56 SECURITY a proud media partner of Features and deadlines 2017‒18 56 Non-intrusive Inline Isolation Atmos International’s Theft Net IPLOCA NEWS technology 40 Transneft and Technical Productions to RISK MANAGEMENT produce pipeline journal 10 Exciting times for pipeline risk Taper Lock Grips Mitigating the risk of ‘pipe walking’ 12 Self-Energisation management 42

UNPIGGABLE PIPELINES INTERVIEW Unpiggable Pipeline Solutions Forum 14 Pipeline people: Jose Larios 44 Using MFL-equipped robotic unit to Five minutes with NDT Global’s assess an unpiggable pipeline 16 John Fallon 45

REGION IN FOCUS COMPANY NEWS The North Sea 20 ISSUE 32 | JUNE 2017 Clock Spring’s new look and management team PIGGING & ILI 46 POSCO and ExxonMobil pipeline Impact of crack profiles on production partnership 48 pipeline integrity 22 Isolating and pigging a 36 inch trunkline 26 EVENTS PPIM marks 29th year with biggest Cover story: First pipe arrives for North Sea resources Nord Stream 2 Interview with SPX update PROJECTS Page 28 Flow’s Jose Larios Page 20 show to date 50 Page 44 Nord Stream 2 28 Berlin plays host to ptc 2017 52 MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT Tools for effective fleet management 31 Leak-Tight Seals Ardco’s Articulating Multi-Purpose series 32 Pettibone’s updated Cary-Lift 154 33 Read Pipelines International Zero-Energy Zone on your device! Double Block & Bleed Isolation To view the digital edition go to pipelinesinternational.com

United Kingdom (Editorial and Technical) | PO Box 21, Beaconsfield, Bucks HP9 1NS UK | Tel: +44 1494 675139 | Fax: +44 1494 670155 Australia (Sales and Subscriptions) | Suite 1, Level 3, 169–171 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy VIC 3065 Australia | Tel: +61 (0) 3 9248 5100 The Tecno Plug™ provides fail-safe double block and bleed isolation The publishers welcome editorial contributions from interested parties. However, the publishers do not accept responsibility for the content of these contributions and the views contained therein which will not necessarily be the views of the publishers. The publishers do not accept of pressurised pipelines while the system remains live and at responsibility for any claims made by advertisers. Unless explicitly stated otherwise in writing, by providing editorial material to Great Southern Press (GSP), including text and images, you are operating pressure. providing permission for that material to be subsequently used by GSP, whole or in part, edited or unchanged, alone or in combination with other material in any publication or format in print or online or howsoever distributed, whether produced by GSP and its agents and associates or another party to whom GSP has provided permission. statsgroup.com 2 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com FROM THE EDITOR

wo significant papers from the of the current generations employed in the recent Pipeline Pigging & Integrity pipeline industry (there may be as many as five), Management (PPIM) Conference and and the ways in which the strengths of each can TExhibition held in Houston, deserve attention be harnessed. Knowledge transfer between the because of their comments on the wider future generations (as with the transfer of the duty of of the pipeline industry as new generations of care) will play a vital role in the future of this engineers take over from the current generation, industry, as the ‘Grey Tsunami’ of Baby Boomers 11-12 April 2018 Gent | Belgium some of whom can almost claim to be the retiring takes effect. ‘founding’ generation of the oil and gas pipeline Introducing the paper, Mr and Mrs Rau write industry. that “the great crew change is upon us. According In the first of these, Eric Lang and Chris Yoxall to the Centre of Energy Workforce Development, (of Enbridge Energy Partners and the Rosen the average age of the workforce in the pipeline The Technology for Future and Ageing Pipelines (TFAP) 2018 conference From the editor Group, respectively, both in Houston) discuss the industry is 49, and the US Department of Labour is aimed at sharing knowledge and featuring the latest achievements transfer of the ‘duty of care’ between generations predicts that up to 50 per cent of the current relative to the assessment, use, and maintenance of both ageing of pipeline engineers. As well as the background energy workforce will retire in five to ten years. Editor-in-Chief John Tiratsoo high-pressure (cross-country/offshore) transmission and ageing of their companies, Messrs Lang and Yoxall have “It has been predicted by some industry Managing Editor Annie Ferguson significant roles in the US-based Young Pipeline managers that it takes two to five years to become low-pressure distribution gas and oil pipeline systems. A parallel Assistant Editor Nick Lovering Professionals organisation, and are able to bring familiar with the industry and another ten or theme will be to explore the latest technology for materials and Sales Manager David Marsh to their paper an appropriately nuanced view of more years to take on a leadership position. welding for new pipelines to ensure they are designed for a Head of Design Katrina Rolfe the subject. Pipeline operators, who depend on skilled, Publisher Lyndsie Clark maximum effective operational lifetime. As they point out in their introduction, “the oil long-term, workers, are feeling the pinch. and gas pipeline industry is at a tipping point with “As valuable people walk out your door, Please contact Dave Marsh at [email protected] for regard to transferring the duty of care from its valuable knowledge leaves with them. Often that details on sponsorship packages. current leaders to the next generation. If we do knowledge isn’t encoded in documentation Cover image: nothing, we risk the loss of the knowledge and produced on the job, so how companies transfer ISSUE 32 | JUNE 2017 experience gained within the pipeline industry and manage this hand-off is critical to their First pipes prepared at the OMK plant in over the last 20 years. ongoing success.” CALL FOR PAPERS NOW OPEN Vyksa, Russia. “However, if the industry aggressively and We hope both of these papers will be worthy of collectively works toward the retention and study: the messages contained in them may not be Image courtesy of Nord Stream 2. development of the next generation, as well as strictly ‘pipeline engineering’, but they have an

Cover story: First pipe arrives for North Sea resources Interview with SPX update Flow’s Jose Larios toward the transfer of knowledge from its subject influence on every pipeline engineer. Nord Stream 2 Page 20 Page 44 Submissions should include an abstract of the paper with full Page 28 matter experts to those prepared to accept it, A full event report on PPIM 2017 can be found papers due after confirmation of successful applications. Topics instead of a potential loss it could be a step- on page 50. include: change opportunity for the industry.” Like us on Facebook The generational theme continued with the • Coating properties, cathodic • Girth welds: inspection and PipelinesInternational second paper referred to above in which Jerry protection, corrosion assessment Rau, of RCP, in Houston, and Jane Rau, of John Tiratsoo • Code developments: vintage vs • ILI and defect-sizing accuracy JTrain, also in Houston, gave a detailed analysis Editor-in-Chief of the attitudes, expectations, and characteristics new codes • Material properties and test Follow us on Twitter • Routeing issues, third-party @Pipelines • Crack-arrest capabilities requirements damage • Data management • Pipeline design and • Sour service • Ductile failure and crack construction FREE Pipelines International arrest • Pipeline steels • Strain-based design fortnightly e-newsletter • ECA and validation testing • Pipeline welding • Toughness and residual The latest news, project and technology stresses information emailed fortnightly • Fatigue testing • Risk management SUBSCRIBE TODAY Submit your paper at www.jes-tt-events.com. For further information contact John Tiratsoo at www.pipelinesinternational.com [email protected] or +44 (0)1494 675139.

Remember to email your news, views and article ideas to [email protected]

4 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com WORLD WRAP WORLD WRAP

FERC approves Rover Pipeline TAP celebrates first year of construction Energy Transfer’s Rover Pipeline has been approved for construction and operation by the US Federal Energy In May 2017, the 878 km Trans Adriatic Pipeline (TAP) reached a significant project milestone, marking one full Regulatory Commission (FERC). The ruling, which was issued last month, means that construction on the year since the start of construction. At the time of writing, contractors had cleared approximately 49 per cent US$4.2 billion pipeline could now move forward. The project consists of new interstate pipeline and related the pipeline route in Greece and Albania, with more than 22 per cent welded steel pipes already in the ground, facilities, extending from the Appalachian supply area to a proposed interconnection with the Vector Pipeline and approximately 69 per cent of the total 55,000 pipes delivered. More than 5,200 people have been employed in Livingston County, Michigan. Once completed the 1,150 km, 24–42 inch pipeline will transport up to by TAP; at least 85 per cent of these jobs are local hires in TAP host countries. By June 2018, TAP expects to 92,000,000 m3 of natural gas per day to the Midwest, Northeast, East Coast, Gulf Coast and Canada, with have completed the clearing and grading of the route across Greece and Albania, and have approximately direct deliveries to Ohio, West Virginia, Michigan, and into the Dawn Hub in Ontario, Canada, which has a 67 per cent of the pipeline in the ground. broader network of distribution points back into the US.

ILF wins FEED contract for TAPI natural gas pipeline ILF Consulting Engineers has been awarded the front-end-engineering and design (FEED) contract for the Turkmenistan – Afghanistan – Pakistan – India (TAPI) natural gas pipeline project. ILF will also provide project management and technical supervision services for the First Subsea wins Gulf of Mexico contract route between Afghanistan and Pakistan, which has a length of 1,600 km and includes several compressor and metering stations. Once completed, the 1,814 km TAPI pipeline will export First Subsea has been awarded a contract to supply a 42 inch 33 MMcm/a of natural gas per year from the Galkynysh field in Turkmenistan. Ballgrab Pipeline Recovery Tool (PRT) for a project in the Gulf of Mexico. The company was awarded the contract by Allseas for the Sur de Texas – Tuxpan pipeline project, a 700 km subsea gas pipeline which will connect the Nueces-Brownsville and Tuxpan-Tula pipelines. The PRT is designed and constructed to be flexible and has the ability to accommodate different pipe specifications, as well as various pigging, dewatering and sealing scenarios.

Transneft Diascan signs MoU with Argentinian Province Transneft Diascan has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Oil and Gas in Chubut Province in Argentina. The MoU means that Transneft Diascan has the opportunity of performing in-line inspection (ILI) works Myanmar-China crude oil pipeline starts operations on all of Chubut’s pipeline systems. The agreement was reached during a visit from The 2,371 km long Myanmar – China crude oil pipeline has commenced operations a Transneft Diascan delegation, which included Deputy Director General for Foreign with 140,000 tonne of crude oil delivered to the Bay of Bengal. Operations started Economic Activities and Production Sergey Zubin and Head of External Projects a few hours after Chinese President Xi Jinping and Myanmar President Htin Kyaw, Management Directorate Vyacheslav Ogurtsov. Chubut Province is interested in China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) Chairman Wang Yilin, and Myanmar developing of technologies for its oil industry and involving new companies for Ambassador to China Thit Linn Ohn signed the Myanmar-China Crude Pipeline inspection work to ensure safe pipeline operation. transmission agreement on 10 April 2017. The pipeline, which runs from Maday Island, on the western coast of Myanmar, enters China in Rulli, Yunnan Province, and has been designed with a transmission capacity of 22 MMt/a. Construction started in June 2010 and was completed in early 2015.

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NextDecade signs agreement with GE Oil & Gas TransCanada files for US steel not Laurini Officine Meccaniche to sell Opus Srl products NextDecade has entered into a services The gas turbine and compressor construction required for On 21 April, Laurini Officine Meccaniche As a company that prides itself for the agreement with GE Oil & Gas for a liquefied equipment supplied to NextDecade finalised an agreement to become an customisation of machinery and equipment, natural gas (LNG) export project, including will come with long-term services, life- approval for NMML Keystone XL authorised retailer of Opus Srl technology. as well as the development of services pipelines, in Texas, US. cycle maintenance agreements, and GE The construction of the Opus Srl is an Italian company with designed specifically for the customer, the As part of the agreement, GE will act as performance guarantees. project Keystone XL Pipeline will not be years of experience in the pipeline sector, co-operation between the two companies is a the exclusive supplier of gas turbine and GE will also provide NextDecade with a TransCanada has filed avariance required to use American steel for specialised in the design, construction, and step forward. compressor equipment for the liquefaction common equity investment, and is granted application with the National Energy its construction, despite President overhaul of internal couplings. “In an extremely competitive business like trains on NextDecade’s proposed Rio the right to invest up to a specified amount Board to proceed with the construction Trump signing an Executive Order As an authorised retailer, Laurini Officine ours, we believe in relationships, and the new Grande LNG project, including the in project-level equity and debt financing of the North Montney Mainline in January which seemingly stated Meccaniche will now be able to expand the agreement with Opus is the expression of associated Rio Bravo Pipeline. for Rio Grande LNG at the time of final (NMML) project in British Columbia, otherwise. services offered to its customers and offering a this co-operative view,” said Marco Laurini, The pipeline system includes two investment decision. Canada. Located in Peace River One of Mr Trump’s first acts as more complete line of products. Chairman of Laurini Officine Meccaniche. 42 inch, 221 km gas lines from the Agua The project is currently being reviewed by Regional District, the NMML includes President was to sign a series of Dulce Market Area, Kingsville to the LNG the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 301 km of pipeline and associated Executive Orders which related to site outside Brownsville. (FERC). metering facilities, valve sites, and pipelines, including an order that compression facilities. stipulated that American pipelines TransCanada had previously been would be built using locally NDT Global and Enbridge advance pipeline granted the Federal and Provincial produced steel. approvals for the construction of Speaking at the time, President inspection technology NMML, subject to conditions that Trump said “From now on we’re NDT Global has entered into an “Achieving this requires collaboration in included the requirement for a positive going to start making pipeline in the agreement with Enbridge to advance the long-term research and development projects. final investment decision on the proposed US. We build it in the US, we build research and development of the next “We are delighted to collaborate closely with Pacific Northwest (PNW) LNG project. the pipelines, we want to build the generation of pipeline inspection technology. Enbridge on this initiative, which offers a real The variance would allow it to proceed pipe. It’s going to put a lot of workers The two companies have an extensive opportunity to make a breakthrough in crack- with the construction of the – a lot of steel workers – back to history, having worked together for 15 years on assessment capability.” CA$1.4 billion (US$1.04 billion) NMML work,” he said. pipeline inspections, and are at the forefront The new project is aimed at evolving before the final investment decision on However, speaking to media earlier of the industry in advancing crack assessment existing in-line inspection performance, the PNW project. this month, White House Principal with high-resolution ultrasonic inspections. with ambitious goals for improving the ability TransCanada Executive Vice President Deputy Press Secretary Sarah The ultimate goal of the multi-year research to accurately and consistently find crack and President Natural Gas Pipelines Sanders confirmed that Keystone XL and development project is to drive pipeline features. Karl Johannson said “This project would not be required to be safety and reliability to a new level, while An important step is to prove the capability adds significant pipeline capacity that Laurini Officine Meccaniche Chairman Marco Laurini and Opus Srl Managing Director Simone Bergamaschi. constructed using US steel because it also focusing on the development of a new of the equipment by conducting test runs in connects new gas supplies from the was not a new pipeline. generation of inspection tools to further the Enbridge pipeline networks in Canada prolific Montney basin to the Nova Gas “Well, the way that the executive Lloyd’s launches subsea pipeline service improve pipe crack assessment. and the US. Transmission (NGTL) system, and will order is written is actually... specific Provider of integrity, compliance and “By uniting this expertise and experience It will also hopefully bring further innovation In the last five years, Enbridge has invested provide access to markets across to new pipelines or those that are specialist risk consulting services, Lloyd’s with our focus upon safety, quality and and a new technology capability to the existing almost CA$5 billion (US$3.73 billion) on North America. being repaired. And since this one is Register, has launched a new service to support cost-efficiency, we aim to be the preferred integrity management programs. programs that help it maintain its systems in “This investment further affirms our already currently under construction, underwater inspections of subsea pipelines, subsea inspection management supplier for Enbridge Vice President Pipeline Integrity operation across Canada and the US. commitment to build key natural gas the steel is already literally sitting assets and facilities. our clients.” of Enbridge Pipelines Walter Kresic said infrastructure in British Columbia, and there, it would be hard to go back. The Subsea Inspection Service will The announcement coincided with research “At Enbridge, we are continually looking for ensures that the NGTL can continue to But I know that everything moving provide project management, consultancy, released by one of Norway’s leading strategy opportunities to enhance existing technologies, efficiently and competitively meet the forward would be fall under that personal quality control, data processing and consultancies, Rystad Energy, which predicted and progress new ones, in the areas of design, transportation needs of our customers. executive order.” management, applicable to remote-operated that subsea installations would increase in construction, operation, and maintenance, to The NMML project will provide The CA$10.85 billion (US$8 vehicle (ROV), autonomous-underwater production levels form 15 MMbbl/d to keep our pipelines safe. new jobs and economic benefits for billion) pipeline will link existing vehicle (AUV) and diver projects. 35 MMbbl/d in 2030. “We believe this next generation project with governments and communities, while pipeline networks in Canada and It will be delivered by the Lloyd’s subsea Rystad also anticipated a recovery in NDT Global will build on the industry-leading supporting further upstream resource the US to transport crude oil from inspection, survey and asset-integrity maintenance, modifications and operations tools and technology we already use, and investment in British Columbia.” Alberta and North Dakota to specialists, and will be led by Subsea Inspection expenditure. further enhance our ability to inspect, monitor, Subject to regulatory approvals, refineries in Illinois and the Gulf of Manager Andrew Inglis. The Subsea Inspection Service will be and prioritise cracking threats in pipelines.” TransCanada plans to begin construction Mexico. “Lloyd’s Register has the significant managed and coordinated in Aberdeen; it has NDT Global CEO Mario Lemme said in the first half of 2018, with facilities The 1,897 km, 36 inch diameter capability and experience within the subsea already completed subsea inspection contracts “NDT Global’s long-term goal is to eliminate being phased-into service over a two-year pipeline will run from Hardisty, sector including management of a wide range in the North Sea and Trinidad. pipeline failure due to pipe integrity defects. period, beginning in April 2019. The partnership should yield growth in the pipeline Alberta, to Steele City, Nebraska. of offshore projects and operations across the inspection technology subsector. Image courtesy of energy mix,” Mr Inglis said. NDT Global.

8 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com | Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines June 2017 | Pipelines International | 9 NEWS Transneft and Technical Productions to produce new international pipeline journal The Managing Director of Technical Productions (London), John Tiratsoo, has signed an agreement with major Russian oil company Transneft to establish an international scientific and technical journal focused on pipeline transportation.

he new English-language journal, Pipeline In 2007 he was instrumental in the In partnership with Clarion Technical Science & Technology, will be published founding of the Professional Institute of Conferences he has also initiated a number of quarterly in the UK, with the first Pipeline Engineers (PIPE), and he is currently successful conference series, dealing with Tedition being released in June 2017. The peer- chairman of a pipeline industry group pipeline pigging, pipeline integrity, and reviewed journal will provide a major opportunity working on establishing competencies for pipeline risk management and reliability. for Russian and western scientists to exchange various levels of engineers in the international information on scientific and technological pipeline industry. research and achievements in the field of pipeline transportation and environment safety, in Russia “I am very pleased to get started with this new and around the world. The Editor-in-Chief of the new publication journal. I hope that the papers which are to be will be Valentin Komatitsa, who is also editor published in this journal will be interesting both for of Transneft R&D’s existing Russian-language scientific journal, while Mr Tiratsoo will be Russian and foreign scientists and engineers, and be the UK production editor. Transneft R&D of practical use for the international pipeline Director General Dr Yuri Lisin says “I am certain that this new journal will help us community.” to enrich the exchange and accumulation of knowledge, in particular in the area – John Tiratsoo of operating large pipeline systems with prolonged service lives.” Mr Tiratsoo, who is also the Editor- in-Chief of Pipelines International and the Journal of Pipeline Engineering, says “Having an understanding of the importance of the task of distributing the best experience and knowledge, I am very pleased to get started with this new journal. I hope that the papers which are to be published in this journal will be interesting both for Russian and foreign scientists and engineers, and be of practical use for the international pipeline community.” Prior to joining the publishing industry in 1979, Mr Tiratsoo achieved chartered professional status as a civil engineer and spent his early career building roads and bridges in the UK for the Department of Transport, and in sub-Saharan Africa for a number of World Bank projects. Dr Yuri Lisin and John Tiratsoo seal the new partnership with a handshake.

Visit the Pipelines International website for exclusive video footage of the signing of the agreement: www.pipelinesinternational.com

10 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com NEWS Journal of Next steps: mitigating the risk of ‘pipe walking’ Pipeline Engineering The Industry Technology Facilitator (ITF) is welcoming additional participants to a new joint industry project incorporating (JIP) to develop pipeline anchoring and monitoring systems, which could mitigate the risk of ‘pipe walking’ and The Journal of Pipeline Integrity slash the costs associated with pipeline anchor installations.

he initial phase of the Anchoring 2 Pipeline Technology (APT) JIP, which March, 2016 Vol.15, No.1 Real world considerationsThe Journal of Pipeline Engineering currently involves Shell, will run for for strain-based design and 1st Quarter, 2016 Teight months. It is bringing together major global Journal of assessment by Dr Yong-Yi Wang* and Dr Ming Liu Center for Reliable Energy Systems, Dublin, OH, USA Joint ID Type ILI 3 operators and pipeline installation companies to Max. depth (mm) Depth Pipeline EngineeringTRAIN-BASED DESIGN and assessment (SBDA) focuses on potential failures driven by high longitudinal 1 LSWA (%) Length PAUT NDE Type Sstrains. Pipeline failures driven by longitudinal stresses or strains are relatively rare events in comparison 2 3.8 (mm) collaborate with the ITF and independent oil and to failures driven by hoop stresses. Longitudinal strains are often associated with ground movement or LSWA Max. depth 3.9 70 Depth incorporating other unusual upsetting events. SBDA is performed by comparing strain demand with strain capacity. Strain 3 (mm) Length LSWA LOF (%) demand may be obtained from direct measurement or pipe-soil interaction models. Strain capacity is typically 3 3.2 62 4.1 (mm) The Journal of Pipeline Integrityestimated using suitable models supported by experimental test data. LSWA LOF 2.7 1512 15 gas consultant, Crondall Energy. 4 LSWA Hook crack 3.8 7KHUHDUHJDSVEHWZHHQWKHSUHVHQWDSSURDFKHVWR6%'$DQGÀHOGFRQGLWLRQVXQGHUZKLFK6%'$LVDSSOLHG LSWA: linear seam weld anomaly3.6 108 2.9 40 For instance, linepipes are delivered with a range of tensile properties. Welds are produced by a variety of * Entire cut-out length LOF 12828 1710 processes with a range of tensile and toughness properties. Pipe dimensions, mechanical properties, and Hook crack 2.7 Table 2. Combined EMAT and CMFL ILI analyses results vs manual PAUT NDE for four reported spools. Corresponding data The aim of the project is to investigate soil conditions affect both strain demand and strain capacity. 62 are shown in Figs 4 to 7. 3.9 12060* 7KHRYHUDOOSURFHVVRI6%'$LVLQWURGXFHGÀUVW,WFDQEHVHHQWKDWFRQGLWLRQVDVVXPHGLQPRGHOVFDQEH alternative and cheaper solutions, while creating a TXLWHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKRVHLQDFWXDOÀHOGDSSOLFDWLRQV)RULQVWDQFHWKHUHFDQEHFRQVLGHUDEOHYDULDWLRQVLQ INTAGE PRE-1970 the tensile strength of linepipes. The potential impact of strength variations on the measured/reported strain Vwelded (LF-ERW) andlow-frequency electric-flash electric-resistance- welded (EFW) demand and strain capacity is described. The overall approaches to SBDA with appropriate consideration linepipe are known to show a variety of imperfections RIDFWXDOÀHOGFRQGLWLRQVDUHVXJJHVWHG6RPHXQUHVROYHGLVVXHVUHODWHGWR6%'$DUHGHVFULEHGSDUWLFXODUO\ along the bonding line inherent to the manufacturing from the properties in, for example, the pipe body. blueprint to manage and mitigate the challenge in the context of characteristics of modern linepipes. process and pipe material [1-3]. For LF-ERW pipe, hot- Local properties of the material are mostly unavailable, rolled and coiled strip steel was usually cold-formed into preventing formal integrity assessment of the asset a round can and passed through a welding device. An and prediction of critical anomaly dimensions [4]. In HIS IS alternating current – typically of 120 Hz – was applied THE THIRD PAPER in a three-paper series the past linepipe integrity has therefore been mostly of ‘pipe walking’. Ton the strain-based design and assessment (SBDA). to heat the edges after which they were mechanically secured by hydrostatic pressure testing at intervals of The first paper focuses on tensile strain design [1], and forced together to achieve bonding without melting the order of (typically) several years. By development introduced the background of SBDA. Three key elements from pipe operational and environmental conditions, the steel. For direct-current-welded ERW (DC-ERW) of technologies for non-destructive examination (NDE) of tensile strain design, linepipe specifications, girth-weld such as geotechnical features and soil conditions. only the nature of the welding current was different and, more recently, smart in-line inspection (ILI) tools, qualification, and tensile strain models are also covered “There is much uncertainty over walking rate The compressive and tensile strain capacities may be [2]. For EFW pipe a direct electrical current was also technologies have become available that can successfully in the paper. The second paper focuses on compressive determined from their respective models supported applied, but the entire weld was formed in one stage. acquire rich information to examine complex seam-weld strain design [2], and a set of refined compressive-strain by experimental test data. The strain demand and EFW pipe is often referred to as A.O.Smith pipe, since irregularities. Nowadays, and in the absence of either models is presented. These models are evaluated against the strain capacity are then compared to determine this process was only applied by this one manufacturer material properties and seam-weld anomaly-assessment experimental data. The current paper builds on the predictions in design, leading to increased design if a design has a sufficient margin of safety against in North America. ERW pipe can be identified by criteria, hydrostatic testing, direct assessment, and ILI foundations established in the first two papers and conditions that cause high longitudinal strains. The its typical flat-topped fin of extra metal visible at the data are incorporated into pipeline integrity-management explores practical issues in the application of SBDA. characteristics and variations of pipe and weld mechanical OD and ID of the seam which is trimmed away, programmes. The inevitable procedure and industry costs and schedule overruns,” says Crondall’s properties, geometric dimensions, and imperfections, leaving an almost smooth surface for LF-ERW pipe. practice is to repair all detected crack-like seam-weld The overall process of strain-based flaw dimensions, etc., can impact all components in Since the introduction of micro-alloying processes to anomalies, which has in all likelihood resulted in the design the SBDA process. modern linepipe steel production, the variance of unnecessary repair of numerous anomalies [4]. steel properties significantly improved in comparison Energy Director Subsea David Bruton. “In many The key components of SBDA and their relationship Variation of tensile properties and its to vintage low-carbon linepipe steel, and inclusions are EMAT and CMFL ILI technology are schematically shown in Fig.1. The strain demand implications unlikely to occur. Today, steel is designed for specific (alternatively termed ‘applied strain’) may be estimated application purposes by careful selection of alloys and Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of the Observed tensile property variations the linepipe manufacturing processes outlined above are EMAT principle. A single EMAT probe inspects a either replaced, for example, by applying an alternating cases, these uncertainties are resolved by installing This paper was presented at the Pipeline Technology Conference held in small, well-defined, area between transducer and receiver. Ostend, Belgium, in October, 2013. In a US DOT PHMSA and PRCI co-funded project current at high-frequencies of more than 400 Hz for Transmission and reflection signals are captured by high-frequency ERW, or suspended, as for EFW. *Corresponding author’s contact details: aimed at developing tensile-strain models, extensive means of two separate receiver sensors within the EMAT tel: +1 614 808 4872 tensile-property testing was conducted for the linepipes sensor arrangement. Due to the limited propagation email: [email protected] anchors as a pre-emptive mitigation measure, that were used to fabricate full-scale test specimens [3]. A variety of anomalies present in pre-1970 ERW pipe distance of the waves between the measuring elements, A typical 100 t pipeline suction anchor, which has been installed on Greater Plutonio field, offshore Angola (Jayson et al., The tensile properties of an X-65 pipe with 12.75-in have been identified as the root cause for in-service or this design ensures high signal-to-noise ratios as a basis OD and 0.5-in WT are shown in Figs 2 to 5. The hydrostatic pressure test failures in the past [2]. Among both for sensitivity and also accurate determination of tensile tests were performed using machined round-bar these, lack of fusion (LOF) or cold welds, J-shaped the position and dimensions of features. which has proven to be extremely costly, not Offshore Pipeline Technology Conference, 2008). hook cracks, and selective seam corrosion (SSC) are likely to be the most frequent and prominent types of Waves which propagate from transmitter to receiver anomaly. In contrast to other linepipe defects, seam- through the pipe wall without hindrance are used to assess entirely successful and, in some cases, unnecessary. weld anomalies are located in an area where the pipe the external pipe coating. The ultrasound, attenuated by geometry and material can be significantly different intact coatings and lower signal amplitude, is captured by the receiver; in the case of coating disbondment or coating holidays, attenuation is reduced. Pipe anomalies “Because the evaluation of alternative, around 100 t, are typically installed at the end of the development of a ‘wait-and-see’ approach Great Southern Press Clarion Technical Publishers situated in the sensitive EMAT measurement area less-costly, more-elegant design solutions are the pipeline to control walking. In more recent based on effective monitoring of pipeline walking generally beyond the timescale of a typical projects, some long pipelines have required several by applying mitigative measures only when and project, there has been little opportunity for anchors to be installed over the pipeline length. where they are required. optimisation or more-considered evaluation of The potential overall saving from the “The APT JIP is focused on providing the alternatives. The knowledge gained from the deployment of optimised distributed-anchoring necessary research to present viable and If you are a pipeline engineer, The Journal of Pipeline Engineering is a vital APT JIP will add significant value to a client’s systems is expected to be up to 50 per cent of a economical solutions to this problem and we aim tool that will keep you up-to-date on the latest technical research ability to design and install efficient and safe typical installation cost. The ITF says that this to do this over a relatively short timeframe,” says around the world. pipeline anchoring systems,” Mr Bruton says. could result in a cost saving of more than ITF Technology Team Lead Ben Foreman. Pipe-walking, or axial ratcheting, has been $US5 million for a project which includes the “The JIP team already demonstrates a great Published four times a year, it stands alone as the premier technical observed on a number of pipelines and can cause installation of several anchors on a long pipeline. deal of expertise and knowledge in this subject integrity concerns, including very large global The study will complement existing research by matter and will work together to develop and publication for the pipeline industry. As a peer-reviewed journal it axial displacements. In some cases, it has resulted using the extensive experience of the JIP test more effective, low cost, pipeline anchoring provides quality information to keep you at the forefront of industry in tie-in connector failures or subsea intervention participants and will provide design strategies to systems that are simpler to deploy, more developments. to mitigate or control high rates of walking. simplify the design process and mitigate instances cost-effective to install, and able to be Large suction anchors, with a capacity of of walking over the project cycle. This includes retrofitted.” Subscription is $US400 per year and includes About ITF access to the electronic archive. The ITF is driving oil and gas technology development and collaboration. With a membership which includes international oil and gas operator and service companies, it has launched over 200 innovative joint-industry projects. It champions technology development and believes investment is crucial to solving the most pressing challenges the industry faces in securing reserves and maximising economic recovery. For more Visit the website to subscribe today information visit www.itfenergy.com www.j-pipe-eng.com 12 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com UNPIGGABLE PIPELINES

Unpiggable Pipeline Solutions Forum 2017 This year, the Unpiggable Pipelines Solutions Forum (UPSF) will be held on 14–15 June at the Marriott Westchase Hotel in Houston, Texas, US. Following the success of the forums in previous years, the event will address capabilities and guidance concerning tools for corrosion and mechanical damage inspection of ‘unpiggable’ oil, gas and hazardous liquids pipelines.

onference sessions for the two-day event difficult-to-inspect onshore and offshore pipelines panel session include Garry Matocha (Spectra will start on the morning of Wednesday in the up-, mid- and downstream sector, gathering Energy), Bryan Melan (Tide Water Integrity 14 June. Ahead of this, Clarion and distribution lines, loading lines, storage lines, Services), Paul Monsour (Southern California Gas CTechnical Conference and Tiratsoo Technical will risers, flexible pipe and risers, laterals. Company), and Nelson Tonui (Kinder Morgan). be running a new training course, ‘Inspection of The course will conclude on the afternoon of In addition to the training course and two-day Challenging Pipelines’. 13 June, when attendees will be invited to join the conference program, a number of relevant The course is being presented by Dr Michael UPSF Exhibitors for a Cocktail Reception in the companies will also be exhibiting at UPSF. UPSF is organised Beller, and is aimed at pipeline and integrity Exhibition Hall. The below diagram shows where you can locate engineers, corrosion specialists, and engineering The two-day conference program for UPSF companies that have supported this edition of by Clarion Technical consultants working in the field of pipelines covers a number of topics including small Pipelines International, as well as UPSF’s Platinum inspection and integrity, and regulators and diameter cleaning pigs, evaluation methods for Sponsor, Quest Integrity. Conferences and Tiratsoo certifiers involved with pipelines inspection heat exchangers, in-line inspection for subsea vent Technical. The event is and assessment. lines, using the magnetic tomography methods for Visit Quest Integrity at It will provide an in-depth introduction into the assessing pipeline integrity, and more. supported by Pipelines Booth 24 inspection of challenging pipelines, including The conference program will close with a panel International. For further typical flaws and anomalies found in challenging session that will examine current and pending Quest Integrity is a global leader in assets, and a wide range of metal-loss and crack PHMSA regulations affecting internal inspection the development and delivery of asset information on this, and features. Assets covered in the course include and assessment requirements. Speakers on the integrity and reliability management services. The company’s integrated other Clarion Technical solutions consist of technology enabled, advanced inspection and engineering Conferences events, visit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 assessment services and products that help organisations increase profitability, www.clarion.org and reduce operational and safety risks. Quest Integrity is the Platinum Sponsor 24 25 26 27 of UPSF 2017.

Pick up your copy of REGISTRATION 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Pipelines International at a nearby media stand Visit Rosen at Booth 22 Pipelines International is a quarterly print and digital publication featuring news, Rosen is a privately owned company providing innovative product and service solutions for technical innovations, project reports, and the inspection, integrity, and rehabilitation of complex oil and gas infrastructure. The Rosen other high-level content targeted to the Group operates in more than 100 countries and employs over 2,000 people. international pipelines industry.

Visit Applus+ RTD at Booth 14 As a global technology leader, Applus+ RTD is committed to quality, safety and flexibility. The company prides itself on meeting even the most complex non-destructive testing (NDT) and inspection related challenges with reliable and efficient solutions. Applus+ RTD works in close partnership with its clients to maintain their operational efficiency while ensuring minimum risk to people, assets, and the environment.

14 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com UNPIGGABLE PIPELINES UNPIGGABLE PIPELINES Unpiggable no more by Carlos Enrique Sabido and Corey Richards, Challenging Pipeline Diagnostics Division, Rosen Group, Germany

Rosen’s Challenging Pipeline Diagnostics Division has, for the first time, used an MFL-equipped robotic- propulsion unit to assess the condition of a vent line that was previously considered unpiggable.

ffshore subsea vent lines are a crucial were not designed to be internally inspected, nor After a comprehensive assessment of the asset, part of processing systems. They are had a successful inline inspection of a vent line the Rosen team identified several challenges that designed to ensure the safe disposal ever taken place. needed to be addresses for a successful ILI. These Oof the excessive hydrocarbon gas inventory in In response to this growing need in the challenges included: the installation during operation, emergency or industry, Rosen began an in-house assessment of »» no conventional access for ILI tools shutdown situations. potential ILI solutions for these complicated »» limited accessibility (the pipeline was only Since the gas cannot be stored or commercially offshore assets. Various options were explored and accessible from the main platform) used and therefore must be released, it is essential assessed in great detail, including the free- »» no or very low flow and pressure that the risk of fire and explosion be reduced by swimming approach, umbilical approach, and the »» no previous inspection knowledge venting the excessive gas at a safe distance from a robotic-crawler approach. »» unknown cleanliness. platform. Because these pipelines provide such After reviewing the limitations, it was important safety measures, operators consider THE CHALLENGE determined that the most viable solutions for vent lines as equally important as other pipeline Rosen’s Challenging Pipeline Diagnostics moving forward with an inspection would need to systems, and are therefore eager to have a Division was well prepared for the challenge of be based on low-friction technology, have comprehensive knowledge of their integrity. performing an ILI on the previously unpiggable bidirectional and self-propulsion capabilities, and In-line inspection (ILI) is the most reliable and 10- inch subsea vent line, offshore Borneo. The be able to cope with moderate amounts of debris. accurate method for collecting the highest-quality operator’s inspection goals were to identify the Additional boundary conditions were set by the data possible on the asset. However, vent lines presence of any internal or external corrosion. operator, including that the inspection be

C D

A: Robotic-propulsion unit with MFL technology (10 inch configuration without batteries). B: The configuration of the robotic-propulsion unit allowed for both vertical and horizontal bi-directional movement and distance tracking. C: The solution was tested extensively at the replicated vent line in the testing field in Lingen, Germany. D: Due to space limitations at the platform, the robotic-propulsion unit was launched horizontally.

performed during a regularly scheduled As there was no benchmark to work from, testing solution that is specific to the needs and shutdown, that no liquid filling be used, that facilities and methods had to be created and expectations of the operator regardless of the subsea and vent tower activities be kept to a formulated from scratch to account for the challenges associated with the pipeline. In this minimum, and that the inspection introduce zero challenges associated with this offshore vent line case, the solution included specialised-cam risk to the vent line’s operational abilities. inspection. driving components that provide an increase in Various mechanisms, both procedural and pull-force capabilities, allowing for the utilisation mechanical, may allow for an inspection tool to THE SOLUTION of extensively tested high-resolution magnetic- A manage these challenges and traverse obstacles, After meeting with the customer and assessing flux-leakage (MFL) technology. such as small deformations and debris. The real all available information on these unique assets, The design also contained both vertical and difficulty often lies in installing reliable failsafe Rosen’s Challenging Pipeline Diagnostics horizontal bi-directional movement capabilities measures that ensure the safe retrieval of the tool, Division recommended the use of a robotic and distance tracking, all of which were critical should it encounter an impassable obstacle or crawler unit. As a result, a sophisticated 10 inch for this application. In order to confirm the tool experience a malfunction. robotic-propulsion unit was developed. had the capabilities to negotiate the vent line, the Finally, the greatest challenge relating to this Rosen drew on its established toolbox method, inspection conditions were replicated with the specific inspection was that a comparable which combines various sensor technologies, construction of a test tower and loop at Rosen inspection had never been completed before. access elements, and propulsion units to tailor a testing grounds in Lingen, Germany. B

depending on the setup of each individual platform. For this inspection, the horizontal launch was preferred due to access constraints. Held under the Patronage of On the riser, a transition spool was replaced His Excellency Shaikh Mohammed bin Khalifa bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa, with a 2.5D elbow to create an appropriate Minister of Oil, Kingdom of Bahrain entry point that transitioned the tool from horizontal to vertical. During the 29-hour operational shutdown, an explosion-safe CALL FOR atmosphere in the pipeline needed to be established, which was achieved by introducing PAPERS CLOSES nitrogen into the pipeline opening prior to tool 31 OCTOBER 2017. loading. A continuous inflow of nitrogen ensured an overpressure in the pipeline, which DON’T MISS OUT! prevented any ingress of air. During the inspection, the robotic-propulsion unit functioned properly and was able to manoeuvre in and out of the pipeline as expected, successfully negotiating the 645 m section of pipe without the need to use the retrieval contingency. Throughout the inspection, all functional components and communication remained fully operational and the data collected Pipeline Operations & Management Middle East - POMME 2018 is a major, multi-track conference that will bring met all reporting requirements. together experts from within and outside the Middle East to discuss some of the latest technologies and concepts for The inspection was the first time an MFL- maintaining and operating oil and gas pipelines in the most efficient, cost effective, and professional manner, while equipped robotic-propulsion unit had been taking account of the environmental and other concerns of the communities through which they pass. E successful used for the ILI of a subsea vent line. Leading international speakers will be presenting papers covering a wide range of topics within the four technical Following the groundbreaking achievement, streams. The papers will be of the highest standard and deal with the current issues facing the industry. E: Vent lines reduce the risk of fire and explosion in processing systems by releasing the excessive gas at a safe distance Rosen has subsequently completed multiple from the platform. inspections in the Borneo area. The structure consisted of a vertical riser possible deformations and tees, as well as onboard The inspection has allowed the operator to containing a pipeline exceeding 20 m in height, power storage and monitoring. A tethered obtain a comprehensive understanding of the CALL FOR PAPERS NOW OPEN with a 3D bend situated at the bottom of the pipe retrieval unit was also installed to ensure the tool asset, with no loss in production or negative to transition the pipe from vertical to horizontal. could be pulled out in the event of failure. impacts on pipeline operations. The optimised The horizontal section consisted of one 3D bend The cams on the propulsion module were high-resolution MFL measurement unit Submissions should include an abstract of the paper with full papers due after confirmation of successful applications. with two straight pipe connections. The programed to collapse into a ‘failsafe mode’ in the successfully detected and accurately measured Topics include: self-propelled robotic-propulsion unit successfully event of a limited power supply, allowing for the internal and external pipeline anomalies such as • Corrosion • Management • Coatings made its way through this test loop and crawled tool to be easily removed from the pipeline if corrosion, girth weld features, and mill defects. • Repair • Cracks and SCC • Leaks and leak detection up the 20 m long vertical riser unassisted. necessary. After extensive testing and tool The full integrity assessment enabled the To ensure zero risk to the future operation of configuration, the robotic-propulsion unit was operator to move forward with critical integrity • Design • System integrity • Maintenance the valuable pipeline, various failsafe measures approved for the inspection. management, while securing the safety of the • Inline inspection • Offshore pipelines were implemented, including visual and sensor Both horizontal and vertical launching/ environment and platform workers, as well as • Operations • Materials monitoring to allow for the safe approach of receiving approaches are generally possible, managing public perception. Submit your paper at www.jes-tt-events.com. For further information contact John Tiratsoo at [email protected] or +44 (0)1494 675139. ORGANISED BY

Global Webb Energy Consultants

18 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelineconf.com REGION IN FOCUS REGION IN FOCUS

Kårstø in Norway and Teesside in the UK. an electrical, instrument, control and and offshore engineering, survey and monitoring As a result, the owners and users negotiate telecommunications (EICT) equipment. services, data mining, 3D modelling, diagnostic agreements on access to oil transport The agreement covers the design, procurement, and structural monitoring, and reconstruction of infrastructure between themselves; for instance, and installation of the EICT system, with the underground networks. Next Geosolutions used negotiating on the use of infrastructure on the aim of increasing the productivity, quality, flow, and developed these services while it was fields, which are governed by the regulations and efficiency throughout the value chain, involved in the nearshore survey and inspection relating to the use of facilities by others. increasing creation value and competitiveness of the Trans–Mediterranean (Transmed) Statoil Petroleum AS is the major pipeline while minimising the time it takes to deliver the pipeline, a 2,475 km pipeline that runs from operator in the region, with eight pipelines, final product. Algeria to Italy, via Tunisia and Sicily. ranging in length from 16 km to 245 km. The agreement has a duration of six years, RMS provides clients with targets, cost- ConocoPhillips Skandinavia AS is the operator with the option for an additional four years, and effective and time-sensitive resource of the longest and oldest pipeline, Norpipe Oil, is anticipated to boost competitiveness on the management, and services aimed at allowing the which transports oil on a 354 km journey from NCS. Aker BP will use a more integrated project successful execution and delivery of projects Ekofisk to Teesside UK. delivery model – a ‘Platform Alliance’ – to run within the global offshore industry. RMS has field-development projects; by working as a previously provided support to Next NEW PLAYERS ENTER THE unified team, it will aim to reduce costs and to Geosolutions during their 17-month project MARKET remove non-value-added activities. performing marine surveys for cable route One of the largest independent oil companies Outside of the NCS, Geoscience and design and engineering in the Baltic Sea. in Europe, Aker BP ASA, is the operator of the engineering service provider Next Geosolutions The acquisition will allow Next Geosolutions Valhall, Ula, Ivar Aasen, Alvheim and Skarv recently expanded its presence in the North Sea to further build its presence in the North Sea fields in the NCS. Aker BP ASA is a joint region with the acquisition of UK-based marine and Baltic region, while focusing on the venture (JV) between Aker ASA (40 per cent), resource company RMS Submarine Ltd. operations and maintenance market for the BP (30 per cent), and with others shareholders This will see the company boost its presence in cables and renewables industries. It is expected making up the final 30 per cent. the UK’s share of the North Sea. that up to five new onshore positions and as The JV recently announced it had come to a Next Geosolutions multidisciplinary expertise many as 20 offshore roles are likely to be created long-term agreement with ABB for the supply of includes professional services in marine science in the next 12 months. A production platform on the Valhall field on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Image courtesy of Aker BP.

NORTH SEA OIL AND GAS FIELDS Natural gas fields Region in focus: The North Sea Oil/condensate Norway Mixed fields by Nick Lovering, Assistant Editor, Pipelines International New discoveries of oil and gas fields since 2000 For decades, the North Sea has been one of the world’s most secure areas for global oil and gas production. Norwegian The North Sea is divided between the five countries that border it: the UK, Norway, Denmark, Germany and sector the Netherlands. Covering approximately 750,000 km² it features hundreds of oil and gas reservoirs, and an intricate series of pipelines which transport oil and gas onshore and into retail markets. Scotland Denmark British orway’s share of the North Sea, known combined total of 39 gas and oil pipelines. In the Norpipe gas pipeline which delivered the Danish sector sector as the Norwegian Continental Shelf the 40 plus years since activities began, it is first dry gas from the NCS to the European (NCS), follows the coast of Norway to estimated that 48 per cent of total recoverable market in 1977. The 443 km, 36 inch pipeline German Nthe Artic Ocean in the north, and encompasses resources on the NCS has been produced and transports gas from Ekofisk to the Norsea Gas Dutch sector sector the Norwegian and Barents Sea. The shelf sold. However, large sources remain, and it is Terminal in Emden, Germany. covers an estimated 2,039,951 km2 – almost expected that production will continue to be The longest gas pipeline in the region is the 6.5 times the land area of the mainland. prevalent for at least the next 50 years. Franpipe system, which began operations in England Germany Plentiful resources in the area have made The majority of natural gas pipelines in the 1998. It traverses an 840 km route from the Netherlands Norway an important player in the international region are managed by the state-owned Draupner E riser platform, 160 km offshore recourses market. organisation Gassco AS, which acts as the Norway, to Dunkirk, France. Belgium Since production started on the NCS in neutral and independent operator, and is Unlike gas transportation in the region, at this 1971, oil and gas has been produced from responsible for transporting Norwegian gas to stage there is no integrated system of oil 102 fields, with 80 fields still in production and continental Europe and the UK through an pipelines and terminals on the NCS. Instead, the 34 operators working across the area at the end 8,300 km network. infrastructure is divided into four systems Want to stay updated with the latest project news from around the world? Subscribe to the FREE Pipelines International e-newsletter today: of 2016. Production currently runs across a One of the oldest pipelines in the system is connected to terminals at Sture, Mongstad and www.pipelinesinternational.com/e-news

and complete” in designated high-consequence of necessity for decision making and is set up to crack, selective seam weld corrosion, etc.) with areas (HCA) and location Classes 3 or 4. represent the availability (or lack thereof) of advanced inspectors and acoustic-based tools. This paper revolves around a case study of typical characterisation data that an operator may The source of this characterisation data is 34 crack-like seam defects reported by EMAT, have available to them. That is, as the assessment summarised in Table 2. where this leading edge-characterisation data was progresses and increases levels, so does the The Level 2 assessment method leverages Impact of crack profiles on available. Among these cracks, the maximum availability of more-accurate defect and material enhanced ILI tools capable of distinguishing pipe depth was 55 per cent through-wall and characterisation data. joints that differ from others in the pipeline. advancing maximum length was 6.7 m. The pipe is For example, Level 1 assumes the operator has While ILI is unable to quantify absolute grade pipeline integrity: low-frequency-electric-resistance welded very limited material characterisation and without dig verification at this time, the tools’ (LF-ERW) pipe, circa 1950 (see Table 1). therefore must assume conservative values defined ability to compare and denote relative differences assessments with new ILI capabilities The potential impact of this enhanced by regulation or internally through a company’s can be beneficial. characterisation data is investigated across three integrity management program (IMP) when For example, in this case study, where the by Jennifer O’Brian (Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, US), Sean Moran tiers of assessment levels typical for an operator: unknown. At this level, a traditional ILI crack operator had joints with an unknown grade, the Level 1 – Prioritisation; Level 2 – Immediate tool may provide overall lengths and depths of operator was able to utilise TDW’s multiple- (T.D. Williamson, Salt Lake City, Utah, US) and Dr Mike Kirkwood (T.D. Williamson, assessment; and Level 3 – Future assessment. cracks and/or crack-like defects. dataset (MDS) ILI tool to confirm it was the same Dubai, UAE) For consistency, the specific assessment model Level 2 involves improved ILI tools capable material as neighbouring joints. This equips the is held constant throughout the levels and only of state-of-the-art crack profiling and material operator so they may assume stronger material The following article is the first part of an extract from a technical paper delivered at the Pipeline Pigging and the inputs change. The assessment model selected binning. properties than previously assumed in Level 1. was Battelle’s PipeAssess PI1,2. Other assessment Level 3 refines these properties further with TDW’s MDS tool is offered with high-field Integrity Management (PPIM) Conference in Houston, Texas, in February 2017. The paper investigates in-line models that could have been employed included in-the-ditch NDE material characterisation with spiral MFL (SMFL), high-field axial magnetic- inspection (ILI) tools and the information they can provide about crack profiles, and revolves around a case API 579, BS 7910, Log-Sec, Modified Log-Sec, automated-ball indention (ABI) and optical- flux-leakage (MFL), low-field axial MFL (LFM), study of 34 crack-like seam defects reported by electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) tools. or DNV’s CorLAS. emission spectrometry (OES) techniques and high-resolution deformation (DEF), and inner Each assessment tier defined represents a level classification of crack type (e.g. cold weld, hook diameter/outer diameter (ID/OD). This tool uses a combination of various magnetic-field strengths oday’s advancing ILI tools are not only material characterisation are of further interest notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) Part 192 and angles, along with hall-effect sensors from all enhancing current capabilities but following the DOT Pipeline and Hazardous - 192.607[1], which proposes all transmission lines five datasets listed above, to identify various CHARACTERISATION SOURCE also adding new features that will arm Materials Safety Administration’s (PHMSA’s) have material records that are “verifiable, traceable, metallurgical differences of the pipeline. Toperators with characterisation data they’ve never MATERIAL These metallurgical differences can be LEVELS CRACK SIZE SUMMARY had access to before. An example is the new PROPERTIES grouped using information such as the base EMAT ILI’s ability to recognise a crack’s shape VINTAGE 1950s Regulation and/or ILI material magnetic characteristics, pipe type, LEVEL 1: Traditional operator’s conservative (overall length and profile, not just its overall length and maximum SEAM LF-ERW PRIORITISATION EMAT ILI seam type, etc., and this process is known as depth, which is standard EMAT reporting today. values depth) pipe-joint classification (PJC)3. Rosen also OD 16 inch In addition, ILI tools have begun to non- LEVEL 2: Regulation and/or co. provides an ILI technology with material ILI (crack profile and State-of-the-art X46, X52, and unknown IMMEDIATE conservative values + destructively characterise pipe material by noting GRADES ID/OD location) crack ILI fleet classification ability, which is called RoMAT ASSESSMENT material binning ILI the differences that may be tied to a change in PRODUCT PHASE Liquid PGS: this employs an electromagnetic sensor pipe batch, manufacture, grade, seam type, and LEVEL 3: technology to determine yield strength and infer 720 psi ILI + NDE (crack State-of-the-Art MOP FUTURE ABI + OES NDE other material properties. profile) (crack type) crack ILI fleet + NDE pipe grade. In-the-ditch non-destructive examination DEFECT HISTORY Seam Cracking ASSESSMENT Both ILI services require digs to validate (NDE) characterisation techniques are also grade and PHMSA has not approved of this TABLE 1: Case study pipe overview. TABLE 2: Summary of data sources per assessment level. rapidly improving, and many techniques today technology yet, or allowed for a special permit to are reporting estimates of tensile strength, Defined levels of decision making use ILI in combination with in-the-ditch NDE ultimate strength, and/or pipe grade. methods to validate grade. As these state-of-the-art tools continue to be Level 1 - Prioritisation: Using a ‘screening’ approach with conservative assumptions, it While MFL-based ILI methods have refined and validated, this additional crack and has been possible to prioritise crack features using an estimated-repair factor (ERF) based traditionally been associated with metal loss on fracture mechanics to allow defects to be assessed for criticality. The ERF can be used material-characterisation data have the potential defects rather than cracks, they have recently to identify the top defects for further assessment and for planning excavation and possible to greatly advance emission control by improving proved to benefit the latter when run parallel to repair/cut-out. the accuracy of failure predictions, optimising dig EMAT. This combination can be valuable when and remediation prioritisation, assisting operators Level 2 - Immediate assessment: Using the detailed crack profiles that can be acquired needing to improve seam-anomaly identification from ILI tools, an advanced fracture-mechanics’ assessment using software such as Battelle’s to more efficiently navigate and meet US while dismissing innocuous features such as trim PipeAssess PI can analyse these anomalies under current operating conditions. Using the 5 Department of Transportation (DOT) crack-shape and material-property information acquired from ILI, a deeper assessment of variation. The benefit explored in this report is compliance. the high-priority anomalies can be conducted. the ability to denote relative differences in pipe These tools equip operators with initial data material. Level 3 - Future assessment: Using historic and future operating conditions (e.g. cyclic prior to digs or lab verification for early decision Advanced EMAT ILI, as well as some pressure data), the paper considers the impact the growth of crack-like anomalies can have making. The implications of non-destructive on asset integrity in upcoming years. This additional insight can enable operators to set repair ultrasonic crack detection (UTCD) ILI tools, plans and re-inspection intervals into the future. offers the ability to provide crack-depth profiles. FIGURE 1: Proposed equivalent semi-elliptical profile. For example, TDW’s EMAT has provided

LEVEL 2: IMMEDIATE Data available vs assumed: state-of-the- Failure pressures ASSESSMENT art ILI tool for crack detection and material The calculated failure pressures ranged from depths at a resolution of every 5.97 mm in a LEVEL 1: PRIORITISATION Battelle’s material database. Finally, all Objective: conduct knowledgeable ECA to binning. In particular, an EMAT capable of 81 per cent to 226 per cent of MOP for the 34 field run, which is the basis of this study. Objective: prioritise crack features for crack-like defects were assumed OD-surface determine excavation needs, repair/cut-out characterising crack depth profile paired with crack defects when using state-of-the-art ILI fleet Other EMAT ILI service providers may also further assessment, planning excavation, and breaking for conservatism per PipeAssess PI™ decisions, re-inspection frequency, or additional novel ILI for further material classification (see for crack detection in the Level 2 assessment. be capable of reporting crack-depth profiles, but possible repair/cut-out. cold weld models. assessment requirements. Table 6). This fleet included an EMAT tool capable of the status of such have not been found in Data available to operator: historic characterising a crack’s depth profile and a literature to date. TDW’s EMAT crack profiles records, including one traditional EMAT ILI Failure pressures PRIORITY LEVEL RESPONSE PLAN ERF CRITERIA2 MFL-based ILI tool (MDS) capable of binning are converted to an effective ellipses for run (see Table 3). The calculated failure pressures ranged from the pipe material as ‘similar’ or ‘dissimilar’ to 1 Repair/Replace Immediately 0% ≤ Pfail/MOP ≤ 110% implementation into PipeAssess PI, and the With the pipe grade unknown to the operator 10 per cent to 112 per cent of MOP for the 34 neighbouring joints as well as discriminating ID methodology for this conversion is detailed in and physically inaccessible for verification, two cracks when using conservative assumptions 2 Remediate in 270 Days 110% < Pfail/MOP ≤ 125% versus OD flaw locations. This latter ILI tool the following section. options were considered to determine an outlined in the Level 1 assessment. These defects 3 Monitor 125% < Pfail/MOP arms operators with material characterisation The Level 3 assessment method leverages assumed, minimum YS in this case study: can be prioritised using an estimated repair data which they’ve never had before for joints of promising in-the-ditch NDE material 1. Assume a conservative, lower bound YS factor (ERF)1 for an initial assessment of TABLE 4: ERF Prioritisation Criteria unknown grade. characterisation techniques. Typical approaches of 24,000 psi (i.e. a hypothetical grade criticality and threat to the pipeline. 1. ERF is common in the ILI industry when used in the context of metal loss defects. The recent POF specification has In this case study TDW’s MDS tool classified employ an ABI and OES method to quantify pipe ‘X24’ – this is also a lower bound The ERF metric selected was a standard expanded the ERF to include ‘other assessment methods’. all 34 joints from the EMAT defect locations yield strength (YS), ultimate tensile strength (UTS), threshold employed in Part 192.107), or ‘screening’ approach dependent upon predicted 2. The 2016 ERF14 changed the criteria comparison from MOP to Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure (MAOP). into the same pipe material category as the and/or API 5L grade. This is a relatively new 2. Calculate an assumed grade for the failure pressure (Pfail) with respect to maximum MOP was used for record consistency with the ILI data origin. adjoining pipes, which were well documented capability within industry yet is rapidly developing maximum pressure the pipeline has operating pressure (MOP). In particular, the with historic records, including grade. and holds high potential. It is employed in Level 3 experienced in the last 5 years per selected ERF is a simplified combination of that This had a direct ripple-effect in increasing the in anticipation of wide-industry acceptance and industry standard, ANSI/ASME B31.4 cited in the 2016 Pipeline Operators FAILURE predicted asset life; that is, those joints with ERF PRIORITY CRACK ID# PRESSURE (KSI) PFAIL/MOP validation in order to represent its full potential on (see below equation). Engineering Forum15 and the 2017 CFR 195 grades previously unknown to the operator and future enhanced ECAs. SMYS = (P * D) / (2 * t)*(1/DF) *(1/Ejoint) amendment’s severity categories proposed to the 1 69001436K 0.068 10% therefore originally assumed a conservative Where the applied definitions used are: Federal Register,12 and it was further condensed 1 69001435K 0.076 11% strength of X32 per regulation could now be DATA PREPARATION: SMYS = specified minimum yield strength for application in this case study. reasonably increased to X46 or X52, whichever 1 69001424K 0.097 13% CONVERTING EMAT CRACK P = maximum pressure in last 5 years The ERF can be used to identify top defects was appropriate per MDS pipe joint classification. PROFILES TO EQUIVALENT SEMI- D = nominal outside diameter for further assessment, planning excavation, and 1 69001148K 0.098 14% The conservative UTS and YS properties were ELLIPSE SHAPE t = nominal wall thickness for possible repair/replace decisions. For this 1 69001030K 0.105 15% subsequently updated to reflect the new grades. The assessment method employed, like others DF = design factor (for class 1 location, 0.72) assessment, the priorities were binned into three In total, this case study identified four cracks 7, 8 TABLE 5: Top 5 Cracks Identified for Repair/Replace Action from Level 1 Assessment (e.g. API 579/ASME FFS-1, BS7910 ), Ejoint = longitudinal joint factor direct response plans (see Table 4). requiring immediate action as Priority 1 and one uses a semi-elliptical defect profile. The data (for ERW, 1.00) This concept is a common ERF approach for crack for further assessment under Priority 2. extracted from the EMAT tool is a river-bottom For this case study the calculated minimum one-dimensional screening and is often These select cracks are those that the operator ERF PRIORITY CRACK ID# FAILURE PFAIL/MOP profile of the crack front and is irregular in SMYS is 32,000 psi, which corresponds to a expanded upon in industry practice to account PRESSURE (KSI) would need to align for excavation, NDE form, and is in many cases not semi-elliptical. hypothetical grade of X32. For conservatism, for complex features, increased binning 1 69001148K 35% 81% evaluation, and repair/cut-out remediation. To enable the assessment a new approach was the lower of the two possibilities (X24, X32) is resolution, incorporated additional criteria such The specific crack identification (ID#) 69001435K 14% 88% developed that uses the defect length and an assumed for those joints with unknown grade. as HCA locations and other failure pressure 1 numbers for these are outlined in Table 7. The ‘equivalent depth’ that can be derived from the Note that those joints with documented grade metrics, and considered risks such as 1 69001424K 21% 90% remaining 29 cracks had a predicted failure 9 RSTRENG approach and programmed into were higher at X46 or X52 per the operator’s operational, financial, environmental, health 1 69001030K 55% 99% pressure of 25 per cent or more than MOP and KAPA.10 The length of the semi-elliptical defect is historic records. and public perception. would be subject to routine monitoring for 69001119K 29% 122% then the maximum length and the depth is the Nominal wall thickness (6.35 mm) and typical Using the Level 1 assessment, 33 of the 34 2 growth. effective depth of an equivalent RSTRENG defect. elastic modulus for pipe steel (29,000 ksi) were cracks were identified as Priority 1 candidates TABLE 7: Top 5 Cracks Identified for Repair/Replace Action from Level 2 Assessment A sensitivity study was conducted on a variety assumed. A lower bound charpy V-notch for immediate repair or replacement as the of semi-elliptical shapes using several referenced (CVN) energy of 1.48 kg/m was assumed per predicted failure pressure fell below the MOP. papers and a new method was proposed to proposed and pending US Department of The remaining crack was designated Priority 2 WT LOCATION OD WELD CRACK CRACK OD EYM GRADE SMYS UTS YS CVN accommodate more advanced assessments such Transport (DOT) notice of proposal rule for remediation in the next 270 days. (ACTUAL) (ID/OD/ MIDWALL) CAP (HEIGHT) SIZE TYPE as fatigue crack growth (see Figure 1). The making (NPRM)12 and also literature13, 14. The top five cracks requiring remediation are method is described in detail in Reference 11. UTS and YS were also assumed with respect outlined in Table 5. LEVEL 1 + to the pipe grade and trends observed in ASSESSMENT

TABLE 6: Level 2 Known ( ), Known at Advanced Resolution ( +), and Unknown ( ) Values for Failure Predictions WT LOCATION OD WELD CRACK CRACK OD EYM GRADE SMYS UTS YS CVN (ACTUAL) (ID/OD/ MIDWALL) CAP (HEIGHT) SIZE TYPE The second section of this technical paper will be published in the September edition of Pipelines International. A full list of references for this LEVEL 1 article will be published on the Pipelines International website. For further information on technical papers presented at ASSESSMENT PPIM 2017, contact Managing Editor Annie Ferguson on [email protected] For a full review of PPIM 2017, and information on the 2018 event, turn to page 50. TABLE 3: Level 1 Known ( ) vs Unknown ( ) Values for Failure Predictions

24 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com | Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines June 2017 | Pipelines International | 25 PIGGING & ILI PIGGING & ILI Isolating the problem STATS Group was recently retained by a major oil producer in Saudi Arabia to provide the pressurised isolation of a 36 inch trunkline, which was the first piggable isolation of its type completed in the region.

he operator had identified a requirement loaded into the launcher, pigged through the to replace the pig-trap launch valve to pig-trap launch valve, and positioned in a short maintain the integrity of the pipeline, section of pipeline between the valve and Tand to ensure routine cleaning and inspection production tee. The location provided the option operations could continue. STATS utilised its for the client to restart production during the non-intrusive inline-isolation tool, which allowed valve-replacement activities. a double-block-and-bleed isolation, facilitating During pigging operations, the plug was safe valve replacement and maintenance activities tracked and accurately positioned using to be successfully carried out. through-wall communication. It was monitored The 29 km pipeline had no valves, or means of throughout the isolation by an extremely-low- isolating the pipeline, between the pig-trap launch frequency (ELF) radio control system. valve – which was to be replaced – and the The plug was then hydraulically set, providing A B C production manifold. STATS Group decided to fail-safe and fully-tested double-block isolation utilise its Remote Tecno Plug, which allowed a against 15–20 bar pressure and the pipeline’s ‘Isolation Certificate’ was issued and the Tecno A: Tecno Plug isolating pipeline allowing the old valve to be removed. short section of pipeline to be isolated and toxic contents. As is typical in the region, the Plug was confirmed as providing double-block B: New pig trap valve installed. C: Old valve in the foreground with the new valve positioned. prevented a shutdown of the production facilities, pipeline had a high H2S sour content (11 per isolation, allowing the valve maintenance to as well as the timely and costly process of cent), so it was vital for the safety of the worksite commence. The tool was constantly monitored to de-oiling and flushing the entire pipeline. and personnel that the plug provided a safe and confirm the integrity of the seals and remained The approach also had a positive impact on reliable barrier prior to breaking containment. set in place for three days while the valve was the environment by preventing extensive flushing, Independent testing of each seal, with full replaced. During the valve replacement, the A suite of tools for difficult to cleaning and the disposal of oil from the pipeline. pipeline pressure, confirmed leak-tight isolation operator conducted additional maintenance, Conventional isolations of this type would usually and the pipeline was bled-down to ambient from including replacing the 12 inch kicker line valve inspect applications involve a traditional hot-tap line-stop and vents to the pig-trap launcher to the rear of the plug; the and 4 inch drain valve. achieve an isolation, whose sealing integrity is annulus void between the plug’s seals was vented With maintenance work successfully neither guaranteed to be leak-free, nor does the to ambient to create a zero-energy zone. completed, the Tecno Plug was used as a test line-stop provide a verified double-block-and- The sealing plug features a fail-safe design boundary to perform a reinstatement pressure bleed isolation. which uses differential pressure acting on the tool test. This was achieved by raising the pipeline The Remote Tecno Plug system provides a to energise the lock grips and seals, which is pressure from the pig-trap launcher side while the verified, fully tested, and monitored isolation while referred to as self-energisation. When the isolation plug remained in a fully ‘set’ condition. in the pipeline system, and avoids the need for plug is self-energised, the isolation is maintained The reverse pressure-test operation created a additional tie-in weldments for the isolation tool or independent of the remote-control system. test boundary to confirm the newly installed vent fittings. It is fully certified by DNV GL to verify However, it is backed-up by the hydraulic control valve. Finally, the plug was unset and reverse that the design criteria satisfy the requirements for system which maintains the isolation when the pigged back to the launcher for demobilisation. pipeline-isolation plugs: to provide dual seal and differential pressure is below the self-energisation Difficult to Inspect Solutions isolation in accordance with Offshore Standard threshold. DNV-OS-F101 (Submarine Pipeline Systems) and Once the plug is activated the hydraulic circuits Non-intrusive inline isolation recommended practices DNV-RP-F113 (Subsea are locked-in by pilot-operated check valves and The STATS Group Tecno Plug provides Challenging to inspect piping with DTI Trekscan Tank leg and sphere leg inspection with INCOTEST Pipeline Repair). It is also in compliant with ASME fail-safe solenoid valves. The lock grips provide double-block-and-bleed isolation of and umbilical-operated Pipeline Inspection BPVC Section VIII, Division 2. twice the required lock contact area providing high pressure pipelines while the system Engineering Critical Assessment, Fitness for Tools (PIT) in 6” - 52” diameters Service Evaluation, and Risk Based Inspection The client had the replacement pig-trap valve 100 per cent contingency. remains live and at operating pressure. Dual seals provide a zero-energy zone to Insulated piping inspections with INCOTEST, Analysis Services on hand and required the Remote Tecno Plug In the event that the hydraulic control system is enable maintenance work to be carried Computed Radiography (CR) and Digital Web based data management and analytics, delivered within a four-week window. The project compromised, the tool-actuation mechanism will out safely and efficiently. Piggable Radiography (DR) was fast-tracked and included a site survey to verify unset when differential pressure is equalised. integrated inspection cycle management, and KPI isolation tools require no welding or Pipe supports and dead leg corrosion tracking utilizing the Applus+ InSite solution. the client’s pipeline data, ahead of engineering, The feature ensures pipeline integrity is cutting into live lines, leaving no residual assessments with Long Range Ultrasonics (LORUS) risk assessments, and a factory-acceptance test maintained and the plug is always recoverable fittings or hardware on the pipeline. prior to the delivery of the plug to site. once the job has been completed. For more information visit Once on site, the Remote Tecno Plug was After the isolation stability hold period the www.statsgroup.com Your challenges, our solutions. Contact us: [email protected]

pipelaying vessel in the Baltic Sea. At that point, manoeuvring without anchors, which is designed N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie (9 per cent), and each pipe section will be welded together, scanned to provide an additional level of environmental ENGIE (9 per cent). to assess their structural integrity, and then protection and safety in the sea. The tender The management team includes experts from Byline gradually lowered into the sea in a continuous process for other construction contracts is still over 20 countries around, specialising in string, at a rate of up to 3 km per day. ongoing, including the near-shore pipelay tenders engineering, environmental monitoring, In April 2017, Allseas was awarded the contract for Russia and Germany. construction, and communications. It consists of Preamble for the offshore pipelaying in the Baltic Sea, industry professionals with extensive international following an international tendering process. It will PROJECT MANAGEMENT experience in delivering major energy and commence work laying the pipe for both pipelines in Nord Stream 2 AG, based in Zug, Switzerland, infrastructure projects, from some of the world’s 2018 and 2019, using three dynamically positioned is the company implementing the project. It is most recognised energy companies, including the pipelay vessels Pioneering Spirit, Solitaire, and composed of five shareholders: PAO Gazprom first Nord Stream pipelines. Audacia. (51 per cent), Wintershall Holding GmbH (15.5 Safety and environmental protection have been The vessels are able to carry out precise per cent), PEG Infrastruktur AG (15.5 per cent), at the forefront during the planning and

Concrete weight coating begins in Kotka, Finland. © Nord Stream 2 / Wolfram Scheible Full stream ahead Work has begun on the 1,200 km Nord Stream 2 pipeline, which is being constructed to meet the European Union’s demand for natural gas supply. Closely following the route of the existing Nord Stream pipeline, which was completed in 2012, Nord Stream 2 will transport gas from the coast of Russia to Greifswald on Germany’s A B C northern coast, via the Baltic Sea.

he Nord Stream 2 project will be a vital central and southern parts of the Continent, as and protects them from external damage during addition to Europe’s natural gas pipeline well as stimulating additional connections and storage, transportation, and installation as they systems, with domestic gas production reverse flows in the east. are lowered on to the seabed. Texpected to be reduced by up to 50 per cent The total cost of the project is estimated to be German pipe manufacturer Europipe will in the next 20 years. As a result, the European €8 billion (US$8.75 billion), €4 billion (US$4.37 supply 90,000 of the pipes required to cross the Union (EU) will need to import more gas, which billion) of which has already been invested. Baltic Sea, with the balance being supplied from requires the construction of new pipelines to elsewhere. Once the pipe has been laid on the transport resources from external locations. CONCRETE WEIGHTING seabed, the pipeline will undergo further The second Nord Stream twin pipelines will The twin pipelines will be constructed from inspection and testing before it can be enhance security in the energy markets, including approximately 200,000 individual pipe sections, independently verified and put into service. The natural gas supply routes, instead of replacing each 12 m long. Contractor Wasco has already pipes will have a constant internal diameter of them. Russia’s proximity to mainland Europe, it’s started applying concrete weight coating to 1,153 mm and a wall thicknesses of up to 41 mm. extensive gas reserves, and reliable supply, makes approximately 2,400 km of pipe at its base in The pipes will receive a high gloss lining to it the best option for the source of a new gas Kotka, Finland. reduce friction as the gas flows through the pipelines. More than half of the 48 inch diameter pipe system, while an external coating will also be In the future, once the gas has arrived in the required for the project will be coated at Wasco’s applied to prevent corrosion. European market, it will be transported plant in the Port of HaminaKotka, which is throughout the EU’s internal energy market, expected to be completed in late 2018. Concrete PIPELAYING topping-up declining supplies in the northwest. It weight coating increases the stability of the pipes Once the pipes have been produced, coated, will also supplement the Southern Corridor, the on the seabed, as it doubles their weight to 24 t and tested onshore, they will be shipped to the D

28 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com | Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines June 2017 | Pipelines International | 29 PROJECTS MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT Delivering the data construction stages of the pipelines. Nord Stream The construction of the pipelines is progressing conducted aboard the Stril Explorer vessel. for effective fleet management 2 will continue to collaborate with the world’s on schedule, with the twin pipelines planned for The surveys, which will take place over 150 ® leading suppliers to plan the pipelines, assess completion by the end of 2019. days in 2017, will acquire data on the condition Pipeline Machinery International (PLM) is a global Cat equipment dealer for the mainline pipeline construction environmental impacts, develop the pipes, and lay of both pipeline strings and the associated industry. The company recently added the Cat Equipment Management Solutions (EMSolutions) tool to its them in the Baltic Sea. MAINTAINING NORD STREAM 1 installations. This information will then be used range, and says that the pipeline-equipment management tool will help to save operators time and money. Independent certification body DNV GL will In May, MMT Sweden was awarded a in the continued assessment of the pipelines’ examine key steps in the process, as well as the three-year contract by Nord Stream AG to integrity, and will complement the data nalysing the data generated by pipeline completed pipelines, to ensure its technical inspect both lines of the original Nord Stream generated from earlier inspections. equipment can help operators keep integrity and to oversee Nord Stream 2’s Pipeline. The external inspection will be Speaking on the inspection works, Nord their equipment in good working order commitment to the highest standards of safety completed by a JV between MMT and Reach Stream AG’s Managing Director Alexey Aand avoid unplanned downtime, ultimately and sustainability. Subsea. Zagorovskiy said, “Reliability, safety and saving time and money. This principle applies The scope of work includes the visual and professional management are important for us as whether an operator is managing five machines instrumental inspection of the pipelines with a company, and also in terms of choosing a or one hundred, and demonstrates the need remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) over the supplier. We hope that our cooperation with for operators to have access to technology that NORD STREAM 2 entire length of the route. The trenched sections MMT will be successful and mutually captures and analyses pipeline-equipment data. Entry: Ust-Luga, Russia and cable crossings of the pipeline will also be beneficial.” EMSolutions by PLM has been specifically Exit: Greifswald, Germany inspected and the majority of the survey will be designed for the pipeline-construction industry and is enabled by Cat Product LinkTM technology Length: 1,200 km which collects data directly from equipment and Diameter: 1,153 mm PROJECT OWNERS provides access to valuable information via the Wall thickness: 41 mm PAO Gazprom – 51 per cent PEG Infrastruktur AG – 15.5 per cent VisionLink® web application. Capacity: 4.25 MMcm/d Wintershall Holding GmbH – N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie – 9 per cent PLM utilises these resources and more to support 15.5. per cent the management of equipment for economic Pipe: 200,000 x 12-m long pipe sections ENGIE – 9 per cent benefit, delivering exclusive equipment- © nopporn / Shutterstock management solutions with the addition of A: Pipe production in the Europipe pipe mill. © Nord Stream 2 / Wolfram Scheible. E: Nord Stream 2 will closely follow the route of the original Nord Stream pipeline. Cat Connect technology, Level 3: ADVISE software. B-D: First pipes for Nord Stream 2 arrive in Muhran. © Nord Stream 2 / Axel Schmidt. Level 3: ADVISE provides analysis and helps and have PLM analyse them for wear 5. Operator training: Operating to schedule timely maintenance, reduce operating indicators, then act quickly on the results practices dramatically impact expenses, and improve the overall condition of an and recommendations from a PLM performance and component wear. equipment fleet by identifying symptoms before condition-monitoring analyst. Remotely monitor your operators’ inln they become expensive problems. The equipment 3. Inspections: Regularly look for smoke, day-to-day performance to spot training brg management technology helps to drive businesses leaks, lagging performance, etc. Send opportunities and reward good y l forward. electronic inspection reports to PLM for performance. Six ways to use equipment data for effective use in the EMSolutions program, thereby 6. Record keeping: Automatically gather raebrg fleet management giving more information for making data on machine history, component life, ni 1. Preventive maintenance: Take recommendations. and operating costs. Good records help een i advantage of electronic alerts to schedule 4. Repair before failure: Use equipment you identify high-cost or problem areas, and complete all recommended data and electronic alerts to catch small track work flow, control expenses, and en i maintenance and service activities. problems early. Schedule repairs quickly increase machine resale value. 2. S•O•S fluid analysis: Sample oil, to avoid breakdowns and keep reduce coolant, and hydraulic fluids regularly, repair costs. rd ream ini

reiald About PLM

® PLM was established in 2005 when Caterpillar selected four of its largest and most experienced mainline pipeline construction equipment eden Bel dealers to form a unique Cat® dealership – one whose territory is defined as mainline pipeline projects worldwide. Together with Caterpillar Global Pipeline, PLM supports the industry with one-stop access to the most extensive and exclusive purpose-built equipment, expertise, P eny technology and training in environmental compliance, safety and equipment operation. For more information visit www.plmcat.com lberna The information in this article was correct at the time of printing (May 2016). An updated version of this article, incorporating planned updates E to Cat’s terminology for certain services, will be published on the Pipelines International website: www.pipelinesinternational.com

30 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com | Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines June 2017 | Pipelines International | 31 MACHINERY & EQUIPMENT MACHINERYSECTION & EQUIPMENT HEADING Equipped for versatility ARDCO’s Articulating Multi-Purpose (AMT) series includes a number of machines that are designed to be ideal for use in pipeline construction. The range includes the flexible and versatile AMT 400 and the AMT 600.

oth the AMT 400 and the AMT 600 have been designed with a modular backend platform that makes them Bhighly customisable and able to easily switch attachments as needed, meaning they can serve a variety of applications with a single machine. The flexible design of the AMT series and selection of tyre choices means the vehicle is versatile and equipped for a range of work environments and conditions. ARDCO’s machinery functions equally well on urban construction projects to off-road jobsites, and is specifically designed to work on oil and gas construction sites. The high-strength centre pivot trunnion allows all of the tyres to maintain contact and traction with the ground while The updated Cary-Lift 154 pipe layer has a maximum load capacity of 6,803 kg and a maximum lift height of 4.2 m. travelling over rough terrain. Dual hydraulic cylinders allow high manoeuvrability and added traction, while the articulating motion allows the tyres to gain Recreating the Cary-Lift traction on wet and muddy terrain and instead of spinning in place and digging a rut. Pettibone has introduced new performance benchmarks with its cost-reduced and streamlined redesign of the Numerous attachments can be used with the Cary-Lift 154 pipelaying machine. AMT, including a bare chassis, flatbed, water tank, fuel tank, dump bed, service and lube he Cary-Lift 154 retains Pettibone’s the wider lift arms and front balers provide letting go of the steering wheel or changing station, utility bed, personnel carrier, pipe trailer, overhead-lift-arm design, while greater load stability. hand positioning while using the IQAN- drill, and custom solutions. enhancing operator comfort and The Cary-Lift 154 features a maximum load controlled electrohydraulic system. The Both machines feature a fully enclosed Toffering simplified maintenance and more capacity of 6,803 kg and a maximum lift height Cary-Lift 154 also has a centralised lubrication The ARDCO AMT 400 has a 200 hp engine with a maximum payload of 12,700 kg. two-person all-weather ROPS cab, which is sound productivity in a variety of material-handling of 4.2 m, achieving a turn radius of 5.05 m by system that provides one access point for most rated to 68 dB, while the upgraded display on the planetary axles with automatic limited-slip powered by a 250-hp diesel engine, with a applications. Operators have full front visibility offering 2-, 4-wheel, and crab hydraulic power greasing tasks, and a single refuelling port at steering column provides digital gauges with differentials, front and rear. This model has a maximum payload of 20,412 kg. Both the when lifting, placing, or transporting loads, as steering. The operator cab has improved seals on ground level allows operators to easily refill the on-board diagnostics, digital manual access, and 200-hp engine, the option of 2- or 4-wheel- AMT 400 and AMT 600 have a top speed of well as an improved sightline to the rear. its sliding door, which maintains a clean and 300-l dual fuel tanks. an optional backup camera display. drive, and provides a max payload of 12,700 kg. 37 km/ph. The machine’s versatility is enhanced by its quiet environment, while still offering the Standard features include high-output LED A streamlined front-end angle offers the driver The AMT 600 has a 6-speed power-shift Optional accessories include a hydraulically quick-attach system, enabling the use of fork comfort of padded armrests, lumbar support, lighting and tinted safety glass windows that are panoramic visibility to enhance safety. transmission featuring AxleTech rigid planetary operated front push blade, front-mounted frames, pipe and pole balers, log balers, and and a seatbelt on the swivelling, adjustable- designed for enhanced visibility. In addition to The AMT 400 has a six-speed power-shift axles with driver-controlled differential lock. hydraulic winch, heavy-duty front bumper/ scrap balers. The heavy-duty, solid steel frame suspension, seat. these features, the Cary-Lift 154 comes equipped transmission with twist-grip shifter, rigid It offers selectable 4- or 6-wheel-drive and is brush guard, and auxiliary hydraulics. allows it to take sharp turns with a full load A multifunction joystick allows the operator to with the option of a back-up or attachment without sacrificing load capacity or stability, and shift gears and control the hydraulics without camera, and auto-shift transmission. The AMT 400 has a six-speed power-shift transmission with twist-grip shifter, Operators have full front visibility when lifting, placing, or transporting loads, rigid planetary axles with automatic limited-slip differentials, front and rear. as well as an improved sightline to the rear.

About ARDCO About Pettibone ARDCO was founded in 1955 and today has over 3,500 machines working across the globe. It allows customers to navigate difficult terrain and Pettibone was founded in 1881 and is recognised as an industry leader in material-handling equipment. The company revolutionised the reach remote locations by equipping carriers with platforms designed for a variety of hauling, drilling, and other tasks. ARDCO is part of the industry with the first forward-reaching, rough-terrain machines in the 1940s, inventing the Cary-Lift pipelaying machine to provide visibility Heico Group of Companies. For more information visit www.ardcomfg.com and stability when handling pipe and similar materials. For more information visit www.gopettibone.com

operators, education among residents living along the pipeline can also help avoid problems. Best practices in pipeline Operators and ‘civilians’ alike can benefit from the various tools that are becoming increasingly available: for example, computer-based simulators integrity for gas pipelines can help improve operational safety and meet regulatory requirements. Enabling the most- by Lars Larsson, Schneider Electric, Houston, Texas, US realistic training experience is essential in making sure the pipeline controller is exposed to both Oil and gas exploration continues all over the world and, as more hydrocarbon sources are found, the normal operating conditions and abnormal operating conditions. demand for pipelines to transport oil and gas increases. However, pipeline operators are under severe financial and social pressure to avoid incidents that cause leaks of crude oil or natural gas. With regulators Detection is also part of pipeline integrity. scrutinising pipeline projects, the reputation of the entire industry is at risk. This is why pipeline integrity As mentioned earlier in this article, the must become the focus of discussion. activities and solutions associated with the detection of commodity releases is also an ipeline integrity refers to a comprehensive Pipeline integrity begins with design water hammer, can severely damage a pipeline, thus important part of pipeline integrity. There are program that works to ensure hazardous and construction. causing hundreds of thousands of dollars in repair. potentially many ways of detecting a pipeline resources are not released from a pipeline, No two pipeline routes are the same, which is leak; however, in general, these detection Pwhile minimising the impact in the event a release why gas-leak prevention starts with specifying the Operation and maintenance is methodologies can broadly be divided in two does occur. Although some may think prevention technical requirements for each route. Advances in imperative to pipeline integrity. approaches: external and internal. methods have a one-size-fits-all solution, pipeline construction practices, such as more sophisticated Beyond the construction of the equipment, a External-based gas pipeline leak detection has integrity encompasses a much broader definition testing prior to the pipeline’s operation, and major component of pipeline integrity is been a method since pipelines were first used to and is comprised of three phases: increasingly protective technology, further safeguard implementing a proper operations and transport fluids of all types. It involves surveying »» Prevention activities and solutions seek to pipelines’ vulnerability. maintenance schedule. When a pipeline is in the external surroundings of the pipeline to avoid gas leaks from happening in the first While it may seem like common sense to avoid service, continuously monitoring the operational detect any releases on the outside of the wall of place through proper design, areas that are susceptible to natural disasters and and structural conditions within the pipeline can the pipeline. External-based systems continue to construction, operation, maintenance, other geohazards, history has proved that one small identify circumstances that, if not mitigated, rise in popularity due to their ability to detect training, and education mistake – or lack of consideration of this detail – could lead to major problems. even the smallest of leaks and locate gas leaks »» Detection activities and solutions help plays a large hand in events that can lead to pipeline Inspection and monitoring technologies with a high degree of accuracy. pipeline operators quickly identify that a explosions. provide pipeline operators with the information Internal-based gas pipeline leak-detection leak has happened Critical to pipeline integrity, the geography of the and resources they need to accurately assess the systems look at conditions inside the pipeline to »» Mitigation activities and solutions terrain surrounding the pipeline must be evaluated, functionality of their pipeline and perform discover gas leaks, typically based on minimise the extent or impact of the leak whether it be by topographical and geological maps, proactive maintenance on at risk areas. Some of measurement readings at specific locations along and the damage that results. satellite imagery, aerial photography, and surveys the more important aspects to monitor and the pipeline. More commonly known as With leak prevention being of the utmost available in the public domain; all are suitable inspect include: computational pipeline monitoring (CPM), this Minimising risk requires a comprehensive integrity assessment program. Image courtesy of Schneider Electric. importance, the three-phase process is methods. In addition to natural disasters such as »» monitor operating pressure methodology has been around for only about understandable. As with most catastrophes, the landslides and earthquakes, soft soils like swamps »» inspect the integrity of the pipeline 30 years and uses software that takes a variety of All detection methodologies, whether external precaution are taken. Implementing a tiered best defence is a proactive offense. The good news and bogs, as well as underground cavities such as externally measurements available on the pipeline to or internal, have advantages and disadvantages, methodology for pipeline integrity significantly is that the technology and tools needed to coal mines and caves, should also be of concern. »» inspect the integrity of the pipeline establish what is happening within the pipeline. and it is important to take into account a lot of improves a business’ chances of firstly preventing anticipate potential threats to pipelines and In addition to thorough terrain assessment, internally factors prior to selecting the detection leaks from appearing in the first place, and identify anomalies are available today. implementing equipment that is correctly sized is »» monitor depth of cover Each pipeline is unique and requires a methodology, including length, elevation, HCA, secondly improves the probability of detecting The age-old expression, ‘an ounce of crucial. The pump or compressor must be sized »» properly calibrate monitoring devices different combination of environment, cost, etc. leaks, while giving additional benefits in other prevention is worth a pound of cure’ holds true correctly – a steady-state pipeline simulation tool »» monitor ground temperature and methodologies. types of gas applications. This, paired with a high for pipeline integrity: the costs that come with can validate the specified size of the pump or excavation activity. It’s important to remember that no two pipelines TAKING ON THE GAS PIPELINE level of maintenance, provides companies with preventing a leak are much less than the costs of compressor through a computational model of the are the same and that the specific detection INTEGRITY CHALLENGE peace of mind. clean-up, fines, and other civil liabilities – not to pipeline’s operating conditions. This simulation can Operating a pipeline is like flying a methodologies used for one pipeline may not be From a business standpoint, gas leaks can be The main goal of pipeline prevention, mention the cost to a company’s reputation. also ensure that it is hydraulically feasible for the plane: training should be required. useful for another. For example, a pipeline incredibly costly. For example, the company could detection, and mitigation activities and solutions The process and planning that goes into the pipeline, as designed, to cross the terrain. Just like a pilot is in control of a flight, pipeline company operating pipelines in remote areas could be out tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars in is to avoid detrimental leaks down the road for prevention of gas leaks form a multi-tiered Lastly, but certainly not least, surge-suppression controllers are in charge of operating very rely solely on internally-based systems, while a lost product if there is a moderate or even a minor pipeline operators. By putting effort into the three strategy that can be split into three categories: equipment must also be sized correctly. A transient expensive pipeline assets and should be required pipeline company operating pipelines in what is leak. It may have little environmental impact, but it tiers of pipeline integrity, operators will continue »» design and construction pipeline simulation tool can model the pipeline to have training or even certification. Teaching classified as high-consequence areas (HCAs) could will be costly if it goes undetected for a few days. to reap the benefits of gas-pipeline leak »» operation and maintenance hydraulics to determine the design criteria for the operators what to look for in a gas leak is an have both external and internal-based systems While gas pipeline integrity can seem daunting, prevention, detection, and mitigation technology »» training and education. surge-suppression equipment. Surge effects, such as important step in prevention. In addition to installed for the same pipeline. it is not something to be feared if proper steps of in the future.

34 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com | Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines June 2017 | Pipelines International | 35 INTEGRITY INTEGRITY Accurate fatigue assessment for history of the pipeline, such as that provided by the pipeline supervisory control and data gas pipeline systems acquisition (SCADA) system. To efficiently employ a SCADA report, or by Vlad Semiga, BMT Fleet Technology Ltd, Senior Pipeline Integrity Specialist other pressure time history in a fatigue-life calculation, the complex variable-amplitude time BMT Fleet Technology explored the effects of fatigue on gas pipelines which, it says, must be understood and history is represented statistically as frequency characterised correctly in order to prioritise the correct response to minimise the chance of it impacting the histogram of constant-amplitude pressure-change events. The process most widely used process to integrity of a system. do this is rainflow counting3. In this process, the output of a cycle count here are commonly held beliefs that the PRESSURE SPECTRUM SEVERITY cyclic-fatigue severity of operations. The MOP analysis is a histogram of applied pressure ranges internal operational pressure fluctuations The fatigue life of a structural system is does provide a general limit of the maximum and the associated number of cycles at each of a gas pipeline are less likely to result determined by considering the severity of cyclic cyclic pressure that the pipeline can experience. pressure range. When considering fatigue-crack Tin fatigue cracking than a liquid pipeline, and that loading, the geometry of the system supporting However, if a pipeline operates at a high growth using a fracture-mechanics’ approach in internal-pressure-induced fatigue is not an issue the cyclic load – for example pipe and including MOP – 70 per cent specified minimum yield the absence of a threshold, every pressure cycle for most gas pipeline systems. As a result BMT anomalies – and, in some instances, material strength (SMYS) – and in a continuous manner induces appreciable crack growth. The relative Fleet Technology, on behalf of the Interstate properties. A significant difference between the with few pressure drops, it could be less severity of various pressure-time histories is not Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA), 1 fatigue susceptibility of gas and liquid pipelines susceptible to cyclic pressure-induced fatigue than easily discernable from the pressure-time history has developed an defensible engineering analysis can lie in the severity of the cyclic operating line a pipeline that operated at a lower maximum or the rainflow count histogram. process to investigate whether these observations pressure history. pressure – 30 per cent SMYS – that sees frequent For this reason, BMT developed a spectrum- remain valid for a gas pipeline system. Often the operation of a pipeline is categorised pressure drops (e.g. shutdowns). severity-indicator (SSI) characterisation technique The analysis process takes the following into based on its maximum operating pressure (MOP), Therefore, when assessing or categorising a that considers the number of cycles of a given consideration: and while this approach might be suitable when pipeline’s susceptibility to fatigue, the operational pressure range required to grow a crack the same »» the pipeline’s operation, be it categorising a pipeline from a general static- usage of the pipeline must be considered. The amount as the actual pressure-time history over transmission, bi-directional flow at storage strength point of view, it does not provide an most direct way to accomplish this is to base the one year. An example of this approach is FIGURE 2: Distribution of gas pipeline SSIs. facilities accurate indication of the pressure-induced assessment on an actual detailed pressure time illustrated in Figure 1, where the SSI is the »» existing features, such as dents or cracks number of 13 ksi hoop-stress cycles required to »» material properties, such as pipe vintage grow a crack the same amount as one year of the and grade actual pressure-time history. »» overall pipeline geometry. The higher the number of 13 ksi hoop-stress The assessment supports gas pipeline operators cycles associated with a time history, the more by completing integrity-verification programs aggressive the spectrum is from a cyclic pressure (IVP) which define pipeline segments that can (i.e. fatigue life) point of view. reasonably be considered to be at risk of fatigue In general, for a pipeline, the spectrum severity damage accumulation, and those which are not. associated with the discharge or suction Historically speaking, there have been very few pressure-time history will be different. As such, incidents of cyclic-pressure-induced fatigue when assessing the susceptibility of a gas pipeline related failures in gas pipeline systems.2 There are to cyclic-pressure-induced fatigue, it is a number of reasons for this, including: conservative to base the assessment on the most »» The general operation of a gas pipeline extreme of the discharge or suction pressure time results in few large-amplitude internal history severities from the compressor stations pressure cycles being applied to the bounding the pipeline segment. system – for example, continuous product shipping without the use of batching OBSERVED OPERATION operations. SPECTRUM SEVERITIES »» The product being shipped is To appreciate the magnitude and range of compressible in nature, meaning that SSIs that can be observed in gas pipelines changes in gas pressure occurring at the operating line pressure, 103 pressure histories compressor station are dampened and do were collected from gas pipeline systems not propagate a significant distance along considered by their operators to be representative FIGURE 3: 100-year axialflaw fatigue limit curve wall thickness = 0.25 inch. the pipeline. FIGURE 1: 13 ksi stress spectrum severity indicator (SSI). of aggressive, moderate, and benign cyclic

operations. Rainflow cycle counting was carried Assessment of the fatigue susceptibility for applying the criterion developed for the is not severe and consideration of fatigue may be ACKNOWLEDGMENTS out on each of the pressure time histories and next-lower thickness. Once the pipeline operator eliminated as an integrity threat. The author gratefully acknowledges the SSI’s were estimated. thicknesses other than those developed can be determines the maximum size of features The fatigue assessment criteria were developed technical direction and support of the INGAA and Among the pipelines considered were: interpolated or conservatively considered by (e.g. cracks) contained in their system, based upon around the concept of characterising the its member companies in the completion of this »» 81 continuous operational lines inspection or pressure testing, this criterion can be operational-pressure spectrum severity in terms work. Some data and concepts considered in this »» 30 bi-directional and 56 uni-directional applying the criterion developed for the next-lower used to demonstrate that the pipeline system of an SSI. This parameter characterises the work were developed and influenced by results of lines thickness. features will not be susceptible to pressure fatigue severity of the pipeline operating-pressure Pipeline Research Council International research. »» mostly transmission pipelines, with three induced fatigue and will have a long life. spectrum, allowing for comparison and ranking The fatigue-life-assessment work presented in this lines used in storage fields and ten in from 20 to 340 equivalent 13 ksi cycles per year. In given fatigue life is primarily a function of the SSI of operating conditions and pipeline segments. article was completed by the team at BMT Fleet mixed operational use comparison, a liquid pipeline with a severe and the pipe-wall thickness. Both the OD and the CONCLUDING REMARKS The internal cyclic pressure induced fatigue- Technology, including V. Semiga, A. Dinovitzer, Dr »» lines constructed between 1910–2010 operational-time history has been observed to have pipe grade were considered to have small effects A key aspect of any pipeline integrity severity criteria which have been developed, S. Tiku, and Dr A. Eshraghi. (majority 1950–1970) an SSI of 3,000 equivalent 13 ksi cycles per year. on the allowable initial crack size. management and verification program is to conservatively considers axial crack-like features »» diameters from 6.75 to 42 inch Therefore, a family of fatigue limit curves were identify threats to a pipeline’s integrity. As with and plain dent features, and provides a means of REFERENCES »» wall thicknesses from 0.156–0.844 inch PIPELINE FEATURE FATIGUE LIFE developed for four pipe wall thicknesses of 0.156, other integrity threats, the risk of fatigue must be demonstrating if a gas pipeline is susceptible to 1V. Semiga, ‘Evaluation of Fatigue in Gas »» yield strength from 35–70 ksi LIMIT 0.25, 0.312, and 0.5 inch. These fatigue-limit understood and characterised correctly by a internal cyclic pressure load induced fatigue Pipelines’, 11th International Pipeline (majority 52 ksi) In the INGAA-sponsored study, the results of curves applied to seven spectrum severities and pipeline operator in order to prioritise responses damage accumulation. The approach presented Conference, Paper IPC2016-64486 »» mean to yield pressure ratio of 10–80 per these fracture-mechanics’ based fatigue-life two fatigue-life criteria (100 and 200 years). As an and minimise the chance of it impacting the considers the presence of pipe-wall anomalies 2 INGAA, ‘Historic Review of Gas Pipeline cent (majority 50–70 per cent). calculations was presented as a series of tables example, the 100 year fatigue life curves for the integrity of a system. and can be conservatively applied to other feature Fatigue Induced Failures’, INGAA 2015 The results, which consider the SSI magnitudes and graphs that identify features that can survive 0.25 inch pipe wall thickness with an axial crack The work described in this article provides the types (e.g. circumferential cracks, SCC, and dents 3 American Society for Testing and Materials, for these gas pipeline pressure time histories, either greater than 100, or greater than 200, years is presented in Figure 3. tools to consider the susceptibility of a pipeline with corrosion). ‘Standard Practices for Cycle Counting in Fatigue illustrate the range of cyclic-pressure operation of service based upon the pipeline-internal- Assessment of the fatigue susceptibility for segment to fatigue. These criteria would be of Analysis’, ASTM E1049-85 (Re-approved 1997). time histories (see Figure 2). This indicates that for pressure SSI. Based upon the sensitivities thicknesses other than those developed can be particular interest to gas pipelines where the the pipeline operations considered, the SSI ranged explored, the allowable initial crack size for a interpolated or conservatively considered by operational internal pressure fluctuation severity

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Updated 2016 IPLOCA Ads-GSP_V4.indd 1 11/01/2017 20:25 38 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com | Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines June 2017 | Pipelines International | 39 SECURITY SECURITY Access denied changes invisible to the SCADA system, and report system on a pipeline. Atmos International is using and can be easily installed underground, at valve Atmos International has developed an analysis service to protect pipelines from unauthorised withdrawals that the times and locations of illicit tapping points. this equipment to detect illegal tapping points on points, or at other locations where it is hard to be can result in loss of product, costly repairs, and increase the risk of a catastrophic accident. The company says A number of theft-detection hardware solutions, a number of pipelines in the UK and around detected by thieves. that the service, Theft Net, is able to detect and locate unauthorised activities on a pipeline. which use intrusive and non-intrusive hardware, the world. The data provides the same sensitivity as data are also available for leak-location accuracy. acquired by a permanent leak- and theft- ODIN detection systems. The information is collected heft Net combines fixed and portable helping to capture and convict criminals that little use when the majority of theft events are less PORTABLE DATA LOGGER Odin is a battery-powered, offline data and sent to Atmos Internationally periodically for hardware solutions that collect and attack pipelines. than 0.3 per cent of the nominal flow rate. The portable, autonomous data logger can be acquisition unit designed to find pipeline product analysis, before the company reports the results analyse pipeline data. The data that are Theft Net can detect and locate a theft to deployed to collect pressure and flow data on a theft in locations with no power or back to the client. It is an effective tool to detect Tcollected are analysed by experienced engineers within 5 m for product losses, as small as pipeline where a leak or theft is suspected. The communications. This ATEX-designed unit and discourage pipeline thefts where thieves can Accurate monitoring trained in the latest theft-detection techniques to According to Atmos International, supervisory 0.1 per cent of the nominal flow rate, in static or Theft Net engineer is then able to quickly analyse (approval pending) is small and inconspicuous, attack standard leak-detection equipment. reduce the error in site location down to metres. control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems running conditions. It has even detected the theft the offline data, before sending a report to the The human element adds superior accuracy, lack the ability to ‘see’ theft events with the same of samples as small as 10-20 l of product during customer. Pipeline entropy and instrument while maintaining highly sensitive detection level of accuracy as leak events, because theft static conditions. uncertainty can cause false alarms when the About Atmos International equipment without the distraction of false alarms. events usually involve smaller amounts of product Atmos International’s skilled engineers apply threshold of an online system is set to find very Atmos International says that Theft Net is already losses. Standard sensors on most pipelines can unique analysis techniques to data from existing small leaks. The Theft Net analysis removes these Atmos International provides pipeline leak-detection and simulation technology to the oil, saving pipeline operators time and money, and detect leaks as small as 0.5 per cent, which is of pressure sensors and SCADA data to see critical false alarms, allowing for the detection and gas, water, and associated industries. The company was founded in 1995 in the UK by the inventor of the statistical pipeline leak detection system – Atmos Pipe, now one of a suite location of very small losses. of leak- and theft-detection solutions. These technologies are implemented on hundreds of It is an effective way to quickly search for illicit pipelines in over 50 countries, including those operated by major oil and gas companies such connections, and to estimate the potential as Shell, BP, ExxonMobil, and Total. For more information visit www.atmosi.com Case study 1 performance of a permanent leak-detection The Theft Net analysis was paired with an Atmos International leak-detection system being been used to monitor a pipeline network detected oil theft through a 1.5 km long, buried hose pipe connected to an illegal tap through a 12-14 mm hole. The authorities notified the police in time to capture the criminals. Case study 2 Theft Net service detected and located seven tapping points on a single UK pipeline in just over nine months. One of these thefts was a stolen sample of only 70 l – thieves more commonly steal around 1 m3. Atmos International detected and accurately located the theft to within 2 m of the actual tapping point. The pipeline operator and the police deployed a surveillance team the next night, arrested a number of thieves, and confiscated the equipment. Case study 3 In November 2015, the Atmos Theft Net team detected a theft on a UK pipeline, and located it within 5 m of the actual tapping point. An illegal plastic clamp, which had been connected to the pipeline, had failed to hold the pipeline pressure, and fuel was leaking on the ground. The event emphasised the high risk of environmental damage, as well as product loss from illicit tapping points. Theft Net can detect and locate a theft to within 5 m for product losses.

Options to manage this increased risk are 4,000 ft impacted by the new subdivision, but an We compare the initial costs and the on-going Exciting times identified and analysed. The options are: additional 25,000 ft (7,620 m) of pipeline. So, a costs of each option against total risk reduction 1. Place a protective concrete slab over the total of 29,000 ft (8,839 m) of the pipeline would achieved by each. We can look at future years, for pipeline risk damage benefit. The frequencies and detection consider the cost of capital, and any other 2. Increase patrol of the damaged area. capabilities of the potential new patrols are dimensions we choose to add. These two options are compared as follows. estimated to cause a minor reduction in both With such a quantification of risk, the decision management The concrete cap would be installed over failure probability and consequence potential for makers can now make fully informed decisions. 4,000 ft of pipeline at a cost of US$200,000. It is the 29,000 ft of pipeline. If there remain disagreement among decision estimated to have negligible influence on potential The risk reductions for the 4,000 ft and the makers, it should revolve around the real by W. Kent Muhlbauer, WKM Consulting, consequences of pipeline failure but should 25,000 ft segments are assessed and estimated to challenges rather than emotional and opinion- Austin, Texas, USA reduce probability of failure by 90 per cent. be a total of US$300 per year for the 4,000 ft based notions of risk levels and mitigation That is, only one in ten of the potential damaging segment and a reduction of US$100 per year for effectiveness. Armed with modern and robust risk assessment techniques, we are now third party incidents would actually cause a the neighbouring 25,000 ft segments that also The challenges and nuances of managing better able to manage risks. ‘Better’ means more consistently, efficiently, failure while nine out of ten would be successfully benefit from the increased patrol. risks today make the management processes very thwarted by the new slab. This lowers the EL to The multitude of numbers in this example serious but also exciting. Removing the ‘one size and defensibly. Decision making no longer needs to be relegated to US$200 per year for the 4,000 ft where the slab makes this appear to be a fairly complex fits all’ template and the emotional pitfalls of the debate among area managers or accommodation of pre-set budgets is installed. economic decision. It does indeed reflect the ‘let’s meet and discuss options’ approach, frees that are rarely truly risk-based. This is the exciting part – the ability to The alternative of increased patrol is estimated complexity of the real-world situation. But, the manager to analyse, gain additional insights, to cost US$10,000 per year and, for logistical having undertaken the above analyses, the and really understand the impacts of his manage risks in an objective, transparent way. efficiency reasons, would cover not only the problem is now solvable with simple algebra. decisions.

owever, even with good risk assessment Evaluating potential risk mitigation projects information, risk management is not without challenges. Challenges arise requires analyses of both the risk and the economics Hnot because of the processes we use but only because of the complexities of the real world. associated with the project. It is not in any This is an important distinction. stakeholders’ interest for the pipeline owner or Our risk analyses methods should ONLY appear complex when the underlying phenomena operator to spend inefficiently. Risk reduction are complex. When the science, engineering, or analyses is often a comparison with status quo. economic models that describe the real-world phenomena are complex, then at least some of that complexity will likely appear in our risk current risk level. That is, answering the question: This typically suggests the employment or analyses. is it already safe enough? With a recommended improvement of risk mitigation measures. Managing risks does not mean eliminating risk, philosophy of ‘continuous improvement’, the The perhaps less obvious associated dimensions as has been discussed in previous articles. Let’s answer will rarely be ‘yes’. However, the answer include: over what space (length of pipeline), to examine the multidimensional nature of what can often be ‘the risk is low enough that further what degree, when, and for what future period. pipeline risk management does mean. An early risk reduction here is not a high priority’. Evaluating potential risk mitigation projects decision must involve the acceptability of the The determination of ‘acceptable’ (or requires analyses of both the risk and the ‘tolerable’) risk involves dimensions such as: economics associated with the project. It is not in ‘acceptable to whom?’, ‘acceptable for what time any stakeholders’ interest for the pipeline owner W. Kent Muhlbauer is a regular columnist for Pipelines International, author period and over what space?’. Addressing the first or operator to spend inefficiently. Risk reduction of Pipeline Risk Assessment: the Definitive requires knowledge of all stakeholders and their analyses is often a comparison with the status Approach and its Role in Risk Management, individual cost/benefit calculus of how the quo, i.e. not performing the potential project. and presenter of the Advanced pipeline impacts them. The second is more subtle, Consider the following risk management Pipeline Risk Management course run requiring us to recognise that some risks may be scenario. A large subdivision is planned over and internationally with Clarion Technical acceptable for short segments of pipe or for short all around an older high pressure pipeline. An Conferences and Tiratsoo Technical. periods of time, even though the same risk is not associated increase in third party damage For more information, visit tolerable for longer lengths or longer time. potential is recognised. This new risk is estimated www.pipelinerisk.net Perhaps the most common risk management to be US$800 per year of additional Expected choice is to reduce risk where ever it is feasible. Loss (EL) over 4,000 ft (1,219 m) of the pipeline.

42 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com | Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines June 2017 | Pipelines International | 43 INTERVIEW INTERVIEW Pipeline people: Jose Larios A fresh set of eyes Pipelines International speaks with SPX FLOW’s President of Power and Energy Jose Larios, who started in the Pipelines International sits down with NDT Global’s Chief Sales and Marketing Officer John Fallon, who is a industry more than 20 years ago. Mr Larios discusses the benefits of his company’s pipeline products, bespoke relative greenhorn to the pipeline industry, to discuss the digitalisation of communication streams and his client solutions, and the future of major pipeline projects. thoughts on the future of the industry.

How did you make your start in the best cycle time in the industry. Our customers How long have you been involved in able to save millions of dollars because they no pipeline industry? always appreciate that the quicker we can help the pipelines industry? longer had to investigate a high number of My first job in the industry was as a Pipeline them build their pipelines the faster they can put I am actually new to the pipeline industry and non-injurious anomalies. Inspection Engineer more than 20 years ago. the assets to work. started with NDT Global 18 months ago to Another very notable project that we presented I managed pipeline-inspection projects in the US head-up marketing. I joined from the aerospace at a recent conference involved circumferential and around the world. The job involved operating Is there a memorable project that industry, which also focuses on managing a safety cracking in a pipeline. What made it so notable is ultrasonic smart inspection tools and then you’ve been involved that stands out in critical infrastructure and service. For over 20 the fact that circumferential cracking is a managing complete asset-integrity projects, your career? years, I have worked in global technology developing threat to the industry, one that many cleaning, inspection, fit-for-purpose studies, and We recently completed several sections of a companies across a number of industries. In all people aren’t too familiar with. Our ultrasonic finally repair and certification. significant natural gas pipeline project in North of these roles, I was based in Ireland, working circumferential-crack inspection tool showed a America. We supplied fabricated valves and with customers who are spread across the globe. high level of detection and identification What does your role at SPX FLOW between bearing pumps in record time, supported capabilities for circumferential cracks, so it was a entail? by our service centres. We were able to continue What is your role at NDT Global? great result for us and the client. I’m the President of Industrial and Energy at this success and have been awarded a key crude I am NDT Global’s Chief Sales and Marketing SPX FLOW. I lead a great team of professionals oil project in Texas at the end of 2016, where we Officer, which includes managing a team that is How do you think the industry will focused on helping our customers become more are supplying both gate valves and between responsible for our global marketing programs change over the coming years? efficient. We sell and deliver components and bearing pumps. and service launches. I also have responsibility for We see a gradual increase in regulation systems for a wide range of industries. We’ve put a lot of focus on our customers to Jose Larios, SPX FLOW President of Power and Energy. sales and marketing processes and work with our worldwide. The trend had been towards I spend a lot of time with our customers better understand their requirements and see the regional teams to improve how we go to market. performance-based regulation allowing a lot of around the world understanding their needs and world through their eyes. This has allowed us to their viability and execution also go through I regularly asses the feedback from our customers flexibility for operators in their implementation of John Fallon, Chief Sales and Marketing Officer, then translating that to delivering a better service, provide the most efficient solutions while cycles. Plans change quickly and projects can get and other sources of market intelligence to ensure integrity-management programs. However, the NDT Global. new products, or excellence in operation. Our maintaining a lowest capital expenditure for new put on hold or activated at short notice. our service development plans are meeting continued high-profile failures have resulted in SPX FLOW team works hard at always projects. We expect to continue this momentum market needs. moves towards more prescriptive regulation. The improvements in sensors, processing, and improving, and supporting our customers. as we grow to support our customers’ needs. Do you have any predictions for the It is truly a global operation as we have our There is no tolerance among communities for memory have enabled us to capture terabytes of future? service centres in Canada, Germany, Mexico, the failures, and it is up to the industry to work to data in a single run. The industry is now applying What products and services does SPX How has the industry changed during I see this trend accelerating: projects may be United Arab Emirates, and the US, with the improve confidence levels and eliminate the ‘big data’ techniques to manage and analyse this FLOW provide to the pipeline industry? your career in pipelines? delayed for years, but when the right economic headquarters based in Ireland. In addition, I am possibility of undetected cracking in a pipeline. information. In the long term, the sophistication We provide fabricated gate and anti-surge There are some things that haven’t changed in conditions exist (e.g. commodity prices, splits) in communication with our remote sales office in Over the last year, we have seen a renewed of algorithms to process and reprocess data valves, centrifugal pumps, and filtration systems. the last 15 years – such as public safety and asset customers will want to maximise that opportunity Australia, the UK, and Spain. Probably the most focus on interacting threats. Interacting threats in identifying specific feature types will become We have a wide network of service centres integrity – but the most significant changes I have and put the pipelines to work as fast as possible. important aspect of my role is to ensure the voice a pipe segment can result in an increased chance more important. around the world proving original parts, repair, witnessed is capital allocation and decision As a provider of services and products to pipeline of the customer is fully represented at an of pipeline failure. Although an individual defect We already see the first impacts of this with the and maintenance. Our M&J valves are an making. In the past, pipeline companies were seen operators, at SPX FLOW we see our job as executive management level at NDT Global. may not be of major concern, if multiple types of announcement in April of our Enhanced Sizing industry standard for their efficient and safe as ‘immune’ to oil-price cycles, therefore aligning to that need and providing the shortest defects are found at the same location, the service. This breakthrough is the first major operation. We have evolved our centrifugal investment plans were well defined, permits issues cycle times, and best service and quality for our Are there any notable projects which condition might be critical for the safe operation improvement in crack inspection since the pumps in the last years and designed them to with a lot of time, capital allocation committed, products. have been completed in your time with of the same pipe segment. introduction of absolute depth sizing more than optimise their footprint and efficiency. and construction projects executed with the company, or are planned in the near We have recently introduced a new Ultrasonic five years ago. Our designs and operating systems put us in a conservative time lines. future? Geometry service. This not only provides much The innovation is a result of the continued unique position to serve our customers, not only Pipeline projects are now more obviously About SPX FLOW I was involved in a review of a really interesting higher accuracy than traditional calliper research and development at NDT Global and as they are safe and efficient, but we also have the interconnected to the economics of oil and gas, so Based in Charlotte, North Carolina, case that involved steep-sided corrosion. An inspections, but it also provides a basis for the first of a series of software driven SPX FLOW is a global multi-industry operator approached us about a line of theirs combined analysis based on a consistent set of improvements. Removing the limitations of I see this trend accelerating: projects may be delayed for manufacturing leader with operations in looking for verification of the presence of pittings ultrasonic data. We see opportunities to improve existing crack inspections provides more accurate more than 35 countries and over 8,000 and pinholes in the line. We used our high- how we inspect and report on interacting threats data, leading to safer pipelines in the long run. employees. The company’s specialised resolution pinhole and pitting (Ump) metal-loss in the future, and this will enable more precise years, but when the right economic conditions exist, products and technologies have been inspection service to provide the operator with integrity assessment of such complex threats. customers will want to maximise that opportunity and supplied to oil and gas projects around the For more information on the NDT Global world. For more information visit the most accurate data available for their pipeline. An additional trend that is set to continue is the products and services discussed in this put the pipelines to work as fast as possible. www.spxflow.com After working with our team, the operator was volume of data acquired during inspections. interview, visit www.ndt-global.com

know that we care too. We’re not in this to everybody is against those things even the pipeline industry, you’ve got product pollute. We’re in this to save the environment energy industry.” manufacturers like us [Clock Spring], then A new look for a well-known and make people’s lives better.” Mr Boucher is not only interested in the story you’ve got the pipeline owners, and in-between As Mr Boucher speaks about the future of the of the energy industry as a whole, but the story the manufacturers and the owners you’ve got the pipelines industry, he also reflects on its past, the of pipelines specifically. One if his aims for the contractors who are actually handling the brand important role is has played in making our future of Clock Spring is to bring contractors installations. One of the things that Clock modern world. into the conversation, to ensure that pipeline Spring is making a concerted effort to include Clock Spring has had a big start to 2017. Not only has the company instituted a brand new corporate image, “It’s amazing what the energy industry has installations are completed to the highest contractors and installers in the overall story. which included a series of executive appointments, but it also announced at PPIM 2017 that it was working on done, and I know we all get a bad rap, but I possible standard. The result of accurate “We could do the installations ourselves, but its first product release since 2008. think we can start to tell a story that is much installation is safer pipelines and a safer we don’t ever want to be in that business. more inspiring and much more real to what we environment for all; this certainly reflects Mr Instead, we want to support contractors and ollowing a marketing revamp and the really are. Nobody is for dirty water, nobody is Boucher’s values and his vision for the company. installers so that they have the tools they need to relaunch of its 25-year-old brand, Clock for dirty air, nobody’s for global warming, and He says “If you look at the eco system of the complete their job.” Spring has signalled its intention to launch Fa new product in the next six months. President and CEO Matt Boucher says the manufacturer About Clock Spring of composite sleeves for pipeline repair planned Clock Spring® is a manufacturer of permanent and temporary composite pipe repair solutions. Its products are designed to provide structural to launch its first product since 2008 during this reinforcement, leak repair, and corrosion prevention for pipelines and industrial pipe-works, and have been endorsed by peer review and third calendar year. party testing. Mr Boucher, who has a background in business Clock Spring’s new executive team. Left to right: Andrew Patrick, Buddy Powers, David Teeter, Ivan Zavala, and transformations, says a lot of hard work behind Matt Boucher. Clock Spring installations provide no risk to the environment and downtime, because no cutting or welding is required for the install of any of our products. Pipeline operations can even continue while we make the needed reinforcements or repairs, with a typical installation taking the scenes went into Clock Spring’s relaunch, approximately about 30 minutes, with the full cure completed in two hours, allowing for overwrapping and backfilling in the same day. which included a revamped executive team to innovation, stewardship, and growth,” says “Pipelines are so important to everyday life: carry out its new vision and a marketing- Mr Boucher. without pipelines we don’t have power plants, For more information visit www.clockspring.com communications’ refresh. He says that Clock “We have spent so much time going out and electricity, gas – we can’t power our cars. No Spring’s focus in 2017 would be to build skills, engaging with our customers and really trying to matter what anyone says, they are still the safest capabilities, and partner with customers to understand why they like us, what they don’t like and most economical way to transport resources. enhance safety, maintain and protect capital about us, and trying to bring that together as a “It’s getting heat and electricity to people’s investments, and preserve the environment. message that we can tell the world. In the last six homes, it’s getting PE to facilities so they can months we’ve created a whole new product- make IV tubes that ware going to be used in THE NEW EXECUTIVE development function within the company that hospitals. We’re just making a composite repair The executive appointments included the didn’t exist before; our last significant product but without it, especially on a 50-year-old pipe, promotion of Andrew Patrick, who has been with introduction was back in 2008, so it’s been a long maybe you don’t get that blood transfusion,” he the company for 20 years, to the position of time,” he explains. says. Executive Vice President of Global Sales, where “In the next six months you’ll see us roll out a “The fact that Clock Spring can play a very he will be responsible for leading customer series of new or improved products. Initially we’re small role in positively effecting everybody’s life is engagement programs and helping them enhance focusing on products that are applicable to the why we do this. It might be a little bit idealistic value with innovative composite solutions. Buddy pipeline-construction space: casing spacers, pipe but it’s how I feel, and why we do what we do.” Powers, Ivan Zavala, and David Teeter were also supports, and things that we think can be of great appointed to newly created leadership roles. benefit when building, replacing, or repairing a A VISION FOR THE FUTURE Mr Powers, who has been with Clock Spring pipeline. Mt Boucher is aware that the industry is for 15 years and recently returned after a changing, that there are new technologies on the two-year leadership position with Stress JOINING THE COMPANY market that are set to increase competition in Engineering, was named Vice President, Product Mr Boucher, who also sits on the Board of the the pipelines industry. In particular, he points to Management and Technical Services. Mr Zavala Interstate Natural Gas Association of America, wind, solar and other renewable energy sources has become Clock Spring’s Senior Director, says that since joining the Clock Spring in June and the newest players in the energy market. Manufacturing and Quality, while Mr Teeter will 2016 he had developed a new appreciation for Reflecting on the challenging of competing in take up the position of Manager, Health, Safety the important part pipelines play in everyday life. a new energy market, he says “It’s going to be a and Environmental. He hopes the changes at the company, and the very delicate balance as the world moves “Andrew, Buddy, Ivan, and David are key fresh new look, will take it to the next level. When towards clean energy sources. Pipelines will still leaders in the Clock Spring transformation. Their I joined the company last June I saw a company play a big role. Maybe we won’t move as much collective expertise in customer service, product with this great history, unbelievable technology, energy but we’ll still need to make polyethylene. development, quality control, safety and that might have just got a little complacent. “We think that it is a very important thing to environmental stewardship makes them However, Clock Spring has a great story to tell talk about and we want the people who are invaluable as we work to focus the business on and a great service to provide for the industry. rightly concerned about the environment to

46 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com www.pipelinesinternational.com | Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines June 2017 | Pipelines International | 47 COMPANY NEWS SUBSCRIBE TO Partnership to produce PIPELINES INTERNATIONAL resilient pipe for slurry pipelines Pohang Steel and Iron (POSCO) has signed an agreement with the world’s largest oil and gas company, ExxonMobil, to produce high manganese steel pipes for use in its pipeline infrastructure. MAJOR PIPELINE SYSTEMS OF THE UNITED STATES A detailed overview of select existing major pipeline systems in the United States

Compiled and published by Great Southern Press Pty Ltd B B Tel: +61 3 9248 5100 B Product information and graphic design © Great Southern Press, 2017. B Source map courtesy Map Resources. eale 28* B lmia www.mapresources.com.au B 18* 37 For additional copies of this poster and for advertising enquiries, 26* Prland 20* 40* n March 2017, POSCO CEO Ohjoon Kwon and ExxonMobil POSCO’s high-manganese steel is designed to become stronger as email [email protected] alem Helena This map is intended as a general source of information only. imar 43 ga 35 NOTE: This is a schematic representation and shows approximate nelier routes of major US pipelines. It does not show exact pipeline routes. 7 nrd ie ain Pal Route, length, and capacity information is approximate and intended Upstream Research Company President Tom Schuessler signed the wear progresses and extends the life of slurry pipes. The new pipe has Pierre 21* n as a guide only, and is correct as at May 2017. lban 6 4 39* Harrd adin ilaee 24 aning 2 17 2 eri B iag e r al ae i 36 e ine agreement for POSCO to mass produce and supply manganese steel a strength of 10,546 kg/cm due to the use of manganese, chromium, 23 eenne 16 Harribrg 30 renn arn i inln aramen Piladelia www.pipelinesinternational.com lmb 31* alimre an rani ener ndianali ringield nnali aingn an e 13 ea arlen 19 imnd pipes which will to be used during the manufacture of oil sands slurry and carbon in the steel. 12 ranr I eern i 5 29 14

aille aleig ana e 15 8 arle ngele pipelines. According to POSCO, the innovative material is more resistant High-manganese steel also has the ability to self-heal by forming lama i emi 25 1 ile lmbia an ieg 22 Peni 10 lana 33 27

B 38 alla ngmer to wear and has a longer service life, as well as reducing the effects of stronger and more-resilient layers after it has been pummelled by l Pa 9 B an ALASKA CANADA anille 41 42 allaaee 34 32 in 11 slurry erosion by up to five times the industry standard. abrasive rocks and untreated oil sands. an nni Hn

3 0 500 miles Pipelines marked with * indicate a pipeline route 0 125 miles 250 miles 500 miles 0 500 km B The agreement is the result of a five-year collaboration between the However, POSCO believes the high-manganese steel will significantly that begins in Canada. 0 125 km 250 km 500 km

two companies, during which they have worked to verify the suitability of reduce operating costs and shorten maintenance and repair periods due to KEY KEY KEY LENGTH LENGTH LENGTH otlight on nterview with NAME OWNER PRODUCT CAPACITY NAME OWNER PRODUCT CAPACITY NAME OWNER PRODUCT CAPACITY Cover story: Nord Stream 2 (miles) (miles) (miles) resoures in the lows ose arios 1 El Paso Natural Gas Pipeline System Kinder Morgan Gas 6,182 MMcf/d 10,302 15 Southern Star Central Pipeline Southern Star Gas 2,801 MMcf/d 5,803 30 National Fuel Gas Supply Corporation System National Fuel Gas 2,312 MMcf/d 2,300 project update Enbridge Inc. orth ea age 2 Algonquin Gas Transmission Gas 3,347 MMcf/d 1,129 16 Dominion Pipeline Dominion Resources Gas 6,655 MMcf/d 3,505 31 Keystone Pipeline* TransCanada Crude oil 700,000 bbl/d 2,639 age (formerly Spectra Energy Partners) Enbridge Inc. 17 Colorado Interstate Gas Pipeline Kinder Morgan Gas 4,099 MMcf/d 4,300 32 Seaway Pipeline Enterprise Products Partners; Enbridge Crude oil 850,000 bbl/d 760 age 3 Texas Eastern Transmission Gas 7,332 MMcf/d 9,212 (formerly Spectra Energy Partners) 18 Alliance Pipeline System* Alliance Pipeline Gas 2,053 MMcf/d 2,311 33 Gulf Coast Project TransCanada Crude oil 700,000 bbl/d 487 4 Tennessee Gas Pipeline Kinder Morgan Gas 6,686 MMcf/d 14,463 19 Columbia Gulf Transmission Columbia Pipeline Group Gas 2,386 MMcf/d 4,124 34 Longhorn Pipeline Magellan Midstream Partners Crude oil 275,000 bbl/d 700 high manganese steel for slurry pipe by manufacturing them on pipe replacement, which benefit oil production and the efficiency of plant 5 Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Panhandle Energy Gas 2,840 MMcf/d 6,445 20 Northern Border Pipeline* TC PipeLines; ONEOK Partners Gas 2,626 MMcf/d 1,408 35 Double H Pipeline Hiland Partners Crude oil 84,000 bbl/d 485 6 Northern Natural Gas Pipeline Northern Natural Gas Gas 7,442 MMcf/d 15,874 21 Great Lakes Gas Transmission Pipeline* Great Lakes Gas Transmission Company Gas 2,958 MMcf/d 2,115 36 Pony Express Pipeline Tallgrass Energy Crude oil 230,000 bbl/d 764 7 ANR Pipeline ANR Pipeline Company Gas 7,129 MMcf/d 10,600 22 Transwestern Interstate Pipeline Energy Transfer Gas 2,439 MMcf/d 2,560 37 Olympic Pipeline BP Crude oil 315,000 bbl/d 400 8 Transcontinental Gas Pipeline Williams Gas 8,466 MMcf/d 10,500 23 Questar Pipeline Questar Pipeline Gas 3,192 MMcf/d 1,858 38 Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Alyeska Pipeline Service Company Crude oil 2,136,000 bbl/d 800 9 Gulf South Pipeline Gulf South Pipeline Company Gas 6,260 MMcf/d 6,886 24 Wyoming Interstate Pipeline Kinder Morgan Gas 2,736 MMcf/d 848 39 US Mainline (Lakehead System)* Enbridge Crude oil 2,600,000 bbl/d 1,900 otlight on nterview with 10 Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America Kinder Morgan Gas 4,848 MMcf/d 9,306 Cover story: Nord Stream 2 25 Centerpoint Energy Gas Transmission CenterPoint Energy Gas 5,385 MMcf/d 6,374 40 Alberta Clipper* Enbridge Crude oil 880,000 bbl/d 1,000 11 Florida Gas Transmission Pipeline Florida Gas Transmission Company Gas 2,217 MMcf/d 4,889 ExxonMobil’s worksites. Testing culminated in 2016 when a 1.2 km operations. resoures in the lows ose arios 26 Northwest Pipeline* Williams Gas 4,950 MMcf/d 3,880 41 Roadrunner Gas Pipeline ONEOK Partners Gas 640 MMcf/d 200 miles project update 12 Kern River Gas Transmission Pipeline Kern River Gas Transmission Company Gas 1,833 MMcf/d 1,680 age 27 Southern Natural Gas Company System Kinder Morgan Gas 3,967 MMcf/d 7,635 42 WesTex Gas Transmission Pipeline ONEOK Partners Gas 100 MMcf/d 2,227 miles orth ea 13 Trunkline Pipeline Panhandle Energy Gas 3,025 MMcf/d 4,202 age 28 Gas Transmission Northwest* TransCanada Gas 2,636 MMcf/d 1,356 43 Dakota Access Pipeline Dakota Access LLC Crude oil 450,000 bbl/d 1,172 miles 14 Texas Gas Transmission Boardwalk Pipelines Gas 4,065 MMcf/d 5,671 pipeline, which was installed for a year at the Kearl Oil Sands Project in POSCO has floated the idea of expanding the material’s application to age 29 Columbia Gas Transmission NiSource Gas Transmission & Storage Gas 9,350 MMcf/d 10,365 Alberta, Canada, was found to have outperformed other slurry pipes in heavy construction equipment and bulletproof military equipment, as Cover story: Nord Stream 2 otlight on nterview with project update resoures in the lows ose arios orth ea age age age wear performance. well as steel pipes and facilities to move various other minerals. For the time being the pipes will be used by ExxonMobil to transport resources – including heavy soil sands – produced in Canada. Reflecting on the agreement ExxonMobil’s Mr Schuessler said, “Through close teamwork between ExxonMobil and POSCO, we were able to commercialise new high-manganese steel technology being used to Receive in PRINT + DIGITAL dig oil sand fields and produce oil out of oil sands.”

For more information visit www.posco.com Pipelines International is the international oil and gas pipeline industry’s leading media brand, providing news and analysis via multiple integrated THE RIGHT SERVICE & PRODUCT EVERY TIME online and print channels. Subscribe to receive: FOUR EDITIONS EACH YEAR FULL ACCESS ON WEB, TABLET AND SMART PHONE PLUS FREE PIPELINE WALLCHARTS WITH SELECTED EDITIONS

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Call 1-855-955-CCIS (2247) www.pipelinesinternational.com or Visit CrossCountryIS.com Shutterstock © Atstock Productions Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook @Pipelines PipelinesInternational 48 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com EVENTS PPIM 2017 marks 29th year with biggest show to date This year, the annual Pipeline Pigging & Integrity Management (PPIM) Conference & Exhibition was held on 27 February – 2 March 2017 at the George R. Brown Convention Centre in Houston, Texas, US. With its large Exhibition Hall and comprehensive conference program, 2017 marked the biggest year in the 29-year history of the event.

he event kicked off with a number of In the afternoon, the conference broke into event was an opportunity to relax and meet with training course held on Monday 27 and three separate streams chaired by Everett colleagues from around the world after a busy day Tuesday 28 February. Topics covered in Johnson, George Williamson, and Terry at the event. Tthe courses included defect assessment, pipeline Shamblin. The success of the first day continued for the integrity management, hot tapping, hydrostatic The large-scale Exhibition Hall also opened on remainder of the event. Thursday’s program testing, safety management, pigging and in-line Wednesday morning. The first day of the included a full day of conference sessions, split PPIM by numbers inspection, in-service welding and more. exhibition saw an record number of attendees into three streams, and opportunities companies The 2017 training course program also passing through, bringing plenty of new business to present new products and technologies at the 14 technical training courses featured a one-day briefing on pipeline pigging and networking opportunities to the exhibiting exhibitors’ stage with the Exhibition Hall. The and integrity management in non-technical companies. program for the day wrapped up with an evening language. This new addition to PPIM was Conference sessions wrapped up at 5.30pm reception held in the Exhibition Hall and 50+ conference papers designed to familiarise attendees with pipeline on Wednesday afternoon. Following this all Sponsored by Rosen. pigging without the confusing technical jargon. conference attendees and exhibitors were invited With such a successful year in 2017, planning is This non-technical course was broken down into to attend the opening reception, sponsored by already underway for the 2018 event, which will 2,000+ event attendees three parts, covering utility pigs, smart pigs and a Precision Pigging, in the Exhibition Hall. The be the 30th anniversary of PPIM. general introduction to pipeline integrity. Training course attendees were able to relax 170+ exhibitors in the expanded and digest their learnings on Tuesday afternoon Speakers in the plenary session reflected on the exhibition at a reception sponsored by the Young Pipeline history of the US pipelines industry, and how the Professional (YPP). Representatives from the YPP 30+ countries represented gave a short presentation at the reception, sector can best prepare for the future through encouraging those in attendance to consider opportunities for knowledge sharing and training and education. Michelle Unger spoke about 90% exhibitors return education, to ensure that the next generation of Rosen’s new qualification route map, while Jane and leaders are well-equipped to copy with any of the each year challenges the industry might throw at them. Jerry Rau discussed strategies for the industry to Following the training days, the event began to ramp up with the opening plenary session being begin closing the generational gap. held on the morning on Wednesday 1 March. The session was attended by over 300 individuals and featured keynote presentations from Jeff Interested in participating in PPIM 2018? Wiese (TRC Solutions), Michelle Unger (Rosen), In 2018, PPIM will once again be held at the George R Brown Dr Phil Hopkins (PHL), Jerry Rau (RCP), and Convention Centre in Houston, Texas, US, on 29 January – Jane Rau (JTrain Inc). 1 February. The event will be celebrating its 30th anniversary. Speakers in the plenary session reflected on the The Call for Papers for the 2018 event is now open. Abstracts are history of the US pipelines industry, and how the being accepted until 2 October 2017. For further information, or to submit your abstract, sector can best prepare for the future through contact John Tiratsoo: [email protected] training and education. Michelle Unger spoke If you are interested in exhibiting at PPIM 2018, contact Clarion Technical Conferences’ about Rosen’s new qualification route map, while Traci Branstetter: [email protected] Jane and Jerry Rau discussed strategies for the PPIM is organised by Clarion Technical Conference and Tiratsoo Technical. The event is industry to begin closing the generational gap supported by Pipelines International. For further information about the 2018 event, visit before many of the ‘old hands’ in begin to retire. www.clarion.org/ppim/ppim18

50 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com EVENTS Berlin plays host to ptc 2017 On 2–4 May 2017, representatives of the international gas, oil, water, and product pipeline sectors met in Berlin, Germany for the EITEP Pipeline Technology Conference (ptc), the largest event for the industry in Europe.

r Klaus Ritter, chairman of the conference and president of the EITEP Institute, gave the opening address for Dthe event. Dr Ritter said “The extremely high number of international participants from all sectors of the industry will allow us to not only intensify intercountry exchange of experience, but also, in particular, the exchange of experience between operators of gas, oil, water, and product pipeline systems.” Iran Pipeline Pigging 2017 On the evening before the conference, the 43 members of the Advisory Committee, together with the speakers, session chairs, and exhibitors, 23-24 October 2017 Post-conference Conference & Exhibition were invited by the organiser to a pre-conference Iran-Tehran workshops reception. A The following evening, event attendees gathered in the exhibition hall for an evening In cooperation with reception sponsored by Rosen. The expanded exhibition featured over 50 companies and was a highlight of ptc; visitors were able to visit stands and learn about the latest pipeline technologies and products. With 164 submissions received for the Topics: conference, an advisory committee selected a UT Pig, MFL Pig, Geo Pig, EMAT Pig, combined PIG (UT/MFL), cleaning pig, ILI & PIMS, pigging results total of 80 presentations to be included in the verification, results comparison of two pigging, solutions for unpiggable pipelines, pipeline standards and final program. In addition to the conference, instructions, repair priorities of pipelines, methods to determine MAOP, inline and online inspection of pipelines a number of submissions were chosen for the and more. accompanying scientific paper show. Papers covered a range of topics including Who should attend: Contact information: automation, coating, composite repair, Oil and gas governmental co., suppliers, producers, Website: www.pepipeline.com construction, decommissioning, in-line inspection, contractors, consultants, inspectors, NDT companies, www.iranpipelines.com integrity management, leak detection, offshore B technologies, planning and design, repair, safety, cathodic protection and corrosion companies, Email: [email protected] A: The conference program featured 80 presentations. standards, and trenchless technologies. engineers, professionals and institutes. [email protected] B: The ptc 2017 Exhibition Hall. Images courtesy of EITEP ptc. The event program also included two panels Abstract submission deadline: 9 August 2017 Tel: +98 21 888 40 691 sessions. The first panel discussed new +98 21 888 30 847 Germany’s Energy Transition, and pointed out workshops and seminars covering pipeline leak Paper submission deadline: 9 September 2017 opportunities for energy customers. This that an integrated solution using an electricity and detection, and in-line inspection of onshore and +98 21 888 31 695 discussion was chaired by Heinz Watzka, gas network would be the most flexible solution. offshore pipelines. Fax: +98 21 897 80 607 Chairman of the ptc Advisory Committee and The second panel session covered Safety and The 13th edition of EITEP’s ptc will be held in Senior Advisor of the EITEP Institute. The Communication. The session was chaired by Berlin, Germany on 12–24 March 2018. More participants were Stephan Kamphues from Open DNV GL’s Asle Venas. The participants were information on opportunities to participate can Grid Europe/ENTSOG, Arno Büx from Fluxys, Professor Dr. Jürgen Schmidt from the Centre of be found at www.pipeline-conference.com Ulrich Lissek from Nord Stream 2, and Dr Safety Excellence, Erik Cornelissen from EITEP will also play a large role in organising Joachim Pfeiffer, energy policy spokesman for the ROSEN, Michael Bellamy from PII, Dirk Strack a Pipeline – Pipe – Sewer – Technology CDU/CSU parliamentary parties. from Transalpine Pipeline (TAL), and former Conference and Exhibition in Cairo, Egypt on Mr Kamphues, the keynote speaker, tackled the PHMSA Chairman Brigham McCown. 17–19 September 2017. For more information issue of the European internal market versus The last day of the event featured a number of visit www.pipelinepipesewer.com

52 | Pipelines International | June 2017 Follow us on Twitter @Pipelines | www.pipelinesinternational.com EVENTS EVENTS Call for papers open: Technology for Future and Don’t forget these events Pipeline Leadership Ageing Pipelines Conference Conference The University of Gent’s Laboratory pipeline, and its predecessors. An Advisory for 2017: The Pipelines Leadership Soete, in partnership with Tiratsoo Technical Committee, under the chairmanship of Conference will be held on 7–8 of the UK and Australia, is organising an Laboratory Soete’s Professor Stijn Hertelé, is IPLOCA 2017 CONVENTION MEDIA PARTNER November 2017 in Dallas, Texas, US. international conference on 11–12 April being set up to review abstracts and ensure that 25-29 SEPTEMBER 2017 The annual event, now entering its 2018, in Gent, Belgium. The event will bring only papers of the highest quality and greatest Mexico City, Mexico third year, is directed towards together the renowned Pipeline Technology relevance are accepted for the prestigious www.iploca.com top executives involved with Conference (‘Rudi’s Pipeline Conference’) event’s program. building and operating oil and gas – which was set up by Professor Rudi Denys The Call for Papers for the event is now pipelines. This two-day conference – and the same group’s Ageing Pipelines open and will close on 13 October 2017. AUSTRALIAN PIPELINES AND GAS ASSOCIATION is focused on innovative approaches Conference, initiated in Belgium in 2015. Authors wishing to submit an abstract should CONVENTION and best practices for managing The conference is aimed at sharing send it to John Tiratsoo. Abstracts should DISTRIBUTION new construction, ensuring safety, knowledge and featuring the latest achievements be 250–300 words in length and include the 14-17 OCTOBER 2017 improving efficiency and overcoming relative to the assessment, use, and maintenance full paper title and the following information Cairns, Queensland, Australia challenges from inside and outside the of both ageing high-pressure (cross-country/ for each author and co-author: full name, www.apga.org.au industry. offshore) transmission and ageing low-pressure salutation, position, company or organisation, The program is being collated by a distribution gas and oil pipeline systems. postal address, telephone number, and email. MEDIA PARTNER committee of international experts and A parallel theme will be to explore the latest Submit your abstract at RIO PIPELINE industry leaders, with representatives technology for materials and welding for new www.jes-tt-events.com 24-26 OCTOBER 2017 from Michels, the American Gas pipelines to ensure they are designed for a Sponsorship packages for the Technology for Barra da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro Association, and TransCanada maximum effective operational lifetime. future and ageing pipelines (TFAP) conference www.riopipeline.com.br participating. A number of speakers The multi-track conference will have the are now available. If you would like more have already been confirmed for the opportunity to present up to 36 new papers information on sponsorship opportunities, event. This includes Chris Yoxall covering subjects ranging from the latest please contact Dave Marsh: PIPELINE PIGGING AND INTEGRITY MEDIA PARTNER (Rosen), Ryan Tetrault (TransCanada), research into materials and welding for high- [email protected] MANAGEMENT 2018 Bill Solomon (Vacuworx), Jonny pressure pipelines to maintaining the fitness- For general information about the event, 29 JANUARY – 1 FEBRUARY 2018 Minder (Diakont), for-purpose and integrity of the ‘100-year-old’ visit www.pipeline-technology.com and more. Houston, Texas, US The agenda for the even promises www.clarion.org/ppim/ppim18 to cover a broad range of topics including: pipeline development EITEP PTC MEDIA PARTNER amid low oil prices, improving business efficiencies during a market 12-14 MARCH 2018 downturn, collaborating with Estrel Convention Center, Berlin, Germany stakeholders to improve relationships, Shutterstock © leoks www.pipeline-conference.com overcoming regulatory challenges, fostering innovation, introducing new technologies and more. TECHNOLOGY FOR FUTURE AND AGEING Offshore Pipeline Technology Conference PIPELINES 2018 For further information on the MEDIA PARTNER Pipeline Leadership Conference, visit The 41st Offshore Pipeline Technology Statoil, Chevron, DNV GL, Saipem, Subsea 11-12 APRIL 2018 www.plconference.com Conference will be held on 27 February 7, and others. With five official receptions, Het Pand Convention Centre, Gent, Belgium – 1 March 2018 at the Okura Hotel in the event also offers attendees plenty of What if you could have the acclaimed Pipeline Engineering courses from Clarion Technical www.pipeline-technology.com Amsterdam. The event will be attended by networking opportunities. In addition to this, Conferences and Tiratsoo Technical some 200+ offshore pipeline professionals, with a range of sponsorship and exhibition options, right on your desktop? exploration and production companies making will allow companies to participate in the event PIPELINE OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT up at least 30 per cent of the audience. in a number of ways, and to build an event MIDDLE EAST 2018 MEDIA PARTNER A highlight of the Offshore Pipelines package to suit their needs. 23-26 APRIL 2018 Technology Conference will be the full The Call for Papers for the event is now technical program featuring at least 50 open and will close on 31 August 2017. For For more information and to purchase the online courses, Gulf Convention Centre, Manama, Bahrain presentations over three days. The program further information visit www.energy. visit www.tiratsootechnical.com www.clarion.org/POMME/2018 Shutterstock © f11photo is being collated by a technical advisory knect365.com/offshore-pipeline- committee featuring representatives from technology

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Cover story: Construction gets Natural gas Flexible pipeline Cover story: Read about Saudi Douglas-Westwood: The history of the Cover story: Investigating pipeline Creating an effective and investment integrity pipeline industry first HDD rig designs airborne leak crack management underway on the Trans Adriatic Aramco’s plans for the future. Saudi Record pipelaying in the Pipeline project. opportunities in Iran management Aramco General Manager Pipelines forecast to 2019 detection programme Norwegian Sea Page 38 Page 18 Page 26 Mohammed Sultan Al-Qahtani exclusive Page 10 Page 46 Page 42 Page 14 Page 34 Page 30

PIN_June_2016_Cover_1up.indd 1 7/05/2016 2:02 PM PIN_March_2016_Cover_1up.indd 1 19/02/2016 4:29 PM PIN_December_2015_Cover_1up.indd 1 19/11/2015 5:30 PM

Pipelines International Pipelines International Pipelines International June 2016 March 2016 December 2015

MAJOR PIPELINE SYSTEMS OF THE USA MAJOR PIPELINE SYSTEMS OF CANADA A detailed overview of select existing major pipeline systems in the USA. A detailed overview of select existing major pipeline systems in Canada

Compiled and published by Great Southern Press Pty Ltd. BRITISH COLUMBIA Tel: +61 3 9248 5100 SASKATCHEWAN KEY ALBERTA NAME OWNER PRODUCT LENGTH DIAMETER ONTARIO 1 Product information and graphic design © Great Southern Press, 2016. MANITOBA Alberta Clipper (Line 67) * Enbridge Inc. Crude oil 1,069 km 36 inches Seattle QUEBEC Source map courtesy Map Resources. 28* 2 Alliance Pipeline * Enbridge Inc. (50%); Versan (50%) Natural gas 1,560 km 36–42 inches WASHINGTON NEW Olympia 3 Brunswick Pipeline Emera Brunswick Pipeline Company Natural gas 143 km 30 inch www.mapresources.com.au BRUNSWICK 4 Canadian Mainline TransCanada Pipelines Natural gas 14,114 km 36 inch 18* 37 26* 5 Cochin Pipeline System Kinder Morgan Propane and ethane-propane 995 km 12 inches For additional copies of this poster and for advertising enquiries, Portland 20* 40* YUKON TERRITORY 6 Deep Panuke Pipeline Encana Corporation Natural gas 175 km email [email protected] Helena MAINE Salem MONTANA 7 7 Enbridge Pipelines (NW) Inc. System Enbridge Inc. Crude oil 855 km NORTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA 8 Enbridge Mainline * Enbridge Inc. Crude oil 2,306 km 30–36 inches This map is intended as a general source of information only. IDAHO Bismarck VERMONT NUNAVUT 9 Enbridge Westspur Pipeline Enbridge Inc. Crude oil 175 km 12 inches Augusta 10 Enbridge Southern Lights (Line 13) * Enbridge Inc. Crude oil 1,241 km 20 inches OREGON 35 Whitehorse Montpelier NOTE: This is a schematic representation and shows approximate 11 Express-Platte Pipeline System * Iqaluit Spectra Energy Crude oil 434 km 24 inch 7 Concord NORTHWEST TERRITORIES routes of major US pipelines. It does not show exact pipeline routes. Boise SOUTH DAKOTA Saint Paul 12 Foothills Pipeline System TransCanada Pipelines Natural gas 1,241 km 36–42 inches NEW YORK NEW HAMPSHIRE Route, length, and capacity information is approximate and intended Pierre WISCONSIN 21* 13 Keystone Pipeline * TransCanada Pipelines Crude oil 1,227 km 30–36 inches Albany Boston as a guide only, and is correct as at May 2016. WYOMING MASSACHUSETTS 14 Maritimes and Northeast Pipeline Spectra Energy (77.53%); Emera (12.92%); ExxonMobil Corporation (9.55%) Natural gas 575 km 30 inch 6 4 39* 15 Nova Gas Transmission Pipeline System (NGTL) TransCanada Pipelines Natural gas 24,373 km 16–42 inches MICHIGAN Hartford Madison Milwaukee RHODE ISLAND 16 Ontario–Quebec Pipeline TransNorthern Pipeline Inc. Refined fuel products 850 km 24 Lansing 2 Yellowknife 17 CONNECTICUT 17 PTC Pipeline Spectra Energy Natural gas liquids 930 km NEBRASKA Detroit Chicago 18 Trans Mountain Pipeline System Kinder Morgan Crude oil and refined products 1,142 km 24–36 inches New York Salt Lake City 36 Des Moines PENNSYLVANIA 19 Cheyenne NEW JERSEY TransQuebec and Maritimes Pipeline Mainline TransCanada Pipelines (50%), Gaz Metro (50%) Natural gas 572 km 23 IOWA 16 Harrisburg 30 Trenton 20 Westcoast Pipeline System (B.C Pipeline) Spectra Energy Natural gas 2,900 km 24–42 inches Carson City Lincoln Sacramento ILLINOIS INDIANA Philadelphia 21 Dawn to Parkway Trunkline Union Gas Natural gas 257 km NEVADA UTAH Columbus 31* Baltimore 24 www.pipelinesinternational.com San Francisco Denver Indianapolis * Pipeline continues into United States of America. Springfield OHIO DELAWARE Annapolis Washington D.C. San Jose COLORADO 13 MARYLAND BRITISH COLUMBIA Topeka Charleston NEWFOUNDLAND KANSAS 19 Richmond 12 Frankfort WEST ALBERTA & 5 Jefferson City VIRGINIA LABRADOR CALIFORNIA KENTUCKY VIRGINIA 29 MISSOURI 14 MANITOBA ARIZONA NORTH CAROLINA Nashville Raleigh Santa Fe 15 8 Charlotte 15 22 ARKANSAS 20 Los Angeles NEW MEXICO TENNESSEE OKLAHOMA Oklahoma City Memphis SOUTH CAROLINA St. John's 25 1 Little Rock Columbia San Diego 22 SASKATCHEWAN Phoenix 10 Atlanta Edmonton 25 33 MISSISSIPPI 27 18 QUEBEC BAJA 10 CALIFORNIA Dallas Montgomery Red Deer GEORGIA Kamloops El Paso 9 ALABAMA 38 Jackson Vancouver ONTARIO Richmond Calgary 8 Saskatoon LOUISIANA TEXAS Victoria 23 PRINCE ALASKA CANADA Jacksonville EDWARD 41 42 Tallahassee SONORA 34 32 ISLAND Austin 11 Lethbridge 26 Regina NEW BRUNSWICK Charlottetown 6 San Antonio Houston Moose Jaw CHIHUAHUA 11 Moncton 12 13 Brandon 14 17 Fredericton 5 Winnipeg 4 Halifax 3 Quebec Saint John FLORIDA 19 3 NOVA COAHUILA 9 2 Trois-Rivieres 1 Thunder Bay SCOTIA 0 125 miles 250 miles 500 miles BAJA Drummondville 0 500 miles SINALOA 0 125 km 250 km 500 km Pipelines marked with * CALIFORNIA Montreal indicate a pipeline route SUR NUEVO The Major Pipeline Systems of Canada map provides an overview of existing major pipeline systems in Canada that are Ottawa 0 500 km DURANGO LEÓN 150 miles 300 miles that begins in Canada. over 100 km in length. The map includes the name, owner, product, approximate length and diameter of the pipeline. 0 TAMAULIPAS 16 Information used to collate this map was directly provided by companies, the National Energy Board (NEB) and the 0 Kingston 150 km 300 km Canadian Energy Pipeline Association (CEPA). KEY KEY KEY LENGTH LENGTH LENGTH Information on this map is intended as a general source of information only. Compiled and published by Great Southern NAME OWNER PRODUCT CAPACITY NAME OWNER PRODUCT CAPACITY NAME OWNER PRODUCT CAPACITY Brampton Toronto (miles) (miles) (miles) Press Pty Ltd. Tel: +61 3 9248 5100 1 El Paso Natural Gas Pipeline System Kinder Morgan Gas 6,182 MMcf/d 10,200 15 Southern Star Central Pipeline Southern Star Gas 2,801 MMcf/d 5,803 29 Columbia Gas Transmission NiSource Gas Transmission & Storage Gas 9,350 MMcf/d 10,365 Hamilton London 2 Algonquin Gas Transmission Spectra Energy Partners Gas 3,347 MMcf/d 1,129 16 Dominion Pipeline Dominion Resources Gas 6,655 MMcf/d 3,505 30 National Fuel Gas Supply Corporation System National Fuel Gas 2,312 MMcf/d 2,300 Product information and graphic design © Great Southern Press, 2016. Source map courtesy Map Resources. 3 Texas Eastern Transmission Spectra Energy Partners Gas 7,332 MMcf/d 9,022 17 Colorado Interstate Gas Pipeline Kinder Morgan Gas 4,099 MMcf/d 4,300 31 Keystone Pipeline* TransCanada Crude oil - 2,639 www.mapresources.com.au 21 4 Tennessee Gas Pipeline Kinder Morgan Gas 6,686 MMcf/d 13,900 18 Alliance Pipeline System* Alliance Pipeline Gas 2,053 MMcf/d 2,311 32 Seaway Pipeline Enterprise Products Partners; Enbridge Crude oil 850,000 bbl/d 500 5 Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Panhandle Energy Gas 2,840 MMcf/d 6,445 19 Columbia Gulf Transmission Columbia Pipeline Group Gas 2,386 MMcf/d 4,124 33 Gulf Coast Project TransCanada Crude oil 700,000 bbl/d 485 For additional copies of this poster and for advertising enquiries, email [email protected] 6 Northern Natural Gas Pipeline Northern Natural Gas Gas 7,442 MMcf/d 14,700 20 Northern Border Pipeline* TC PipeLines; ONEOK Partners Gas 2,400 MMcf/d 1,408 34 Longhorn Pipeline Magellan Midstream Partners Crude oil - 700 7 ANR Pipeline ANR Pipeline Company Gas 7,129 MMcf/d 10,600 21 Great Lakes Gas Transmission Pipeline* Great Lakes Gas Transmission Company Gas 2,958 MMcf/d 2,115 35 Double H Pipeline Hiland Partners Crude oil 84,000 bbl/d 485 With the support of: 8 Transcontinental Gas Pipeline Williams Gas 8,466 MMcf/d 10,500 22 Transwestern Interstate Pipeline Energy Transfer Gas 2,439 MMcf/d 2,560 36 Pony Express Pipeline Tallgrass Energy Crude oil 230,000 bbl/d 690 9 Gulf South Pipeline Gulf South Pipeline Company Gas 6,260 MMcf/d 6,886 23 Questar Pipeline Questar Pipeline Gas 3,192 MMcf/d 1,858 37 Olympic Pipeline BP Crude oil 315,000 bbl/d 400 10 Natural Gas Pipeline Co of America Kinder Morgan Gas 4,848 MMcf/d 9,200 24 Wyoming Interstate Pipeline Kinder Morgan Gas 2,736 MMcf/d 800 38 Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Alyeska Pipeline Service Company Crude oil - 800 11 Florida Gas Transmission Pipeline Florida Gas Transmission Company Gas 2,217 MMcf/d 4,889 25 Centerpoint Energy Gas Transmission CenterPoint Energy Gas 5,385 MMcf/d 6,374 39 US Mainline (Lakehead System)* Enbridge Crude oil 2,600,000 bbl/d 1,900 12 Kern River Gas Transmission Pipeline Kern River Gas Transmission Company Gas 1,833 MMcf/d 1,680 26 Northwest Pipeline* Williams Gas 4,950 MMcf/d 3,880 40 Alberta Clipper* Enbridge Crude oil 800,000 bbl/d 1,000 www.pipelinesinternational.com 13 Trunkline Pipeline Panhandle Energy Gas 3,025 MMcf/d 4,202 27 Southern Natural Gas Company System Kinder Morgan Gas 3,967 MMcf/d 7,635 41 Roadrunner Gas Pipeline ONEOK Partners Gas 640 MMcf/d 200 miles 14 Texas Gas Transmission Boardwalk Pipelines Gas 4,065 MMcf/d 5,671 28 Gas Transmission Northwest* TransCanada Gas 2,636 MMcf/d 1,356 41 WesTex Gas Transmission Pipeline ONEOK Partners Gas 100 MMcf/d 2,227 miles

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