Jihočeská Univerzita V Českých Budějovicích

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Jihočeská Univerzita V Českých Budějovicích JIHOČESKÁ UNIVERZITA V ČESKÝCH BUDĚJOVICÍCH Pedagogická fakulta Katedra českého jazyka a literatury VÝZNAM ČASOPISU VEDEM V TEREZÍNSKÉM GHETTU Diplomová práce THE IMPORTANCE OF THE JOURNAL VEDEM IN THE TEREZÍN GHETTO Autor: Bc. Lenka Švecová Vedoucí diplomové práce: doc. PaedDr. Michal Bauer, Ph.D. České Budějovice 2010 Prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem svoji diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně pouze s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedených v seznamu citované literatury. Prohlašuji, že v souladu s § 47b zákona č. 111/1998 Sb. v platném znění, souhlasím se zveřejněním své diplomové práce, a to v nezkrácené podobě elektronickou cestou ve veřejně přístupné části databáze STAG provozované Jihočeskou univerzitou v Českých Budějovicích na jejích internetových stránkách. České Budějovice, 10. dubna 2010 Lenka Švecová Poděkování Tímto bych ráda poděkovala vedoucímu své diplomové práce, doc. PaedDr. Michalu Bauerovi, PhD. za cenné rady, připomínky a odborné vedení během diplomové práce. Děkuji též zaměstnancům archivu Památníku Terezín i zaměstnancům Židovského muzea v Praze, za ochotu a pomoc při hledání cenných materiálů. Děkuji rovněž Mgr. Evě Šormové za poskytnutí informací ohledně kulturních aktivit v terezínském ghettu. Anotace Vedem je název českého literárního časopisu, který byl tajně vydáván v letech 1942- 1944 v terezínském koncentračním táboře. Vznikl na popud učitele Valtra Eisingera, jenž měl na starost židovské chlapce žijící v „Domově“ č.I tzv. bloku L417 a podporoval jejich kulturní rozvoj a tvůrčí schopnosti. Chlapci ve věku od čtrnácti do šestnácti let se ujali tajného vydávání časopisu, který vycházel každý pátek po dobu zhruba dvou let. Obsah tvořily stálé rubriky, básně, povídky, ale též filozofické eseje či literární kritiky. Svou ucelenou formou se časopis Vedem snažil co nejvíce přiblížit skutečnému periodiku, o čemž svědčí i žertem uvedená částka na titulní straně. K nejvýznamnějším osobnostem časopisu patřil beze sporu jeho hlavní šéfredaktor Petr Ginz, který roku 1944 zahynul v plynové komoře v Osvětimi, či talentovaný Hanuš Hachenburg, jenž do časopisu přispíval svou básnickou tvorbou. Celkem osmi set stránkový časopis se dochoval v úkrytu terezínského ghetta a po jeho osvobození byl v květnu 1945 převezen do Prahy. Nově nastupující režim bývalého Československa zamítl snahu o jeho vydání, a tak se s jeho existencí poprvé setkáváme ve zkrácené samizdatové verzi až koncem osmdesátých let. Annotation Vedem is a name of a Czech magazine, which was secretely published in the Terezín Ghetto in 1942– 1944. It´s existence is connected with Valter Eisinger, a ghetto teacher, who looked after Jewish boys in so-called block L417 and who was always supporting their cultural development and their creativity. Boys at of fourteen to sixteen undertook the publishing and the magazine was coming out every Friday for almost two years. The main themes were different columns, poems and novels but also philosophical essays or critical articles. The most important persons, Petr Ginz, who was a magazines general editor, or poetist Hanuš Hachenburg, bouth died in 1944 in gas chambers. After the World War II the magazine was taken to Praque in May 1945 but the new government in Czechoslovakia rejected its publishing. The first shortend version came out in 80´s under the name “We are children just the same: Vedem, the secret magazine of the boys of Terezín.“ Obsah I. Úvod ..............................................................................................................................8 II. Kulturně historický kontext v letech 1939-1945........................................................10 2.1 Česká literatura na počátku 40. let........................................................................10 2.2 Koncentrační tábory na území bývalého Československa ...................................12 2.3 Pevnost Terezín ....................................................................................................14 2.3.1 Popis objektu .....................................................................................................14 2.3.2 Historie pevnosti ...............................................................................................16 2.3.3 Druhá světová válka ..........................................................................................17 2.3.4 Kulturní život v Terezíně ..................................................................................19 2.3.4.1 Přednášky v Terezíně .....................................................................................23 2.3.4.2 Literatura a umění v Terezíně ........................................................................24 2.3.4.3 Sport v Terezíně .............................................................................................25 2.3.4.4 Divadlo a kabaret v Terezíně .........................................................................26 III. Časopis Vedem .........................................................................................................29 3.1 Život dětí v terezínském ghettu ............................................................................29 3.2 Literární a výtvarné počiny dětí v Terezíně .........................................................34 3.2.1 Terezínské dětské časopisy ...............................................................................39 3.2.1.1 Časopis Rim, Rim, Rim....................................................................................42 3.2.1.2 Časopis Noviny ...............................................................................................43 3.2.1.3 Časopis Domov ..............................................................................................43 3.2.1.4 Časopis Bonako ..............................................................................................44 3.2.1.5 Časopis Kamarád ...........................................................................................46 3.2.1.6 Časopis Nešar ................................................................................................47 3.2.1.7 Časopis Hlas půdy Q 306 ...............................................................................47 3.3 Okolnosti vzniku časopisu Vedem ........................................................................49 3.3.1 Problematika spojená s vydáváním časopisů ....................................................54 3.4 Významné osobnosti časopisu Vedem ..................................................................56 3.4.1 Valtr Eisinger.....................................................................................................57 3.4.2 Petr Ginz ...........................................................................................................59 3.4.2.1 Petr Ginz v roce 2003 ....................................................................................62 3.4.3 Hanuš Hachenburg ............................................................................................63 3.4.3.1 Divadelní hra Hledáme strašidlo ...................................................................64 6 3.5 Rubriky časopisu Vedem ......................................................................................67 3.5.1 Úvodník .............................................................................................................67 3.5.2 Toulky Terezínem .............................................................................................68 3.5.3 O jednom z nás ..................................................................................................70 3.5.4 Další z rubrik Vedem .........................................................................................71 3.5.5 Próza a poezie časopisu Vedem..........................................................................73 3.6 Osud časopisu Vedem po druhé světové válce......................................................77 IV. Závěr.........................................................................................................................81 V. Literatura a webové stránky ......................................................................................84 5.1 Primární literatura ...............................................................................................84 5.2 Sekundární literatura ...........................................................................................84 5.3 Webové stránky ..................................................................................................87 VI. Přílohy.......................................................................................................................89 7 I.Úvod Ačkoli od konce druhé světové války uběhlo bez mála pětašedesát let, jedná se i v současnosti o velmi diskutované téma, jehož nové skutečnosti i po tolika desetiletích vyplývají znovu na povrch. Tato tragická událost, jež má na svědomí více než 60 milionů obětí bez ohledu na věk, pohlaví, národnost či vyznání, bude navždy symbolizovat to největší a nejničivější válečné střetnutí v dějinách lidstva. Globální konflikt, jehož tragické dopady si lidstvo nedokázalo představit ani v těch nejděsivějších snech, se však bohužel v letech 1939- 1945 stal skutečností a ovlivnil tak osud národů stejně jako jednotlivců. Téměř každá z rodin utrpěla během válečných let ztrátu v podobě smrti blízkého či vzdáleného člena rodiny, který zahynul buďto na bitevním poli nebo za otřesného věznění v koncentračních táborech. Nehledě ani na fakt, že polovina přeživších zemřela po ukončení
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