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Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education Vol, 5, 2015

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Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education Vol, 5, 2015 Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education Vol. 5 Year 2015 Chief Editor Prof. Dr. Ramesh Raj Kunwar Associate Editor Basant P. Joshi AITM School of Hotel Management (Affiliated to IMI University Centre, Switzerland) Editorial Policy We are very happy to offer Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education, Vol. 4, 2014, to our readers. This journal is published annually in English by AITM School of Hotel Management which is affiliated with IMI Universitycernre Switzerland. The journal publishes on tourism related ecology (e.g. ecotourism), economy, environment, marketing, management, sociology, anthropology, religion, hospitality, development, law, agriculture, food, education, policies, employment, planning, geography, psychology, culture, heritage, sports, shopping, disaster management, crisis, safety, research methodology, drugs, crime, conflict and peace. This is an interdisciplinary journal which welcomes research papers and book reviews from different scholars of different disciplines but those should be related with tourism studies. Articles and reviews in the journal represent neither the views of the concerned publishers nor those of editorial board. Responsibility for opinions expressed and for the accuracy of the facts published in the articles or reviews are solely with the individual authors. Authors will receive four copies of journal with remuneration. All Academic correspondence should be addressed to the publisher or AITM School of Hotel Management, Knowledge Village, Khumaltar. The editorial board reserves the right to edit, moderate or reject the articles submitted. The text should be 10,000 to 18,000 words. Articles should be original and written in English. The research work should be based on both primary and secondary sources. As far as research methodology is concerned, foot notes, citations and references should be based on APA method. If not there has to be uniformity of citation and references. The editors welcome enquiries from readers willing to write research articles and book review. We believe that the contributions contributed by national and international scholars will disseminate the knowledge and ideas of tourism to the students, researchers, policy makers, entrepreneurs, journalists and other general readers. The Editorial Board Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education AITM School of Hotel Management Konwledge Village, Khumaltar Lalitpur, Nepal Tel: 5541179/55487729 Email: [email protected] Web: www.aitm.edu.np Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education Vol. 5 Year 2015 Advisory Board Prof. Dr. Sriram Bhagut Mathe Chief Editor Prof. Dr. Ram Manohar Shrestha Prof. Dr. Ramesh Raj Kunwar Prof. Dr. Sudarshan Raj Tiwari Prof. Dr. Pramod Bahadur Shrestha Associate Editor Prof. Dr. Prem Nath Maskey Basant P. Joshi Umesh Shrestha Pramod Pradhan Bhupa Das Rajbhandari AITM School of Hotel Management Tel: 5541179/55487729 Email: [email protected] Web: www.aitm.edu.np Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Education Vol. 5 Year 2015 CONTENTS Ramesh Raj Kunwar 1 Cultural Tourism Pranil Upadhayaya 58 Implication of Travel Advisory on Peaceful Tourism Image: A Case study of Nepal Sandeep Basnyat 68 Why is Nepal Lagging Behind in Tourism Development? Him Lal Grimier 90 Buddhist Circuits in Asia: Lumbini as a Nerve Center Basant P. Joshi 115 Prospects of Tourism in Far Western Nepal with Special Reference to Khaptad National Park Chanakya P. Rijal 133 Corporate Social Responsibility Susmita Karanjit (CSR) Practices in Five-star Hotels in Kathmandu Cultural Tourism Ramesh Raj Kunwar * Abstract Culture is a multivariate concept and tourism is a composite discipline. Culture can be described as software of society, a ‘designed’ of living, and as a code of conduct. It is also identity marker of the community, country and region. In other words, it is model of behavior, which is a constant process of transformation, finds its expression in symbols, conviction, values, judgment of test, norms etc., which help to conserve and perpetuate society and at the same time, acts agency of change. Culture is not a fixed, but is static element of a society. Cultural manifestations such as customs, creeds, pattern of consumption, life style-‘maps of meaning’ that make things comprehensible for the members of culture-change under the influence of exogenous forces such as the media and tourism. Cultural tourism is a combination of tradition and modernity which is considered as one of the major branches of tourism. In this kind of tourism, both tangible and intangible cultures attract the tourists. The isolated and alienated people of this modern world are seeking for authenticity. The search for cultural experience has been described as the search for the unspoiled, pristine, genuine, untouched and traditional for something, exceptional in its actuality and valuable. Cultural tourism has become an important economic source for the people, at the same, cultural conservation, preservation, restoration and revitalization. No doubt, tourism turns culture into a commodity. But, commoditization does not necessarily destroy the meaning of cultural productsand also the tourists do not destroy tourism. Hence, the intention of this paper is not to focus on the conventional business industry aspect of tourism, but rather to consider its humanities dimension, one which is emerging globally as a highly potential interdisciplinary sector. Keywords: Culture, Tourism, Authenticity, Hospitality, Experience Economy, Destination and Management. * Prof. Dr. Ramesh Raj Kunwar is the author of seven books on tourism and anthropology. He is tourism educationist and anthropologist by profession. He is the former Dean of Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal. He is also the former Dean of (then) Royal Nepalese Military Academy. Currently, he is teaching at the Central Department of Culture, Kirtipur Campus, T.U. Email: [email protected] 2 Journal of Tourism and Hospitality (Vol. 6) The Concept of Culture Originally, the term culture is believed to be derived from the Latin term cultura, which means to cultivate. The term refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Anthropologists, in particular, point to the human origin of culture. For the first time in the history of anthropology, Sir Edward Burnett Tylor defines culture as ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (1871, p. 1). Since then, several scholars of different disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, psychology, archaeology, intercultural communication, philosophy, aesthetic, literary criticism define culture on their own way which ultimately created confusion for understanding culture in better way. Realizing this, Reisinger and Turner also focus on its complexity (Reisinger and Turner, 2003, p. 4). Indeed, Raymond Williams considers it to be one of the most complicated words in the English language because of its diverse usages in distinct system of thought (1983, p. 87; in Hollinshead, 2000, p. 123). In 1952, Alfred Kroeber and Clyde Klockhohn compiled a list of 164 definitions of culture. In the conclusion of their extensive analysis, they suggested a comprehensive and all-inclusive definition of culture: “Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e., historically derived and selected) ideas and specially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, on the other as conditioning elements of further action” (Kroeber and Klockhohn, 1952, p. 181; in Reisinger, 2009, p. 90). Thus, in the different periods of time, culture is defined in varying terms by different theories. A popular definition is the one provided by Schein (1985: 9; in Murthy, 2000, p. 129): A pattern of basic assumptions-invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with the problems of external adaption and integral integration-that has worked well enough to be considered valid and therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems. Hofstede (1980),from the cross-cultural management point of view, defines culture as a social mechanism that shapes and guides human thoughts, values and beliefs and ultimately controls their behavior. It is ‘the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group from another, the interactive aggregate of common characteristics that influence a human group’s response to the environment’ (Hofstede, 1980; in Pizam, 2000, p.119). However, despite the cosmic range of definitions of culture, it is a ‘theory’, (Kluckhohn, 1944) an ‘abstraction’ or a ‘name’ for a very large category of phenomena (Moore and Lewis, 1952; in Reisinger and Turner, 2003, p. 4). ‘Culture is like a black Kunwar: Cultural Tourism 3 box which we know is there but not what it contains’ (Hofstede, 1980, p. 13; in Reisinger and Turner, 2003, p. 4). Culture is like an ice-berg. The tip of the cultural ice-berg is easy to see. This includes the visible aspects and do’s and taboos of working in other cultures. The remaining the huge chuck of ice-berg hidden below the surface includes invisible
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