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Effect of Plant Diversification on Abundance of South American Tomato Pinworm and Predators in Two Cropping Systems

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Effect of Plant Diversification on Abundance of South American Tomato Pinworm and Predators in Two Cropping Systems MEDEIROS MA; SUJII ER; MORAIS HC. 2009. Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems. Horticultura Brasileira 27: 300-306. Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems Maria A Medeiros1;3; Edison R Sujii2; Helena C Morais3 1Embrapa Hortaliças, C. Postal 218, 70359-970 Brasília-DF; 2Embrapa Cenargen, Brasília-DF; 3Depto. de Ecologia, UnB, Brasília-DF; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Several studies have demonstrated that the diversification of the Efeito da diversificação de plantas na abundância da traça- agroecosystem may reduce insect pest infestation using the strategy do-tomateiro e predadores em dois sistemas de cultivo of companion planting. We studied the effect of the presence of Vários estudos têm demonstrado que a diversificação do agroe- coriander and Gallant soldier as companion plants in the tomato crop cossistema pode reduzir a infestação por insetos-praga pelo uso da under organic and conventional management on abundance of the estratégia do estabelecimento de plantas companheiras. Neste traba- tomato pests and predators. The experiment was carried out under lho estudou-se o efeito da presença do coentro e botão-de-ouro como field conditions, at Distrito Federal, Brazil, from July to October, plantas companheiras na cultura do tomate sob manejo orgânico e 2004. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with three convencional, na abundância das pragas do tomate e de predadores. replicates in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement [Three crop diversification O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, no Distrito levels: tomato in monoculture, tomato intercropped with coriander, Federal, de julho a outubro de 2004. O desenho experimental foi and tomato intercropped with coriander and Gallant soldier; and em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e no arranjo fatorial 3 x two cropping systems: organic and conventional]. Each plot had 80 2 [três níveis de diversificação cultural: tomate em monocultivo, plants of the tomato and the pest-insects and predaceous arthropods tomate consorciado com coentro, e consórcio tomate com coentro e were collected every week in five tomato plants/plot.Tuta absoluta botão-de-ouro e dois sistemas de cultivo: orgânico e convencional]. (Meyr.) was the commonest pest species in both cropping systems. Cada parcela experimental tinha 80 plantas de tomateiro, sendo os The tomato intercropped with coriander and Gallant soldier in insetos-praga e artrópodes predadores semanalmente coletados em organic cropping system had lower abundance and higher diversity of cinco plantas/parcela. Tuta absoluta (Meyr.) foi a espécie-praga pests, and higher abundance and diversity of predaceous arthropods, mais comum em ambos os sistemas de cultivo. O tomate consorcia- mainly at 80 days after the tomato transplanting, coinciding with do como coentro e botão-de-ouro, no sistema de cultivo orgânico, the population peak of T. absoluta (eggs and adults). The more apresentou menor abundância e maior diversidade de pragas, e maior abundant predators were spiders, lady beetles and ants. The spiders abundância e diversidade de artrópodes predadores, principalmente were abundant and uniformly distributed in both systems. The lady aos 80 dias após o transplantio do tomate, coincidindo com o pico beetles appeared lately in the organic system, at the flowering season populacional da T. absoluta (ovos e adultos). Os predadores mais of the coriander. The ants were more abundant in the conventional abundantes foram aranhas, joaninhas e formigas. As aranhas foram systems. abundantes e uniformemente distribuídas em ambos os sistemas. As joaninhas apareceram tardiamente no sistema orgânico, no período de florescimento do coentro. As formigas foram mais abundantes no sistema convencional. Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum, Coriandrum sativum, Galin- Palavras-chave: Lycopersicon esculentum, Coriandrum sativum, soga parviflora, Tuta absoluta, habitat manipulation, conservation Galinsoga parviflora, Tuta absoluta, manipulação do habitat, controle biological control. biológico conservativo. (Recebido para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2008; aceito em 20 de agosto de 2009) (Received in November 24, 2008; accepted in August 20, 2009) he tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum al., 2000; Grassi, 2005). Its distribution the temperature, and its population T(Mill.) (Solanaceae) is susceptible is restricted to countries which are peaks occur from July to September, i.e., to several pests, such as lepidopteran producers of tomato in Latin America during dry and hot periods (Haji et al., leafminers and borers, aphids, whiteflies (França, 1993; França et al., 2000). 1988; Castelo Branco, 1992). and thrips (França et al., 2000; Haji The SATP damages are caused by In conventional cropping system, et al., 2002). Among them, the South the caterpillars that destroy leaves, the use of chemical insecticides is the American tomato pinworm (SATP) stems and fruits, besides facilitating the primary method to control the SATP, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: contamination by pathogens (França et although it is not always effective Gelechiidae) is a serious limiting pest al., 2000). In Central Brazil, this pest (Haji et al., 1995; Souza et al., 1992). of tomato in conventional and organic is present throughout the year due to However, these pesticides are not cropping systems in Brazil (França et favorable weather conditions, especially permitted in organic cropping system. 300 Hortic. bras., v. 27, n. 3, jul.-set. 2009 Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems Due to the economic importance of Under the first assumption, a more (2003), the indirect role that habitat this crop, other methods to control this diverse flora in the agroecosystem manipulation plays in the population pest have been studied by several authors, impairs the ability of insect pests to find dynamics of inset pests and natural such as genetic resistance of plants and utilize their host plant by chemical enemies still remains unclear. Previous (Lourenção et al., 1984; Thomazini repellence, camouflage, feeding studies conducted in Brazil indicated et al., 2001), use of entomopathogens inhibition by the presence of non-host that SATP could respond, in a variable (Giustolin et al. 2001a, 2001b) and plants and reduction of immigration way, to the plant diversification of the botanical insecticides (Brunherotto that result in lower colonization and environment. & Vendramim, 2001; Thomazini et reproduction of pest (Root, 1973; Ponti In this context, the objective of this al., 2001). The biological control et al., 2007). The second hypothesis work was to study the effect of presence with the parasitoid Trichogramma presumes that more diverse cropping of the herb coriander (Coriadrum pretiosum Ridley (Hymenoptera: systems enhance abundance and sativum L., Apiaceae) and the weed Trichogrammatidae) is successful diversity of natural enemies that reduces Gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora against the SATP, but it is susceptible pest numbers (Andow, 1991, Ponti et al., Cav., Asteraceae) as companion to insecticides applied against the 2007), and implied the implementation plants in tomato crop under organic whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) of habit manipulation of non-crop and conventional managements on (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae, and is reared species (beneficial insectary plants) abundance of the tomato pests, mainly by specialized laboratory to be applied in the agroecosystem to provide vital the SATP, and predators throughout the through augmentative biological control resources for natural enemies of the crop crop cycle. (Haji et al., 2002). pests, which is known as conservation However, another future perspective biological control (Landis et al., 2000). MATERIAL AND METHODS for pest control is the habitat manipulation The concept of encouraging beneficial by enhancing diversification of plant insects with insectary (flowering) plants species in time and space in annual is based on the requirement for many The experiment was conducted in cropping habitats. This strategy is based adult predatory and parasitic insects to two areas of the experimental field of on the companion planting, which can feed on nectar and/or pollen, including Embrapa Hortaliças, located in Brasilia, be described as the establishment of two aphidophagous hover-flies, tachinid Brazil (15º 56’S, 48° 08’W and 997.6 m or more plant species in close proximity flies, ladybird beetles, lacewings and a.s.l). The soil is characterized as Dark so that some cultural benefit is derived, parasitic Hymenoptera (Smith, 1960; Red Latosoil (Oxisol). such as pest control (Kuepper & Dodson, Colley & Luna, 2000; Berndt & Wratten, The experimental design was a 2001). Habitat manipulation may occur 2005). The larvae of these beneficial randomized block with three replicates at the within-crop, within-farm, or insects are the primary feeding stage on in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement: three landscape levels. Various techniques herbivorous arthropods. crop diversification levels [tomato in to restore agricultural diversity in Wild or cultivated flowering plants, monoculture, tomato intercropped with time and space include crop rotations, including weeds, in or around the field, coriander, and tomato intercropped with cover crops, vegetation handling, can increase
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