MEDEIROS MA; SUJII ER; MORAIS HC. 2009. Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems. Horticultura Brasileira 27: 300-306. Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems Maria A Medeiros1;3; Edison R Sujii2; Helena C Morais3 1Embrapa Hortaliças, C. Postal 218, 70359-970 Brasília-DF; 2Embrapa Cenargen, Brasília-DF; 3Depto. de Ecologia, UnB, Brasília-DF; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

ABSTRACT RESUMO Several studies have demonstrated that the diversification of the Efeito da diversificação de plantas na abundância da traça- agroecosystem may reduce insect pest infestation using the strategy do-tomateiro e predadores em dois sistemas de cultivo of companion planting. We studied the effect of the presence of Vários estudos têm demonstrado que a diversificação do agroe- coriander and Gallant soldier as companion plants in the tomato crop cossistema pode reduzir a infestação por insetos-praga pelo uso da under organic and conventional management on abundance of the estratégia do estabelecimento de plantas companheiras. Neste traba- tomato pests and predators. The experiment was carried out under lho estudou-se o efeito da presença do coentro e botão-de-ouro como field conditions, at Distrito Federal, Brazil, from July to October, plantas companheiras na cultura do tomate sob manejo orgânico e 2004. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with three convencional, na abundância das pragas do tomate e de predadores. replicates in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement [Three crop diversification O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, no Distrito levels: tomato in monoculture, tomato intercropped with coriander, Federal, de julho a outubro de 2004. O desenho experimental foi and tomato intercropped with coriander and Gallant soldier; and em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e no arranjo fatorial 3 x two cropping systems: organic and conventional]. Each plot had 80 2 [três níveis de diversificação cultural: tomate em monocultivo, plants of the tomato and the pest-insects and predaceous arthropods tomate consorciado com coentro, e consórcio tomate com coentro e were collected every week in five tomato plants/plot.Tuta absoluta botão-de-ouro e dois sistemas de cultivo: orgânico e convencional]. (Meyr.) was the commonest pest species in both cropping systems. Cada parcela experimental tinha 80 plantas de tomateiro, sendo os The tomato intercropped with coriander and Gallant soldier in insetos-praga e artrópodes predadores semanalmente coletados em organic cropping system had lower abundance and higher diversity of cinco plantas/parcela. Tuta absoluta (Meyr.) foi a espécie-praga pests, and higher abundance and diversity of predaceous arthropods, mais comum em ambos os sistemas de cultivo. O tomate consorcia- mainly at 80 days after the tomato transplanting, coinciding with do como coentro e botão-de-ouro, no sistema de cultivo orgânico, the population peak of T. absoluta (eggs and adults). The more apresentou menor abundância e maior diversidade de pragas, e maior abundant predators were spiders, lady beetles and ants. The spiders abundância e diversidade de artrópodes predadores, principalmente were abundant and uniformly distributed in both systems. The lady aos 80 dias após o transplantio do tomate, coincidindo com o pico beetles appeared lately in the organic system, at the flowering season populacional da T. absoluta (ovos e adultos). Os predadores mais of the coriander. The ants were more abundant in the conventional abundantes foram aranhas, joaninhas e formigas. As aranhas foram systems. abundantes e uniformemente distribuídas em ambos os sistemas. As joaninhas apareceram tardiamente no sistema orgânico, no período de florescimento do coentro. As formigas foram mais abundantes no sistema convencional.

Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum, Coriandrum sativum, Galin- Palavras-chave: Lycopersicon esculentum, Coriandrum sativum, soga parviflora, Tuta absoluta, habitat manipulation, conservation Galinsoga parviflora, Tuta absoluta, manipulação do habitat, controle biological control. biológico conservativo.

(Recebido para publicação em 24 de novembro de 2008; aceito em 20 de agosto de 2009) (Received in November 24, 2008; accepted in August 20, 2009)

he tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum al., 2000; Grassi, 2005). Its distribution the temperature, and its population T(Mill.) (Solanaceae) is susceptible is restricted to countries which are peaks occur from July to September, i.e., to several pests, such as lepidopteran producers of tomato in Latin America during dry and hot periods (Haji et al., leafminers and borers, aphids, whiteflies (França, 1993; França et al., 2000). 1988; Castelo Branco, 1992). and thrips (França et al., 2000; Haji The SATP damages are caused by In conventional cropping system, et al., 2002). Among them, the South the caterpillars that destroy leaves, the use of chemical insecticides is the American tomato pinworm (SATP) stems and fruits, besides facilitating the primary method to control the SATP, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: contamination by pathogens (França et although it is not always effective Gelechiidae) is a serious limiting pest al., 2000). In Central Brazil, this pest (Haji et al., 1995; Souza et al., 1992). of tomato in conventional and organic is present throughout the year due to However, these pesticides are not cropping systems in Brazil (França et favorable weather conditions, especially permitted in organic cropping system.

300 Hortic. bras., v. 27, n. 3, jul.-set. 2009 Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems

Due to the economic importance of Under the first assumption, a more (2003), the indirect role that habitat this crop, other methods to control this diverse flora in the agroecosystem manipulation plays in the population pest have been studied by several authors, impairs the ability of insect pests to find dynamics of inset pests and natural such as genetic resistance of plants and utilize their host plant by chemical enemies still remains unclear. Previous (Lourenção et al., 1984; Thomazini repellence, camouflage, feeding studies conducted in Brazil indicated et al., 2001), use of entomopathogens inhibition by the presence of non-host that SATP could respond, in a variable (Giustolin et al. 2001a, 2001b) and plants and reduction of immigration way, to the plant diversification of the botanical insecticides (Brunherotto that result in lower colonization and environment. & Vendramim, 2001; Thomazini et reproduction of pest (Root, 1973; Ponti In this context, the objective of this al., 2001). The biological control et al., 2007). The second hypothesis work was to study the effect of presence with the parasitoid Trichogramma presumes that more diverse cropping of the herb coriander (Coriadrum pretiosum Ridley (Hymenoptera: systems enhance abundance and sativum L., Apiaceae) and the weed Trichogrammatidae) is successful diversity of natural enemies that reduces Gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora against the SATP, but it is susceptible pest numbers (Andow, 1991, Ponti et al., Cav., Asteraceae) as companion to insecticides applied against the 2007), and implied the implementation plants in tomato crop under organic whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) of habit manipulation of non-crop and conventional managements on (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae, and is reared species (beneficial insectary plants) abundance of the tomato pests, mainly by specialized laboratory to be applied in the agroecosystem to provide vital the SATP, and predators throughout the through augmentative biological control resources for natural enemies of the crop crop cycle. (Haji et al., 2002). pests, which is known as conservation However, another future perspective biological control (Landis et al., 2000). MATERIAL AND METHODS for pest control is the habitat manipulation The concept of encouraging beneficial by enhancing diversification of plant insects with insectary (flowering) plants species in time and space in annual is based on the requirement for many The experiment was conducted in cropping habitats. This strategy is based adult predatory and parasitic insects to two areas of the experimental field of on the companion planting, which can feed on nectar and/or pollen, including Embrapa Hortaliças, located in Brasilia, be described as the establishment of two aphidophagous hover-flies, tachinid Brazil (15º 56’S, 48° 08’W and 997.6 m or more plant species in close proximity flies, ladybird beetles, lacewings and a.s.l). The soil is characterized as Dark so that some cultural benefit is derived, parasitic Hymenoptera (Smith, 1960; Red Latosoil (Oxisol). such as pest control (Kuepper & Dodson, Colley & Luna, 2000; Berndt & Wratten, The experimental design was a 2001). Habitat manipulation may occur 2005). The larvae of these beneficial randomized block with three replicates at the within-crop, within-farm, or insects are the primary feeding stage on in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement: three landscape levels. Various techniques herbivorous arthropods. crop diversification levels [tomato in to restore agricultural diversity in Wild or cultivated flowering plants, monoculture, tomato intercropped with time and space include crop rotations, including weeds, in or around the field, coriander, and tomato intercropped with cover crops, vegetation handling, can increase the diversity of habitats and coriander and Gallant soldier, a non- intercropping (or polycultures) and provide shelter, suitable microclimate host of tomato pest was used to provide more complex cropping systems, such and alternative food sources for natural floral resources to natural enemies; and as ecological corridors and agroforestry enemies and can significantly increase two cropping systems: organic and systems (Altieri et al., 2003; Nicholls & the residency times and thus enhance conventional. Altieri, 2006). the efficacy of predators and parasitoids The organic cropping system was Several studies carried out in the USA, (Emden, 1965; Altieri & Whitcomb, established in a special area intended Europe and Australia have demonstrated 1979; Landis et al., 2000; Altieri et al., for researching on organic vegetables the role of crop diversification in 2003; Berndt & Wratten, 2005). production system, which has been reducing insect pest infestation, and the Research is still needed to identify under this management since 2001. mechanisms accounting for reduction, which companion plants have the greatest The organic and conventional areas are such as reduced pest colonization rate, potential for reducing pest infestation of separated from each other at a distance reduced pest tenure time, oviposition the main crops. Species of Leguminosae, of 100 m. The proximity of the areas of interference, and increased mortality due Apiaceae and Asteraceae have played organic and conventional production to predators and/or parasitoids (Hooks & the role as beneficial insectary plants allows comparative experiments Johnson, 2003; Ponti et al., 2007). These (Altieri et al., 2003). According to between organic and conventional mechanisms underlie two hypotheses Landis et al. (2000), the selection systems in a paired way, a feature which to explain lower pest infestations of plants for habitat manipulation is rarely found in this type of study. in diversified cropping systems: the should consider their suitability in the The organic area has about 250 m resource concentration hypothesis and agricultural or horticultural regime in of a riparian forest, and is policultivated the natural enemy hypothesis (Root, which they will be placed. However, (mainly onions, carrots, broccoli, 1973; Ponti et al., 2007). as pointed out by Hooks & Johnson cucumber and garlic), employs crop

Hortic. bras., v. 27, n. 3, jul.-set. 2009 301 MA Medeiros et al. rotation with corn and uses corn control diseases and pests in the organic SATP sampled within the plots showed and sorghum as green manure. It system. Weed control was carried out different behavior in the two systems. is surrounded by hedgerows of the by mechanical weeding and with the The number of SATP adults was lower Giant Mexican sunflower [Tithonia herbicide glyphosate (directed spray) in the organic system, mainly in the diversifolia (Hemsl.), Asteraceae] on post-planting in the conventional treatment with the highest level of and uncultivated areas are maintained system, and with mechanical weeding crop diversification (tomato-coriander- with spontaneous vegetation, which in the organic system. Gallant soldier), which was followed is dominated by the napier grass Delta traps containing traces of by tomato-coriander and tomato single, (Pennisetum purpureum Stapt., Poaceae) sexual SATP pheromones (iscalure Tuta) but there were no differences among and brachiaria grass (Brachiaria were distributed 1,0 m from the each them (Fig. 2-A) (Fweek = 17,153, g.l.= decumbens Schum, Poaceae). In the experimental area not to interfere in the 7, p<0,001; Ftreatment = 12,978, g.l.= 5, hedges of the experiments, rows of corn population samples within the areas. The p<0,001; Fweek x treatment = 2,369, g.l.= 35, (Zea mays L., Poaceae) and crotalaria traps were set up in the four corners of p<0,001). However, in the conventional (Crotalaria juncea L., Leguminosaceae) each area at 0.5 m above ground level. system, the adult population was were established as a barrier. Traps were observed three times a higher, mainly at about 80 days after The transplantation of the tomato week and the number of adult tomato transplantation, when the adult numbers seedlings (hybrid F1 “Duradoro”) took pinworms captured was recorded. increased almost three-fold. place on July 2nd 2004 in both areas, The SATP population and its natural The organic cropping system showed and the crop remained in the field for enemies were monitored in organic lower numbers of SATP eggs when 101 days (end of harvested period). and conventional systems through compared to the conventional system. Each plot was formed of 80 tomato weekly insects sampling. The number In the conventional system, there were plants spaced 0.50 m between plants of pinworms eggs, larvae or adults were differences in the populations of eggs and 0.80 m between rows in the inverted observed and counted in the field, as among weeks, among treatments within V-shaped stake system with double well as the other herbivores and natural each week (F= 22,103, g.l.= 7, p<0,001), rows totalizing 25.2 m2 per plot, which enemies which were present from the among treatments, independently of the was spaced of 2 m among themselves. ground to the apex, in five tomato plants/ week (F= 8,127, g.l.= 5, p<0,001), and The coriander and Gallant soldier were plot picked at random. The collection there was interaction between week x planted between the tomato lines. period lasted 84 days, starting with the treatment (F= 1,607, g.l.= 35, p=0,037). The plots in both systems had the first issue of floral buds (24 days after Although the collection period started soil ploughed and flower-bedded. the transplant) to the end of the harvest. with the first issue of floral buds (24 days Fertilization in the organic system was The insects observed were classified after transplant), the variable observed done with manure before the cultivation on the feeding habit as herbivores, began to differentiate from the fifty-two and in sidedressing applications. In predators or parasitoids. The phenology days after transplantation, when the the conventional system, fertilization of the plant as well as the weather and coriander and Gallant soldier started consisted of N-P-K (Makishima & cultural data were recorded. their flowering season, and tomato Miranda, 1992). The irrigation was done Data were statistically analyzed by plants bore small fruits. The highest by infiltration in the organic system and multiple analysis of variance (two-way numbers of SATP eggs occurred in the by sprinklers in the conventional one. ANOVA) followed by the Student- conventional cropping system from All other agronomic practices, such as Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05) or Mann- 80 to 94 days after transplantation, for sprouting and conduction, followed the Whitney test (p<0.001) with the software the three crop diversification levels same technical recommendations for Sigmastat V 3.2. (Table 1). The significant differences the crop (Makishima & Miranda, 1992). found in this period among the levels of crop diversification indicate that In the conventional system, a blend of RESULTS AND DISCUSSION insecticides, fungicides and miticides the oviposition behavior of SATP was sprayed twice a week, after planting. The population densities of adult females was affected by complexity of The following fungicides chlorothalonil SATP present in the vicinities of the vegetation around the tomato plants. In (3) and metalaxil+mancozebe (1) were areas under organic and conventional the same period, the smallest number of applied at the rates recommended management, in all samples with sex- eggs was found in the most diverse and by the manufacturers; The following pheromone-baited delta traps, did not organic systems (Table 1, treatments insecticides and miticides abamectin differ significantly (Fig. 1) (Mann- 2 and 3), although organic tomato (4), espinosade (4) and cartap (3) Whitney test: σ = 52,7 organic and monoculture system did not differ from to control SATP and thiomethoxam σ = 54,4 conventional, value of t = the three crop diversification levels in (4), acephate (4) and imidacloprid 11,114, n=104, p=0,572). It means the conventional systems. (2) to control whitefly were applied that the population of SATP adults The population of SATP caterpillars at the rates recommended by the was uniformly distributed between the showed a different pattern from adults manufacturers. Bordeaux mixture was experimental areas. and eggs. The mean number of total applied twice during the experiment to However, the populations of adult caterpillars sampled throughout the

302 Hortic. bras., v. 27, n. 3, jul.-set. 2009 Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems

effective than the natural enemies, which 1000 organic conventional were more abundant in the organic systems. Similar results were found by 800 Andow (1990), who observed that the larval-pupae survival of herbivorous insects was greater in diverse habitats 600 (with a diversity of spontaneous plants) than in simple ones. 400 In the conventional and organic system, other herbivorous species were

N. of individuals captured ' 200 found. However, higher densities of a few herbivorous species exhibited 0 higher density in the conventional 24 31 38 45 52 59 66 73 80 87 94 101 systems, such as the whitefly, besides Days after transplanting SATP. In the organic system, the number of herbivorous species was higher than Figure 1. Adults of SATP captured by sexual pheromone traps which were placed in the in the conventional system (Fig. 3-A) edge of experimental areas under organic and conventional systems (adultos de traça-do- (F = 4,380, g.l.= 7, p<0,001; F tomateiro coletados em armadilhas de feromônio, as quais foram instaladas nas bordas das week treatment

áreas experimentais sob sistemas orgânico e convencional). Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, = 0,576, g.l.= 5, p=0,718; Fweek x treatment 2004. = 1,674, g.l.= 35, p=0,026), but they Means did not differ from each other by Mann-Whitney test (p<0.001) (médias não diferiram were considered as secondary tomato entre si pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (p<0.001)). pests, such as Helicoverpa zea Boddie and Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) Table 1. Mean number of SATP eggs per plot sampled in tomato crop with three levels (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Medeiros & 1 of plant diversification in the organic system (1-tomato, 2-tomato-coriander, 3-tomato- França also observed the presence of coriander-Gallant soldier) and the conventional system (4-tomato, 5-tomato-coriander, secondary pest in plantations without 6-tomato-coriander-Gallant soldier) (número médio de ovos da traça-do-tomateiro por the interference of insecticides. parcela amostrados na cultura do tomate com três níveis de diversificação de plantas no The most abundant natural enemies sistema orgânico (1- tomate, 2- tomate-coentro e 3- tomate-coentro-botão-de-ouro) e no in the two cropping systems were sistema convencional (4- tomate, 5- tomate-coentro e 6- tomate-coentro-botão-de-ouro). predaceous arthropods, such as spiders Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2004. (Aranae), ants (Formicidae) and ladybird Organic system Conventional system beetles (Coccinellidae). The spiders Sample time1 1 2 3 4 5 6 were abundant with uniform distribution in the two systems. The ladybird beetles 52 days 4,6A2a3 9,0Aa 1,6Aa 9,6Aa 7,6Aab 8,3Aac appeared only at the end of the cycle in 59 days 7,0Aa 6,3Aa 2,6Aa 11,3Aa 13,0Aab 14,6Aac the organic system, possibly attracted by 66 days 7,3Aa 6,3Aa 5,3Aa 4,6Aa 7,0Aab 4,0Aac the coriander inflorescences. Resende 73 days 6,0Aa 1,3Aa 1,0Aa 3,0Aa 3,6Aab 3,6Aac (2008) also found that higher number 80 days 57,3Ab 34,6Aa 13,0Aa 59,0Bb 82,0Bbc 62,3Bbc of ladybird beetles in the intercropping 87 days 2,3Aa 2,0Aa 0,3Aa 33,6Bb 39,6Bac 34,5Bbc of collard with coriander than in the 94 days 21,0Aa 11,6Aa 3,3Aa 45,3Bb 44,6Bac 44,3Bbd monoculture of collard, mainly in the 101 days 21,6Aa 13,0Aa 13,3Aa 15,6Aa 14,0Aab 17,6Aac flowering season of the coriander. 1Days after transplantation (dias após o transplantio); 2Means followed by the same capital The ants were more common in the letters in the column did not differ from each other by Student–Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05) conventional system. Other groups (médias seguidas pelas mesmas letras maúsculas na coluna não diferem entre si pelo teste of predators were present, such as the 3 de Student–Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05)); Means followed by the same small letters in bedbugs Geocoris sp. (Lygaeidae), the line did not differ from each other by Student–Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05) (médias Orius sp. (Anthocoridae), Nabis sp. seguidas pelas mesmas letras minúsculas na linha não diferem entre si pelo teste de Student– Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05)). (Nabidae), Staphylinidae, Syrphidae, Dolichopodidae, Dermaptera, the neuropteran Chrysoperla externa tomato cycle did not differ statistically in the more diverse and organic system, Hagen (Chrysopidae), Mantidae and among treatments (Fig. 2-B) (Fweek= and resulted in relatively high survival Vespidae.

27,290, g.l.= 7, p<0,001; Ftreatment = 2,126, of caterpillars in relation to the same The greater abundance and diversity g.l.= 5, p=0,069; Fweek x treatment = 2,652, levels of crop diversification in the of predaceous species were found in g.l.= 35, p<0,001). Considering that conventional system, it is possible that the organic system. The number of the mean number of eggs was smaller the insectides applied might be more predaceous in this system reached

Hortic. bras., v. 27, n. 3, jul.-set. 2009 303 MA Medeiros et al. observed that Gallant soldier was 200

k A very attractive to beneficial insects 180 1 2 3 4 5 6 foraging in its flowers. However, 160 Nascente (1998) studied the fauna of 140 arthropods in tomato crops intercropped 120 with four weed species, including 100 Gallant soldier, and observed that the 80 combination tomato/Gallant soldier 60 attracted more herbivores, mainly 40 Lygaeidae bugs associated with this weed. The most attracted combinations 20 to predators and parasitoids were tomato/ Total of individuals captured in a wee 0 Nightshade (Solanum americanum Mill.) 52 59 66 73 80 87 94 101 (Solanacea), and tomato/brachiaria Days after transplanting grass (Brachiaria plantaginea (Link.) 200 (Poaceae). 180 B 1 2 3 4 5 6 Letourneau & Goldstein (2001) 160 observed that the damage to leaves and 140 fruits of tomato caused by arthropods was similar among organic and conventional 120 farms in California, USA, but the 100 arthropod fauna was more diverse and 80 the natural enemies were more abundant 60 on organic farms. According to these 40 authors, organic practices promote 20 greater wealth of herbivores, so that the Total of individuals captured in a week community is less dominated by a main 0 pest. Additionally, the organic system 52 59 66 73 80 87 94 101 methods promote the conservation of Days after transplanting species of arthropods in all functional groups, which increases the abundance Figure 2. Acumulated number of adults (A) and caterpillar (B) of SATP sampled in tomato of natural enemies, compared to the crop with three levels of plant diversification in the organic system (1-tomato, 2-tomato- conventional system. coriander, 3-tomato-coriander-Gallant soldier) and the conventional system (4-tomato, 5-tomato-coriander, 6-tomato-coriander-Gallant soldier) (número acumulado de adultos The role of coriander in the system (A) e lagartas (B) da traça-do-tomateiro amostrados na cultura do tomate com três níveis is still not clear, but at first glance, it de diversificação de plantas no sistema orgânico (1- tomate, 2- tomate-coentro e 3- tomate- may hinder the location of the plants coentro-botão-de-ouro) e no sistema convencional (4- tomate, 5- tomate-coentro e 6- tomate- by insects (Hilje, 2001). According to coentro-botão-de-ouro). Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2004. Means were compared by Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05) (médias foram comparadas Andow (1990), non-host plants may pelo teste de Student-Newman-Keuls (p,0.05)). Brasília, DF, 2004. interfere physically in the settlement of adults, and non-host plants reduced immigration and increased emigration of the herbivorous beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coccinellidae), the double of the number sampled in the number of natural enemies and clearly affecting its behavior. The the conventional system at 80 days also confirms the hypothesis of natural coriander also may cause repellence enemies of Root (1973), considering after transplantation (Fig. 3-B) (Fweek because of the chemical that they give the lower density of eggs and adults off, as pointed out by Andow (1993), = 4,811, g.l.= 7, p<0,001; Ftreatment = primarily as a result of the preying to mustard intercropped with beans. 11,097, g.l.= 5, p<0,001; F week x treatment activity of generalist predaceous The chemicals of the mustard act = 1,765, g.l.= 35, p<0,001), following arthropods. as antifeedants for E. varivestis and the increase of population density of The Gallant soldier is a weed that contribute to the suppression of its the tomato pinworm in both cropping might have a good potential as beneficial populations in the intercropping of bean systems, the number of predaceous insectary plant, attracting natural with mustard (Andow, 1993). However, was proportionately greater with the enemies, since the more diversified the actions of the coriander on the system increase of crop diversification level. treatments (3 and 6) had the greatest seem to be broader, once in the tenth Apparently the plant diversity, including amount of predaceous arthropods week of the experiment, the coriander weed species, is important to increase (Fig. 3-B). Botelho et al. (1994) in bloom showed large amounts of 1Personnal communication 304 Hortic. bras., v. 27, n. 3, jul.-set. 2009 Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems

higher abundance). Andow & Risch 200 A 1 2 3 4 5 6 (1985) stated that, if the diversification 180 resulted in greater abundance of food 160 resources or greater spatial dispersion 140 of food, then the predators may be more abundant and effective in a diversified 120 agroecosystem. 100 Besides the SATP, common 80 diseases of tomato such as tospovirus, 60 geminivirus, bacterial wilt and powdery 40 mildew affected the productivity of

Total of individuals captured in a week 20 the organic system. Competition of coriander and Gallant soldier with 0 tomato also had a direct effect on 52 59 66 73 80 87 94 101 productivity. Probably, the organic Days after transplanting system is capable of supporting a broad arthropod community, including 200 B 1 2 3 4 5 6 a percentage of pests because there are 180 several factors working simultaneously 160 on the environment, i.e., it is the complementarity that makes the system 140 viable. 120 Coriander and Gallant soldier 100 associated with tomato affected the 80 population dynamics of the arthropod 60 community. Even though there is a significant difference between the 40 population levels achieved in each Total of individuals captured in a week 20 cropping system, the influence of these 0 companion plants can be checked by 24 31 38 45 52 59 66 73 80 87 94 101 various indicators, such as lower densities of eggs and adults, greater wealth and Days after transplanting abundance of general herbivores and Figure 3. Acumulated number of herbivorous (A) and predaceous artropods (B) sampled generalist predators on both cropping in tomato crop with three levels of plant diversification in the organic system (1-tomato, systems, organic and conventional. 2-tomato-coriander, 3-tomato-coriander-Gallant soldier) and the conventional system Further studies should emphazise the (4-tomato, 5-tomato-coriander, 6-tomato-coriander-Gallant soldier) (número acumulado de following unknown aspects: 1) the herbívoros (A) e artrópodes predadores (B) amostrados na cultura do tomate com três níveis associated plants can be used in a de diversificação de plantas no sistema orgânico (1- tomate, 2- tomate-coentro e 3- tomate- coentro-botão-de-ouro) e no sistema convencional (4- tomate solteiro, 5- tomate-coentro e spatial arrangement that increases and 6- tomate-coentro-botão-de-ouro). Brasília, Embrapa Hortaliças, 2004. conserves natural enemies and that, at Mean were compared by Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05) (Médias foram comparadas the same time, does not present any pelo teste de Student-Newnam-Keuls (p,0.05)) negative influences on the crop, such as competition; 2) if management of these plants will be enough to ensure aphids and in turn attracted a lot of two weeks, and in the conventional the protection of the tomato, allowing ladybird beetles, such as Hippodamia system, they did not occur. A strategy the production of organic tomatoes and convergens Guérin-Menéville, for possible handling may be to cut 3) The environmental management to Cycloneda sanguinea L. and Eriopis the coriander, forcing the migration of minimize the problems caused by the connexa (Germar)(Coccinellidae), predators for the tomato. Risch et al. diseases of the tomato still remains to which were used as alternative preys. (1982) observed that H. convergens be studied. Resende (2008) also observed the were more abundant in monocultures infestation of coriander by aphis Aphis than in policultures as a result of plant ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS spiraecola Patch. (Aphididae) at the end density. In the present study, ladybird of the flowering season, which was used beetles were attracted by the abundant We thank Hozanan Pires Chaves, as food for C. sanguinea. In the present food (aphids) and by the diversity of José Gomes Teixeira for helping during study, there were a great number of these the cropping system (tomato-coriander- the field work, to anonymous reviewers predators during the other following Gallant soldier, which occurred in for suggestions on manuscript. This

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