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Lu Es O Em Br Uta De Stado Caso M 197 Runo a E Class De Is Dos P 71 2º CICLO DE ESTUDOS EM HISTÓRIA, RELAÇÕES INTERNACIONAIS E COOPERAÇÃO ESPECIALIZAÇÃO EM ESTUDOS POLÍTICOS Luta de classes e divisões étnicas no Estado de Israel O caso dos Panteras Negras de Israel em 1971-72 Bruno Alexandre Reis Costa M 2018 Bruno Alexandre Reis Costa Luta de classes e divisões étnicas no Estado de Israel O caso dos Panteras Negras de Israel em 1971-72 ~ Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em História, Relações Internacionais e Cooperação (Especialização em Estudos Políticos) orientada pelo Professor Doutor Manuel Vicente de Sousa Lima Loff Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto Setembro de 2018 Luta de Classes e divisões étnicas no Estado de Israel O caso dos Panteras Negras de Israel em 1971-72 Bruno Alexandre Reis Costa Dissertação realizada no âmbito do Mestrado em História, Relações Internacionais e Cooperação (Especialização em Estudos Políticos) orientada pelo Professor Doutor Manuel Vicente de Sousa Lima Loff Membros do Júri Professor Doutor Luís Antunes Grosso Correia (Presidente) Faculdade de Letras – Universidade do Porto Professor Doutor Manuel Vicente de Sousa Lima Loff (Vogal) Faculdade de Letras – Universidade do Porto Professora Doutura Teresa Almeida Cravo (Arguente) Faculdade de Economia – Universidade de Coimbra Classificação obtida: 19 valores “A Klee painting named Angelus Novus shows an angel looking as though he is about to move away from something he is fixedly contemplating. His eyes are staring, his mouth is open, his wings are spread. This is how one pictures the angel of history. His face is turned toward the past. Where we perceive a chain of events, he sees one single catastrophe which keeps piling wreckage upon wreckage and hurls it in front of his feet. The angel would like to stay, awaken the dead, and make whole what has been smashed. But a storm is blowing from Paradise; it has got caught in his wings with such violence that the angel can no longer close them. This storm irresistibly propels him into the future to which his back is turned, while the pile of debris before him grows skyward. This storm is what we call progress.” Walter Benjamin, Thesis on the Philosophy of History “As the homogeneous nation moves forward, it not only covers over the history of that past; it continues to spit out and pile up those who are no longer supported by a history that would establish them as subjects. They are, rather, expelled from the nation as so much debris, indiscernible from a littered landscape.” Judith Butler, Parting Ways: Jewishness and the Critique of Zionism Sumário Declaração de honra ........................................................................................................................ i Agradecimentos ............................................................................................................................. ii Resumo ......................................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Introdução ...................................................................................................................................... 1 Capítulo 1 – Contextualização teórica ............................................................................................ 9 . 1.1 – Estado e sociedade civil .......................................................................................... 9 . 1.2 – O que é um povo? ................................................................................................. 10 . 1.3 – Construção da identidade nacional ....................................................................... 15 Capítulo 2 – Contextualização histórica e política ....................................................................... 18 . 2.1 – Sionismo e a construção da identidade judaica ..................................................... 18 . 2.2 – O nascimento do Estado de Israel e do “novo judeu” ........................................... 21 . 2.3 – O Estado de Israel como colónia de povoamento ................................................. 26 . 2.4 – A imigração massiva de judeus da Ásia e do Norte de África .............................. 31 . 2.4.1 – A negação da cultura oriental como uma ameaça ................................ 38 . 2.4.2 – A sua incorporação e condições materiais ........................................... 44 . 2.4.3 – Consequências da “Guerra dos Seis Dias” ........................................... 51 Capítulo 3 – Contextualização dos movimentos sociais .............................................................. 56 . 3.1 – O que é uma política popular? .............................................................................. 56 . 3.1.1 – Luta de classes ..................................................................................... 57 . 3.1.2 – Hegemonia e ideologia ........................................................................ 62 . 3.1.3 – Populismo ............................................................................................ 65 . 3.1.4 – Movimentos sociais ............................................................................. 69 . 3.2 – As primeiras décadas de revolta mizrahi .............................................................. 73 . 3.2.1 – 1948-58: a primeira década de protesto ............................................... 74 . 3.2.2 – Wadi Salib: o primeiro protesto de massas .......................................... 84 . 3.2.3 – Uma leitura dos protestos populares mizrahim .................................... 89 Capítulo 4 – Os Panteras Negras de Israel ................................................................................... 95 . 4.1 – Influência do contexto pós-1967 na revolta mizrahi de 1971-72 .......................... 95 . 4.2 – Musrara: a importancia da experiência local......................................................... 98 . 4.3 – As origens do movimento social ......................................................................... 102 . 4.4 – Percurso e prática política ................................................................................... 115 . 4.5 – Estrutura organizativa e estratégia política ......................................................... 139 . 4.6 – Base ideológica ................................................................................................... 151 . 4.7 – Reações oficiais e conquistas obtidas ................................................................. 165 Considerações finais: formação de um sujeito popular mizrahi ................................................. 176 Referências bibliográficas .......................................................................................................... 186 Anexos ....................................................................................................................................... 201 Declaração de honra Declaro que a presente dissertação é de minha autoria e não foi utilizada previamente noutro curso ou unidade curricular, desta ou de outra instituição. As referências a outros autores (afirmações, ideias, pensamentos) respeitam escrupulosamente as regras da atribuição, e encontram-se devidamente indicadas no texto e nas referências bibliográficas, de acordo com as normas de referenciação. Tenho consciência de que a prática de plágio e auto-plágio constitui um ilícito académico. Porto, 28 de setembro de 2018 Bruno Alexandre Reis Costa i Agradecimentos Ao Professor Doutor Manuel Loff pela disponibilidade inexcedível. ii Resumo Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo compreender, a partir da análise da ação política levada a cabo pelos Panteras Negras de Israel em 1971-72, de que forma se manifestaram as contradições do Sionismo como nacionalismo judaico no processo de incorporação dos judeus mizrahim no Estado de Israel. Para tal foi analisada a propaganda política produzida pelo movimento social, entrevistas com os seus líderes, documentação oficial relativa a encontros entre a liderança do grupo e representantes do governo de Israel e foi feita uma contextualização da sua atividade política e do seu impacte social a partir dos relatos elaborados pela imprensa judaica e internacional. Neste trabalho procuraremos sustentar que as respostas políticas formuladas no interior da sociedade israelita são limitadas pela influência exercida pelo projeto hegemónico sionista. Apesar de os Panteras Negras de Israel terem proposto uma alternativa à conceção sionista de nacionalidade judaica, os resultados obtidos foram limitados pelo peso político e cultural do Sionismo como ideologia. Palavras-chave: Panteras Negras, Israel, Mizrahim, Divisões Étnicas, Luta de Classes. iii Abstract This paper aims to understand, from the analysis of the political action carried out by the Israeli Black Panthers in 1971-72, how the contradictions of Zionism were performed by the absorption process of Mizrahim Jews in the State of Israel. To achieve this, the political propaganda made by its members, interviews with its leaders, official documents concerning meetings between the group’s leadership and Israeli government representatives, were analyzed, and a contextualization of its political activity and its social impact was made based on Jewish and international press reports. In this paper we will try to mantain that the political responses formulated within
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