United States Department of Agriculture Oak Woodlands and Forest Service Pacific Northwest Other Hardwood Forests Research Station Resource Bulletin of California, 1990s PNW-RB-245 February 2005 K.L. Waddell and T.M. Barrett The Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is dedicated to the principle of multiple use management of the Nation’s forest resources for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Through forestry research, cooperation with the States and private forest owners, and management of the National Forests and National Grasslands, it strives—as directed by Congress—to provide increasingly greater service to a growing Nation.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, or marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD).

To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326-W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.

USDA is committed to making the information materials accessible to all USDA customers and employees

Authors K.L. Waddell and T.M. Barrett are research foresters, Forestry Sciences Labora- tory, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208-3890.

Photo Credit Cover photo by Dale Waddell Abstract Waddell, K.L.; Barrett, T.M. 2005. Oak woodlands and other hardwood forests of California, 1990s. PNW-RB-245. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agricul- ture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 94 p.

This report provides a multiownership assessment of oak woodlands and other hardwood forests in California, excluding only reserved lands outside of national forests. Because sampling intensity on woodlands was doubled from the previous 1981-84 inventory, and because national forests were inventoried, this is the most complete assessment to date for California hardwoods. Tables provide estimates for hardwood forest type area, hardwood volume, biomass, numbers of trees, change in forest area, growth, harvest, and mortality. The dates of the inventories used in the assessment, 1991-94 for unreserved lands outside national forests and 1994-2000 for national forests, also allowed an assessment of pre-epidemic conditions for susceptible tree species and forests in a 12-county area affected by sudden oak death.

Summary 1 For the 1990s, hardwood forests were estimated to cover more than 11.3 million acres (±2 percent sampling error [se; see glossary for definition]), which was 40 percent of forest land in California. Hardwood forest area included 6.7 million acres of oak woodland, 76 percent of which was privately owned, and 0.5 million acres of non-oak woodland. Of the 4.1 million acres of hardwood timberland forest, oak forest types constituted 53 percent. Blue oak woodland was the most common hardwood forest type in California. Low levels of blue oak regeneration observed in the 1980s continued into the 1990s. In descending order of occurrence, other common hardwood forest types included canyon live oak, California black oak, tanoak, interior live oak, coast live oak, Oregon white oak, and Pacific madrone. Other forest types, including California laurel, Engelmann oak, and valley oak, were uncommon, estimated to be 2 percent or less of the total hardwood forest area in California. The net growing-stock volume of hardwood tree species on the inventoried area was estimated as 4.7 billion cubic feet (±5 percent se) on woodland and 9.4 billion cubic feet (±3 percent se) on timberland, with California black oak having

1 All estimates exclude reserved land outside of national forests, such as national and state parks. These lands are excluded because they were not inventoried. Estimates of change from the 1980s to the 1990s also exclude national forest land. the largest growing-stock volume of any hardwood species. The aboveground biomass of hardwood trees on forest land was estimated as 555 million tons (±2 percent se), or 29 percent of overall tree biomass in California forest lands. Com- bining inventory estimates with other published data indicated that about 2 percent of the estimated board-foot volume in harvested hardwood sawtimber-sized trees went to California sawmills. An estimated 60,000 acres per decade of hardwood forest was converted to developed land or roads between 1984 and 1994 (upper 68 percent confidence interval is 130,000 acres per decade). Of the common forest types, California black oak had the greatest percentage decrease in area from 1984 to 1994; excluding salvage logging, 11 percent of the black oak forest type on timberland had some black oak trees harvested or cut and left on the plot between 1981-84 and 1991-94. However, overall net growing-stock volume increased for California black oak and other common hardwood species. Within the 12 counties quarantined as of summer 2004 for Phytophthora ramorum, the pathogen associated with sudden oak death, an estimated 3.8 million acres (±4 percent se) of forest land is dominated by the regulated host species of tanoak, coastal redwood, Douglas-fir, coast live oak, California black oak, Pacific madrone, California buckeye, canyon live oak, California laurel, and bigleaf maple. Tanoak, California black oak, coast live oak, and Shreve’s oak are tree species that can suffer trunk lesions and associated mortality from Phytophthora ramorum. These trees are important to wildlife diversity, contributing to habitat and provid- ing a source of acorns. Although essential characteristics of the disease are still unknown, there appears to be a potential for very extensive changes of forest structure and composition over a geographic range encompassing millions of acres of California forest land, with the potential for many indirect ecosystem effects. Contents 1 Introduction 2 Inventories Used in This Report 4 Hardwood Forest Types in the 1990s 5 Blue Oak Forest Type 10 Canyon Live Oak Forest Type 13 California Black Oak Forest Type 16 Tanoak Forest Type 19 Interior Live Oak Forest Type 21 Coast Live Oak Forest Type 23 Oregon White Oak Forest Type 25 Pacific Madrone Forest Type 27 Other Hardwood Forest Types 27 Hardwood Resources 27 Wildlife 30 Forest Product Resources 32 Hardwood Rangeland 33 Changes in California Hardwoods From 1981-84 to 1991-94 33 Methods 34 Results 36 Pre-Sudden Oak Death Forest Conditions for 12 California Counties 41 Glossary 45 Acknowledgments 46 Metric Equivalents 46 Literature Cited 53 Appendix 1. Scientific and Common Plant Names 56 Appendix 2. Inventory Procedures List of Tables Table 1—Area of hardwood and softwood forest types on woodland and timber- land by resource area and reserve status, California, 1990s Table 2—Area of hardwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s Table 3—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s Table 4—Total stem volume of hardwood species for all live trees on woodland by diameter class, California, 1990s Table 5—Total stem volume of hardwood species for all live trees on timberland by diameter class, California, 1990s Table 6—Total stem volume of hardwood species for all live trees on woodland and timberland by diameter class, California, 1990s Table 7—Aboveground (oven-dry) biomass of hardwood species for all live trees on woodland by diameter class, California, 1990s Table 8—Aboveground (oven-dry) biomass of hardwood species for all live trees on timberland by diameter class, California, 1990s Table 9—Aboveground (oven-dry) biomass of hardwood species for all live trees on woodland and timberland by diameter class, California, 1990s Table 10—Total stem volume of hardwood species (≥4 in diameter at breast height) on unreserved woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s Table 11—Forest type area from 1984 to 1994 by owner, on unreserved woodland outside national forests, California Table 12—Change in forest type area from 1984 to 1994 on unreserved woodland and timberland outside of national forests, California Table 13—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species, 1984 and 1994, on unreserved woodland and timberland outside national forests, California Table 14—Gross volume of periodic mortality, periodic removals, annual mortality, and annual removals for hardwood trees that died during the remeasurement period (1984 to 1994), on unreserved woodland and timberland outside national forests, California Table 15—Gross volume in 1984 and average annual volume change (1984 to 1994) for hardwood species, on unreserved woodland and timberland outside national forests, California Table 16—Total stem volume of hardwood tree mortality between 1984 and 1994, by species and diameter class, on unreserved woodland and timberland, outside national forests, California Table 17—Estimated numbers of large hardwood trees on woodland and timber- land, by species and diameter class, California, 1990s Table 18—Estimated numbers of small hardwood trees on woodland and timber- land, by species and diameter class, California, 1990s Table 19—Forest type attributes (area, basal area, and trees per acre) on woodland and timberland, for 12 counties in California quarantined for Phytophthora ramorum as of summer 2004 Table 20—Estimated forest land area where host tree species of Phytophthora ramorum were present on woodland and timberland, for counties in California quarantined as of summer 2004 This page has been left blank intentionally. Document continues on next page.

. Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Introduction Hardwood forests cover more than 11 million acres of land in California and pro- vide many benefits, including wildlife habitat and food, lumber and other forest products, grazing, watershed protection, open space for recreation, fuelwood, and biodiversity. Hardwood species in California are diverse, including species found throughout western North America, such as quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), and others that are primarily found in California, such as blue oak (Quercus douglasii), valley oak (Quercus lobata), coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia), and interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni) (see app. 1 for a list of species names). For many residents, oak woodlands and savannas define the California landscape (fig. 1). Hardwood forests have been a subject of public focus for many years. Land conversions and clearing have been areas of concern, with conversion to agricul- tural uses predominant in the first part of the 20th century, and increasing concern over conversion to residential uses and vineyards in more recent years. In 1993, California counties with oak woodlands were directed by the State Board of For- estry to develop oak conservation plans, and most now have mitigation policies or permitting processes for oak removal (Light and Pedroni 2002). Slow regeneration of some species also has been a source of concern. The concern is not new; nearly a century ago a survey of Pacific slope trees noted sparse regeneration for valley oak, Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana), canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis), coast live oak, and blue oak (Sudworth 1908). Concern for California hardwoods, and oak woodlands in particular, has generated a very active research and education program. Since 1979, five symposia on California hardwoods and oak woodlands have been held (Pillsbury and others 1997, Plumb 1980, Plumb and Pillsbury 1987, Standiford 1991, Standiford and others 2002). The University of California, together with the California Depart- ment of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF), the State Board of Forestry, and the California Department of Fish and Game, established an intensive research and extension program, the Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program (IHRMP), in 1986. A number of nonprofit organizations, such as the California Oak Foundation, also focus on oak and hardwood issues. In the last few years, sudden oak death has overtaken other issues as a threat to California hardwood forests. Sudden oak death, associated with the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum, was first described in 1995 in tanoak (Lithocarpus

1 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 Dave Azuma, Forest Inventory and Analysis. Azuma, Forest Inventory and Dave

Figure 1—Oak woodlands characterize large areas of the California landscape.

densiflorus). Subsequently P. ramorum was found to affect coast live oak, California black oak (Quercus kelloggii), Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), California laurel (Umbellularia californica), and other species (fig. 2). Because of the relatively rapid spread and increased mortality rate for some common species, the disease can be expected to have a substantial effect on many of the hardwood and coniferous forests described in this report. The dates of the inventories used in this assessment, 1991-94 for lands outside national forests and 1994-2000 for national forests, allow the use of these data to provide a pre-epidemic baseline for future monitoring.

Inventories Used in This Report The USDA Forest Service forest inventory program, called Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA), inventories forest land, often dividing it into different categories such as timberland and unproductive forest, which includes woodland. Definitions of these and other terms are provided in the glossary. Until the 1980s, statewide forest inventories in California sampled only timberland. In response to increased interest in woodlands, the first statewide inventory of California woodlands and other unproductive forest was made in 1981-84 with results reported as part of an assessment of California hardwoods (Bolsinger 1988).

2 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s Rob Gross, Sudden Oak Death Mortality Task Force. Task Rob Gross, Sudden Oak Death Mortality

Figure 2—California laurel leaves infected by P. ramorum Sonoma County, 2002.

In 1991-94, a new statewide inventory of woodland was conducted, remeasur- ing the plots used in the 1981-84 FIA inventory and also doubling the number of plots with tree measurements. Timberland was also inventoried in 1991-94, with a sampling intensity of twice that used for woodland. Neither the 1981-84 nor the 1991-94 inventory included national forests, which contain 21 percent of the unreserved forest land in California. However, during 1994-2000, a comprehen- sive forest inventory of California national forests was conducted by the National Forest System (NFS). This report is based on data from these combined inventories: the 1991-94 FIA inventory of timberland, the 1991-94 FIA inventory of woodland, and 1994-2000 NFS inventories of national forests. Because of the inclusion of inventory data for national forests and the increased number of samples for private and other public land, these are the best estimates for California hardwoods that have been made to date. Estimates often differ from those in the report by Bolsinger (1988). These differences are caused by the additional data collected and by changes in estimation procedures and do not necessarily reflect actual changes in hardwood forests. A more limited set of information has been used to estimate change. It is very impor- tant to understand the limitations of the inventories and to use the sampling errors that are provided to interpret the information in this report. Greater detail on inventory methods is provided in appendix 2.

3 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245

Tables of forest estimates are in a separate section at the end of the report. Estimates are given for forest area (tables 1 and 2), volume (tables 3 through 6 and 10), biomass (tables 7 through 9), change (tables 11 through 16), and a few addi- tional attributes. Estimates do not include savannas (land with less than 10 percent tree cover) or land that is devoted to nonforest uses (such as golf courses or city parks). Grazing is considered a forest use in California, and estimates include grazed forest land, although improved pasture land is excluded. Reserved land outside of national forests (primarily state and national parks) has not been inven- toried, and it is excluded from all estimates except where noted (fig. 3).

Hardwood Forest Types in the 1990s Excluding reserved lands outside of national forests, the total estimated area of hardwood forest types in California was 11.29 million acres (±1.7 percent sampling error [se; see glossary for definitions]). Hardwood forest types made up 40 percent of all forest land in California. This included 4.07 million acres (±3 percent se) classified as hardwood timberland and 7.22 million acres (±2 percent se) classified as hardwood woodland and other unproductive forest (table 1). Most hardwood Hardwood forest forest was privately owned (70 percent), with a substantial portion in national types make up 40 per- forest ownership (25 percent) and a relatively small portion in other public owner- cent of California’s ship (5 percent). forest land, of which By order of frequency, the most common hardwood forest types were blue 70 percent is privately oak, canyon live oak, California black oak, tanoak, interior live oak, coast live oak, owned. Oregon white oak, and Pacific madrone. Other hardwood forest types (valley oak, Engelmann oak, California laurel, buckeye, and many others) were relatively uncommon, estimated at 150,000 or fewer acres each (table 2). California oak woodlands–forest dominated by trees from the genus Quercus and not productive enough to be considered timberland–covered 6.7 million acres (±4 percent se). Private ownership accounted for 76 percent of this area, with smaller portions in national forest ownership (18 percent), and other public owner- ship (6 percent). Oak savannas, with less than 10 percent tree cover, also covered large land areas, although the exact area is unknown. Bolsinger (1988) gave an approximation that 1.8 million acres of land in California is savanna characterized by hardwood trees in grassland, and 1.8 million acres is characterized by hard- wood trees in chaparral. A chaparral inventory of 14 counties in the central and southern coast of California estimated that substantial portions of chaparral contain hardwood tree species, including many in the Quercus genus (Fried and others 2004).

4 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Land Area in California

Timberland Hardwood woodland Unsampled reserved forest Other forest land Savanna with hardwoods Chaparral Nonforest land

Figure 3—Distribution of land in California.

Some of the oak species hybridize and have overlapping ranges, and forest typing classifies what is often a gradation of mixed species into discrete classes. The classification process for this assessment is based on the concept of predomi- nance of live tree cover for that species, and it is the same classification method that has been used in other Forest Inventory and Analysis reports developed from the 1991-94 data (for example, Waddell and Bassett 1996, 1997a, 1997b). In the 1980s assessment, classification was derived from the predominance by basal area Blue oak was the for that species (Bolsinger 1988). Individual trees of a particular species were also most common hard- found in other forest types. In the following sections, estimates are provided for wood forest type in area where a tree species occurred, as well as area for the forest type where that California in the species was predominant. 1990s.

Blue Oak Forest Type The most common inventoried hardwood forest type in California was blue oak, with an estimated 3.03 million acres (±5 percent se). As was done in the Bolsinger (1988) report, forest initially classified as ghost pine (Pinus sabiniana) was in- cluded in the estimate for the blue oak forest type, accounting for 0.11 million acres of the total blue oak forest type. The blue oak forest type occurred in foothill woodlands on all sides of the central California valley with blue oak trees having an extremely similar distribution (fig. 4). This forest type was 90 percent privately owned, with 4 percent on national forest land and 6 percent on other public land. The average elevation for the blue oak forest type was 1,640 feet, with two-thirds of this forest type occurring between 680 and 2,680 feet. Blue oak forest had the lowest average annual precipitation of any of the common forest types, with a

5 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245

Figure 4—Sample plot locations for the blue oak (Quercus douglasii) forest type (left) and for blue oak trees (right). Figure includes plots for all inventories used in this report, and the plots shown did not all have the same probability of selection. To protect landowner privacy, each plot shown has some deliberate location error.

median precipitation of 21 inches per year and two-thirds of the forest type having precipitation between 19 and 25 inches per year. Although climate is an important factor in explaining the distribution of the blue oak forest type, it is believed that many factors have influenced the present composition and stand structure of blue oak woodlands. Acorn production can be influenced by rainfall and temperature (Koenig and others 1999), but recruitment from acorns and survival can be affected by predation from insects, rodents, deer, and cattle (Adams and McDougald 1995, Borchert and others 1989, Hall and others 1992). Survival of seedlings and saplings appears to be related to both competition and facilitation (for example, shade) from other plants (Standiford and others 1997, Swiecki and others 1997). By analysis of tree rings and fire scars, Mensing (1992) concluded that the structure of a blue oak woodland in Kern County resulted from changes in land use practices accompanying European settlement, with a period of high regeneration and recruitment associated with fire and browsing in the mid-1800s. McClaran and

6 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Bartolome (1989) also concluded that an increase in fire frequency around the time of European settlement had caused an increase in recruitment. More recent studies have noted that fire can kill the tops of saplings, which then resprout. The resulting even-aged cohorts do not necessarily denote that fire has a positive impact on growth or recruitment (Bartolome and others 2002, Swiecki and Bernhardt 2002). Larger blue oak trees are fairly resistant to fire (Horney and others 2002). The stand structure of blue oak woodlands is very distinctive, often composed of widely spaced trees over a grassy understory (fig. 5). The blue oak woodlands of California had the lowest basal area density of any of the common hardwood forest types: 68 percent of this forest type had less than 50 square feet per acre of basal area, and less than 4 percent had more than 100 square feet per acre of basal area (fig. 6). Blue oak woodlands were fairly pure in tree species composition, with 78 percent of the basal area in blue oak trees. Other tree species found in this type included ghost pine with 11 percent of total tree basal area and interior live oak with 5 percent of tree basal area. Vegetation found in this forest type included grasses, poison oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), buckbrush (Ceanothus cuneatus), mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus betuloides), red-stem filaree (Erodium cicutarium), greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos patula), whiteleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos viscida), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), California juniper (Juniperus californica), hollyleaf redberry (Rhamnus crocea), silver hairgrass (Aira caryophyllea), California scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), oat (Avena spp.), miner’s lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), fragrant bedstraw (Galium triflorum), common manzanita (Arctostaphylos manzanita), and others. Most blue oak trees were relatively small, although individual blue oaks are capable of reaching large size. The average diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) for blue oak trees pole size or larger was 8.3 inches. The largest blue oak tree in these inventories had a 49-inch d.b.h. The record blue oak tree for California—also the national champion for the species—has a d.b.h. of 88 in and a height of 112 feet (UFEI 2004). There were an estimated 43 million sawtimber-sized blue oak trees in the state (table 17). Blue oak trees were found in 972,000 acres of other forest types, as shown in the tabulation on page 92.

2 Estimate of amount of a forest type with a particular tree species present is affected by plot size, subplot configuration, whether fixed- or variable-radius sampling is used, and the practice of mapping condition boundaries. Any tree of the species, including seedlings, was used to determine species presence. Values for this forest type will differ from table 2 because not all trees within a plot are sampled.

7 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 J.E. (Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California Academy of Sciences. J.E. (Jed) and Bonnie McClellan © California

Figure 5—A common stand structure for blue oak woodlands is scattered trees over a grassy understory. Regeneration is typically sparse.

Tanoak

Pacific madrone

Basal area class class Canyon live oak (square feet per acre)

0-50 California black oak 50-100

Coast live oak 100-150

150-200 Hardwood foresttypes Oregon white oak >=≥ 200 200

Interior live oak

Blue oak

0 102030405060708090100 Percentage of the forest type area Figure 6—Relative basal area density of common hardwood forest types. Basal area was calculated from trees greater than 5 inches diameter at breast height.

8 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Forest type with Percentage of all types blue oak trees Area Sampling error with blue oak trees – – – Thousand acres – – – Blue oak/ghost pine 2,804 156 74 Interior live oak 554 94 15 Coast live oak 92 34 2 California buckeye 74 36 2 Canyon live oak 70 38 2 California black oak 59 25 2 Valley oak 33 22 1 Other 90 25 2 Total 3,776 162 100

Bolsinger (1988) found that blue oak was one of the tree species that appeared to have poor natural regeneration; other researchers have made similar observations (for example, Muick and Bartolome 1987). The 1990s forest inventories also provided evidence of sparse regeneration for blue oak. One metric that can be used to examine regeneration is the ratio of numbers of small saplings (1 to 3 inches The 1990s inven- d.b.h.) to numbers of medium saplings (3 to 5 inches d.b.h.). The sustainability of tories found sparse blue oak depends on many factors that are not captured in this metric, including regeneration of blue growth and mortality rates, the periodicity of regeneration, and land conversion. oak. However, a diameter-class ratio that is less than 1.0 is one indication of poor regeneration. For blue oak, the estimated ratio of 1- to 3-inch diameter trees to 3- to 5-inch diameter trees for the blue oak population in California was 0.7 (±26 percent se). Although other diameter-class ratios for small blue oak trees were greater than 1, the species had a relatively flat diameter distribution (table 18). One of the metrics used to evaluate regeneration in the 1980s was regeneration stocking. The stocking classification used then could not be duplicated for this assessment because of changes in the sampling design. We applied a similar classification to plots with at least 90 percent of the plot area in the blue oak forest type. The following tabulation shows the proportion of this area stocked with trees less than 5 inches d.b.h. (blue oak seedlings and saplings). (See “regeneration stocking” in glossary for definitions of stocking class.)

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Sampling Percentage Stocking class Area error of total – – Thousand acres – – Blue oak forest type evaluated for regeneration stocking: Nonstocked 502 88 29 Lightly stocked 825 111 48 Moderately stocked 331 71 19 Well stocked 54 37 3 All 1,712 148 100 Blue oak saplings (trees between 1 and 5 inches d.b.h.) can be old enough that many people would not consider them regeneration. The following tabulation shows the regeneration stocking classification applied to the same plots but using only seedlings (trees less than 1 inch d.b.h.). Sampling Percentage Seedling stocking class Area error of total – – Thousand acres – – Blue oak forest type evaluated for regeneration stocking: Nonstocked 746 104 43 Lightly stocked 706 104 41 Moderately stocked 224 59 13 Well stocked 36 32 2 All 1,712 148 100 If three subplots (rather than five) are used in evaluating stocking, as was done for the 1980s inventory, the estimated nonstocked area for seedlings is about 60 percent for both the 1980s inventory and the 1990s inventories. All of the metrics used to evaluate regeneration—diameter-class ratios, stock- ing classification, and trees-per-acre estimates—showed that the sparse regenera- tion of blue oak continued into the 1990s. The long-term sustainability of blue oak woodlands is affected by many factors, and causal relationships are often best understood through designed research studies. However, regeneration of blue oak continues to be a concern and an important subject for future monitoring.

Canyon Live Oak Forest Type Canyon live oak forest was the second most common inventoried hardwood forest type in California, estimated at 1.63 million acres (±6.3 percent se). The forest type was widely distributed, being found in the Klamath, Cascade, North Coast, Sierra Nevada, Transverse, and Peninsular Ranges (fig. 7). Canyon live oak trees were

10 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Figure 7—Sample plot locations for the canyon live oak (Quercus chrysolepis) forest type (left) and for canyon live oak trees (right). Figure includes plots for all inventories used in this report, and the plots shown did not all have the same probability of selection. To protect landowner privacy, each plot shown has some deliberate location error. found extensively in other forest types (fig. 7). The canyon live oak forest type was estimated to have a mean elevation of 3,180 feet, with two-thirds of this forest type within an elevation range of 1,780 to 4,600 feet. The median average annual precipitation for this forest type was 42 inches per year, with two-thirds of the forest type found in areas with 35 to 53 inches of precipitation per year. It was one of the few hardwood forest types found primarily on national forests (61 percent), with 32 percent of the forest in private ownership and 7 percent in other public ownership. Canyon live oak forest was distributed fairly evenly across low and moderate density classes (fig. 6). The most common tree species in the canyon live oak forest Canyon live oak was type were canyon live oak (59 percent of total tree basal area), Douglas-fir the most numerous (Pseudotsuga menziesii) (13 percent), California black oak (6 percent), ponderosa hardwood tree pine (Pinus ponderosa) (4 percent), Pacific madrone (4 percent), incense cedar species. (Calocedrus decurrens) (3 percent), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) (2 percent), tanoak (2 percent), and California laurel (2 percent). Nontree vegetation occurring in the canyon live oak forest type included poison oak, toyon, whiteleaf manzanita, western swordfern (Polystichum munitum), western brackenfern (Pteridium aquilinum), California honeysuckle (Lonicera hispidula), California nutmeg (Torreya californica), and other forbs and shrubs.

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Canyon live oak was the most numerous hardwood tree species in California forest lands, with an estimated 2.22 billion trees (±4 percent se). For these invento- ries, the canyon live oak tree with the largest diameter had a d.b.h. of 68 inches. The average tree size for this species was 8.5 inches, excluding seedlings and saplings. The record big tree for this species is 110 inches d.b.h. and 69 feet tall (UFEI 2004). However, only 2.3 percent of all canyon live oak trees were of saw- timber size (d.b.h. ≥11 inches). Canyon live oak trees were found in many forest types, including a number of timberland types. Of the 6 million acres of forest land where canyon live oak trees were found (see footnote 2), 76 percent was classified as timberland rather than woodland, and 36 percent was in private ownership. Forest type with Percentage of all canyon live oak Sampling types with canyon trees Area error live oak trees

– – – Thousand acres – – – Mixed conifer 2,129 99 35 Canyon live oak 1,621 103 27 California black oak 515 55 9 Tanoak 323 45 5 Douglas-fir 296 40 5 Pacific madrone 191 38 3 Interior live oak 185 56 3 Ponderosa pine 163 30 3 Oregon white oak 97 30 2 Blue oak 80 30 1 Coast live oak 57 17 1 California laurel 48 22 1 Other 336 48 6 All types 6,039 173 100 The statewide population of canyon live oak appeared to be regenerating well. The estimated ratio of 1- to 3-inch diameter trees to 3- to 5-inch diameter trees for the canyon live oak population in California was 1.97 (±40 percent se). Other diameter-class ratios for small canyon live oak trees were also high (table 18). Within the canyon live oak forest type, the majority of plots were classified as well stocked or moderately stocked with either canyon live oak seedlings or canyon live oak saplings.

12 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Sampling Percentage Stocking class Area error of total – – – Thousand acres – – – Canyon live oak area evaluated for regeneration stocking: Nonstocked 70 21 6 Lightly stocked 196 45 18 Moderately stocked 429 59 39 Well stocked 395 53 36 All 1,090 91 100

California Black Oak Forest Type California black oak is one of the most important hardwood tree species in the state. It is valued for aesthetics, for shade, for firewood, for lumber, and for the numerous acorns (“mast”) that can be produced by mature trees. There was an estimated 1.25 million acres (±7 percent se) of the California black oak forest type in the state, excluding reserved lands outside of national forests. This forest type was evenly split between public ownership (50 percent) and private ownership. Seventy-seven percent of this type was classified as timberland. It was the third most common forest type, yet black oak trees had the greatest volume of any hardwood species in the state, with a total estimated volume of 5.1 billion cubic feet (table 6). Although occasionally used for lumber, California black oaks are primarily harvested for firewood. California black oak is important for wildlife because acorns provide a food source for many species. In one case study, research- ers found mature black oak trees produced more than 6,000 acorns per oak, or 125,000 acorns per acre (Bowyer and Bleich 1980). Plot data showed that this forest type and individual black oak trees have a wide distribution (fig. 8). The average elevation for the black oak forest type was 3,280 feet, with two-thirds of the forest occurring between 1,890 feet and 5,050 feet. The median average annual precipitation for this forest type was 45 inches per year, with two-thirds of the forest type found in areas with 39 to 52 inches of precipitation per year. The California black oak forest type was well distributed across a range of low and moderate densities (fig. 6). The most common tree in this forest type was California black oak (47 percent of total tree basal area), followed by Douglas-fir (14 percent), incense cedar (8 percent), ponderosa pine (8 percent), canyon live oak (6 percent), Pacific madrone (4 percent), white fir (Abies concolor) (3 percent), and Oregon white oak (2 percent). Nontree plants in this forest type included

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Figure 8—Sample plot locations for the California black oak (Quercus kelloggii) forest type (left) and for California black oak trees (right). Figure includes plots for all inventories used in this report, and the plots shown did not all have the same probability of selection. To protect landowner privacy, each plot shown has some deliberate location error.

poison oak, grass, deerbrush (Ceanothus integerrimus), sticky whiteleaf manzanita, western brackenfern, greenleaf manzanita, snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), California redbud (Cercis occidentalis), wood rose (Rosa gymnocarpa), bear clover (Chamaebatia foliolosa), and other shrubs and forbs. Although an estimated 1.25 million acres was classified as California black oak forest type, California black oak trees were typically a component of other forest types and were found on an estimated 7.21 million acres (±2 percent se) of forest land (see footnote 2). Of the total forest land where California black oak trees were found, 3.52 million acres (±4 percent se) was on private land, 3.49 million acres (±3 percent se) was on national forest, and 0.21 million acres (±17 percent se) was on other public land. Of the forest land where California black oak trees were found, 82 percent was classified as timberland. As shown in the tabulation below, California black oak trees were found in many different forest types.

14 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Forest type with Percentage of all types California black with California black oak trees Area Sampling error oak trees – – Thousand acres – – Mixed conifer 3,317 119 46 California black oak 1,255 89 17 Canyon live oak 659 64 9 Ponderosa pine 380 43 5 Oregon white oak 293 55 4 Interior live oak 210 51 3 Douglas-fir 202 35 3 Pacific madrone 172 36 2 Blue oak 165 47 2 Tanoak 96 24 1 Other 462 59 6 All 7,211 179 100 California black oak was estimated to occur on less than 75,000 acres of each of the forest types included in “other,” which consists of coast live oak, California laurel, valley oak, white fir, California buckeye, white alder, bigleaf maple, giant sequoia, bigcone Douglas-fir, Jeffrey pine, knobcone pine, red alder, coulter pine, and black cottonwood forest types. There were an estimated 1.1 billion (±4.4 percent se) California black oak trees in forests within the state, excluding reserved lands outside of national forests. The largest California black oak tree in these inventories had a d.b.h. of 65 inches. The record big tree for the species has a 76-inch diameter and is 85 feet tall (UFEI 2004). Of the estimated 59.6 million (±5 percent se) sawtimber sized (≥11 inches d.b.h.) California black oak trees, 11 percent had d.b.h. ≥23 inches, and 4 percent had d.b.h. ≥29 inches (table 17). Seedling and sapling stocking of black oak appeared to be moderate within the California black oak forest type, as shown in the tabulation below. Stocking class Area Sampling error Percentage of total – – – – Thousand acres – – – – California black oak area evaluated for regeneration stocking: Nonstocked 217 43 26 Lightly stocked 243 37 29 Moderately stocked 246 40 29 Well stocked 131 34 16 All 837 75 100

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Although this tabulation only shows regeneration within the California black oak type, California black oak is very frequently part of mixed-species stands. McDonald and Tappeiner (2002) report regeneration is generally highest under mature black oaks. Another regeneration metric, which is independent of forest type, is the overall diameter distribution across all forest types. For a given species, when there are fewer small trees than large trees statewide, it is an indirect indica- tion that recruitment may not be sufficient to replace mortality. California black oak had a relatively flat diameter distribution for small trees between 1 and 11 inches d.b.h. (table 18), although all ratios of 2-inch diameter classes were above 1.0. Where natural regeneration is problematic, planting of black oaks can be a successful alternative (McDonald and Tappeiner 2002).

Tanoak is found in Tanoak Forest Type areas with high precipitation. The fourth most common hardwood forest type in California was tanoak, estimated to occur on 1.25 million acres (±6 percent se), excluding reserved lands outside of national forests. Tanoak is not in the oak genus (Quercus), but it is in the oak family (Fagaceae) and produces acorns. Most of the tanoak forest type in this inventory was found in the coastal counties north of San Francisco, with lesser amounts in the northern Sierra Nevada and central coastal counties (fig. 9). Aver- age elevation for this forest type was 1,690 feet, with two-thirds of the forest type occurring between 750 and 2,600 feet elevation. Of all the common hardwood forest types, tanoak was found in areas of the greatest annual average precipitation (figs. 9 and 10). The median average annual precipitation for this forest type was 65 inches per year, with two-thirds of the forest type found in areas with 52 to 71 inches of precipitation per year. Eighty-two percent of this forest type was in private ownership, and 18 percent was in national forest ownership. The distribution of tanoaks has waned and waxed and waned again since European settlement. After the California gold rush, tanoaks were used extensively to supply bark for tannin, leading to fears it was being overharvested. Tanoak provides an attractive wood that is used for flooring, paneling, veneer, and other products, but despite occasional attempts to develop markets for the wood, it has never been extensively used for this purpose. In the second half of the 20th century, selective harvesting of the more valuable conifers, accompanied by rapid sprouting and regrowth of tanoak, led to fears of conversion of previously conifer-dominated areas to tanoak. Although too recent to be reflected in the inventories used for this report, the fortunes of tanoak have once again taken a downward turn, because the

16 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Figure 9—Sample plot locations for the tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflora) forest type (left) and for tanoak trees (right). Figure includes plots for all inventories used in this report, and the plots shown did not all have the same probability of selection. To protect landowner privacy, each plot shown has some deliberate location error.

Figure 10—Annual precipitation for California, averaged for 1961 to 1990. Map produced with data from the Spatial Climate Analysis Service (2004).

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effects of sudden oak death seem to be particularly severe for this species (Rizzo and Garbelotto 2003). Tanoak is an important resource for many wildlife species, providing both cover and food. Tanoak forest was the densest of the common hardwood forest types (fig. 6). Within tanoak forest, the predominant tree species were tanoak (51 percent of total tree basal area), Douglas-fir (19 percent), redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) (11 percent), Pacific madrone (9 percent), canyon live oak (2 percent), and others (all at 1 percent or less of tree basal area). Nontree vegetation that was found on plots in the tanoak forest type included California huckleberry (Vaccinium ovatum), grass, western brackenfern, western swordfern, salal (Gaultheria shallon), poison oak, whipplea (Whipplea modesta), blueblossom ceanothus (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus), coast rhododendron (Rhododendron macrophyllum), redwood sorrel (Oxalis oregana), iris (Iris spp.), hairy manzanita (Arctostaphylos columbiana), starflower (Trientalis latifolia), Pacific wax-myrtle (Myrica californica), deerbrush, coast whitethorn (Ceanothus incanus), baccharis (Baccharis spp.), California honeysuckle, wood rose, whitebark raspberry (Rubus leucodermis), California red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium), California hazelnut (Corylus cornuta), mountain-grape (Berberis aquifolium), California nutmeg, toyon, thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), and other shrubs and forbs. Of the estimated 3.59 million acres (±3 percent se) where tanoak trees were found, 69 percent was in private ownership (see footnote 2). Ninety-nine percent of the area where tanoak trees were found was classified as timberland, where estimated potential productivity was at least 20 cubic feet per acre per year. The estimated area where tanoak trees were part of the forest was substantially larger than the estimate for the tanoak forest type. Where tanoak was not itself the predominant species, tanoak trees were typically found in conifer forest rather than hardwood forest, as shown in the tabulation below.

Forest type with Sampling Percentage of all types tanoak trees Area error with tanoak trees – – – Thousand acres – – – Tanoak 1,249 80 35 Redwood 599 59 17 Douglas-fir 534 55 15 Mixed conifer 487 50 14 Canyon live oak 175 36 5 Pacific madrone 175 34 5 California black oak 82 22 2 California laurel 70 23 2 Other 214 36 6 All 3,585 99 100 18 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

“Other” forest types where tanoak was found included Oregon white oak, red alder, bigleaf maple, coast live oak, ponderosa pine, knobcone pine, interior live oak, giant chinquapin, and Bishop pine. The record big tree for tanoak in California has an 86-inch d.b.h. and is 92 feet tall (UFEI 2004); the largest tree sampled in our inventory had a 62-inch d.b.h. and was 89 feet tall. Despite this potential for very large trees, of the estimated 53 million (±7 percent) sawtimber sized tanoak trees with d.b.h. ≥11 inches, only 6 percent of trees had d.b.h. ≥23 inches and only 1 percent had d.b.h. ≥29 inches. All of the diameter-class ratios for small tanoak trees were above 1.5, which is one indication of good regeneration for the population as a whole (table 18). Using a stocking algorithm for tanoak seedlings or saplings in tanoak forest provided similar results: none of the area evaluated was nonstocked, 6 percent was lightly stocked, 44 percent was moderately stocked, and 50 percent was well stocked.

Interior Live Oak Forest Type Interior live oak was a common hardwood forest type, with an estimated 1.14 million acres (±9 percent se) in California excluding reserved lands outside of national forests. Plot locations where the forest type was found and where interior live oak trees were found (fig. 11) were similar to the distribution of blue oak but were at slightly higher elevations and extended further south, and there were fewer samples found in the coastal counties. Average elevation for the forest type was 2,140 feet, with two-thirds of the forest type found between 1,200 and 3,100 feet. The median average annual precipitation for this forest type was 29 inches per year, with two-thirds of the forest type found in areas with 25 to 33 inches of precipitation per year. The interior live oak forest type was estimated to be 78 percent privately owned, 14 percent in national forest ownership, and 9 percent in other public ownership. Like blue oak forest, interior live oak forest was very open, with 54 percent of area in the 0 to 50 square feet per acre basal area class (fig. 6). This forest type was primarily composed of hardwoods but had some conifers present: 68 percent of total tree basal area was in interior live oak trees, 8 percent was in blue oak trees, 7 percent was in ghost pine, 3 percent was in ponderosa pine, 2 percent was in Douglas-fir, and 2 percent was in canyon live oak. Nontree vegetation in this forest type that was found during the inventory included grass, poison oak, toyon, sticky whiteleaf manzanita, buckbrush, fragrant bedstraw, hollyleaf redberry, and other

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Figure 11—Sample plot locations for the interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni) forest type (left) and for interior live oak trees (right). Figure includes plots for all inventories used in this report, and the plots shown did not all have the same probability of selection. To protect landowner privacy, each plot shown has some deliberate location error.

forbs and shrubs. Only 24 percent of the forest where interior live oak trees were found was classified as timberland. Trees were commonly found in a variety of forest types, as shown in the tabulation below (see footnote 2). Forest type with Percentage of all interior live Sampling types with interior oak trees Area error live oak trees – – – Thousand acres – – – Interior live oak 1,116 116 41 Blue oak 658 98 24 Mixed conifer 197 35 7 Canyon live oak 174 49 6 California black oak 156 37 6 Coast live oak 64 30 2 California buckeye 62 29 2 Pacific madrone 55 28 2 Ponderosa pine 51 18 2 California laurel 53 22 2 Other 157 31 6 Total 2,743 151 100

20 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Of the total 2.7 million acres where interior live oak trees were found, 73 percent of the area was in private ownership, 20 percent was in national forest ownership, and 7 percent was in other public ownership. The national champion big tree for the interior live oak species has an 80-inch d.b.h., is 51 feet tall, and has a crown diameter of 73 feet (UFEI 2004). The largest diameter tree in this inventory had a 50-inch d.b.h. Of the estimated 12.8 million (±13 percent se) live oak trees with d.b.h. ≥11 in, 4 percent had d.b.h. ≥23 in and 2 percent had d.b.h. ≥29 in (table 17). As one indication of good regeneration for the population, the smaller diameter to larger diameter ratios by 2-inch diameter class ranged from 1.6 to 2.2 for seedlings and saplings (table 18). As compared to other California oak species, a stocking classification also provided evidence of fair regeneration of seedlings and saplings: Stocking class Area Sampling error Percentage of total – – – – – Thousand acres – – – – Interior live oak forest type evaluated for regeneration stocking: Nonstocked 17 10 2 Lightly stocked 298 60 41 Moderately stocked 316 69 43 Well stocked 103 40 14 All 733 104 100

Coast Live Oak Forest Type The coast live oak forest type area was estimated as 1.07 million acres (±9 percent se) excluding reserved lands outside of national forests. The coast live oak forest type and coast live oak trees were distributed along the central and southern coastal counties (fig. 12). Of the common hardwood types, the coast live oak type was found at the lowest mean elevation (1,360 feet), with two-thirds of this forest type within an elevation range of 600 to 2,090 feet. After the blue oak forest type, this forest type had the lowest estimated average annual precipitation of the common forest types. The median average annual precipitation for this forest type was 23 inches per year, with two-thirds of the forest type found in areas with 21 to 25 inches of precipitation per year. The coast live oak forest type was 79 percent privately owned with 13 percent in national forests and 8 percent in other public ownership. The coast live oak forest type was primarily a single species type: 78 percent of the total tree basal area was in coast live oak trees, 4 percent was in California laurel, 2 percent was in Pacific madrone, 2 percent was in Douglas-fir, 2 percent

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Figure 12—Sample plot locations for the coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) forest type (left) and for coast live oak trees (right). Figure includes plots for all inventories used in this report, and the plots shown did not all have the same probability of selection. To protect landowner privacy, each plot shown has some deliberate location error.

was in valley oak, and 2 percent was in redwood trees. The coast live oak forest type was denser than the blue oak or interior live oak forest types, and less dense than the canyon live oak or California black oak forest types (fig. 6). Coast live oak trees were predominantly found in coast live oak forest, as shown in the tabulation below (see footnote 2).

Percentage Forest type with of all types with coast live oak trees Area Sampling error coast live oak trees – – – Thousand acres – – – Coast live oak 1,059 88 66 Blue oak 89 28 6 Redwood 76 23 5 California laurel 68 27 4 Engelmann oak 54 16 3 Tanoak 48 20 3 Pacific madrone 39 20 2 California black oak 38 24 2 Bigleaf maple 23 13 1 Other 114 30 7 Total 1,609 102 100

22 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

The national champion tree for the coast live oak species is found in California and has a 108-inch d.b.h., height of 58 feet, and a crown diameter of 75 feet (UFEI 2004). The largest diameter tree in this inventory had a 69-inch d.b.h. and a height of 63 feet. Of the estimated 42 million coast live oak trees with d.b.h. ≥11 inches, 7 percent had a d.b.h. of at least 23 inches and 2 percent had a d.b.h. of at least 29 inches. The numbers of saplings by diameter class appeared variable (table 18) with a relatively flat distribution for trees with d.b.h. between 3 and 11 inches.

Oregon White Oak Forest Type The Oregon white oak forest type area was estimated as 580,000 acres (±12 percent se) excluding reserved lands outside of national forests. Both the forest type and Oregon white oak trees were found primarily in the north Coast, Klamath, and Cascade Ranges (fig. 13). Oregon white oak forest type was found at an aver- age elevation of 2,560 feet, with two-thirds of the forest found between 1,470 and 3,860 feet. The median average annual precipitation for this forest type was 49 inches per year, with two-thirds of the forest type found in areas with 39 to 58 inches of precipitation per year. It was a moderately open oak forest type–denser than blue oak or interior live oak forest, but less dense than canyon live oak forest (fig. 6). Ownership of the forest type was 74 percent private, 20 percent national forest, and 6 percent other public. Within the Oregon white oak forest type, individual Oregon white oak trees contributed 63 percent of the total tree basal area. Other tree species found in this type included Douglas-fir (12 percent of total basal area), California black oak (9 percent), Pacific madrone (4 percent), ponderosa pine (4 percent), and canyon live oak (2 percent). Total area where Oregon white oak trees were found was estimated at 1.47 million acres (±7 percent se) (see footnote 2). Fifty-eight percent of this area was privately owned, 36 percent was in national forest, and 6 percent was in other public ownership: 61 percent of this area was in the more productive timberland class. Oregon white oak trees were often found in the mixed-conifer type, as shown in the following tabulation.

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Figure 13—Sample plot locations for the Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) forest type (left) and for Oregon white oak trees (right). Figure includes plots for all inventories used in this report, and the plots shown did not all have the same probability of selection. To protect landowner privacy, each plot shown has some deliberate location error.

Forest type with Percentage of all Oregon white types with Oregon oak trees Area Sampling error white oak trees – – Thousand acres – – Oregon white oak 563 70 38 Mixed conifer 276 42 19 California black oak 155 32 10 Douglas-fir 85 24 6 Canyon live oak 65 22 5 Pacific madrone 60 22 4 Ponderosa pine 52 18 4 California laurel 48 24 3 Blue oak 35 14 2 Coast live oak 24 17 2 Regeneration for Other 102 28 7 Oregon white oak Total 1,473 101 100 appeared to be Regeneration for Oregon white oak appeared to be sparse, although the rela- sparse. tively small number of sample plots introduced substantial sampling error. The estimated ratio of 1- to 3-inch diameter trees to 3- to 5-inch diameter trees for the Oregon white oak population in California was 0.7 (±73 percent se). Low to moderate regeneration was indicated by stocking of seedlings and saplings on 41 plots that had at least 90 percent of the area covered by Oregon white oak forest type. 24 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Stocking class Area Sampling error Percentage of total – – – – Thousand acres – – – – Oregon white oak forest type evaluated for regeneration stocking: Nonstocked 69 30 23 Lightly stocked 89 32 30 Moderately stocked 75 28 25 Well stocked 67 27 22 All 300 57 100

Pacific Madrone Forest Type The Pacific madrone forest type was estimated to be just 3 percent of all hardwood forests, or 348,000 acres (±15 percent se). However, madrone was fairly common as a component of other forests (fig. 14), making up 9 percent of all the hardwood Pacific madrone is sawtimber trees in the state (table 17). Next to tanoak, Pacific madrone forest was typically found in the densest of hardwood forest types (fig. 6). Madrone forest was found at an mixed-species average elevation of 1,930 feet, with two-thirds of the forest type occurring be- forests. tween elevations of 910 feet and 3,020 feet. After the tanoak forest type, the madrone forest type had the second greatest average annual rainfall of common hardwoods. The median average annual precipitation for this forest type was 54 inches per year, with two-thirds of the for-est type found in areas with 39 to 58 inches of precipitation per year. Douglas-fir was the most common associated species within the Pacific madrone forest type, as indicated by the distribution of tree basal area: madrone (37 percent of total tree basal area), Douglas-fir (26 percent), tanoak (11 percent), canyon live oak (7 percent), California black oak (7 percent), California laurel (3 percent), and other species (each at 1 percent or less of total tree basal area). Private ownership of the madrone forest was estimated at 215,000 (±21 percent se), which was 62 percent of the forest type. National forests accounted for 35 percent of the forest type, and other public ownership was estimated as 3 percent of the madrone forest. Madrone trees were estimated to have occurred on 3.9 million acres (±4 per- cent se) of inventoried forest land (see footnote 2), where 55 percent was privately owned, 41 percent was in national forest ownership, and 4 percent was in other public ownership. Madrone was most commonly found in the tanoak forest type, as shown in the tabulation below.

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Figure 14—Sample plot locations for Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) forest type (left) and for Pacific madrone trees (right). Figure includes plots for all inventories used in this report, and the plots shown did not all have the same probability of selection. To protect landowner privacy, each plot shown has some deliberate location error.

Percentage of all Forest type with types with Pacific Pacific madrone trees Area Sampling error madrone trees – – – Thousand acres – – – Tanoak 967 73 25 Mixed conifer 804 62 21 Douglas-fir 428 49 11 Pacific madrone 348 54 9 Canyon live oak 299 47 8 Redwood 239 42 6 California black oak 237 42 6 Coast live oak 182 47 5 Oregon white oak 105 36 3 California laurel 89 28 2 Other types 215 40 5 Total 3,912 137 100 The national champion tree for Pacific madrone is found in California, and it has a 57-inch diameter, is 92 feet high, and has a crown diameter of 70 feet (UFEI 2004). In California, there were an estimated 32 million (±7 percent se) madrone sawtimber trees with d.b.h. ≥11 inches (table 17). Only 10 percent of sawtimber trees had d.b.h. ≥23 inches, and 3 percent of sawtimber trees had d.b.h. ≥29 inches.

26 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

The ratio of numbers of seedlings relative to 1- to 3-inch d.b.h. trees and the ratio of number of 1- to 3-inch d.b.h. trees to 3- to 5-inch d.b.h. trees were both above 2.0 (table 18), which is one indication of good regeneration for the madrone population in the state.

Other Hardwood Forest Types All of the other hardwood forest types in California were relatively uncommon. The next most common type after madrone, California laurel, was less than 2 percent of the total hardwood forest area in California. This uncommon forest type was only found on 27 plots, which presented some difficulty in making a meaning- Hardwoods are highly ful assessment of characteristics like density, species composition, or regeneration. important to diversity However, the inventory does provide good evidence that these types were indeed of wildlife. uncommon. Another uncommon oak forest type was the valley oak forest type, estimated at 152,000 acres (±29 percent se), or just 1.3 percent of total hardwood forest area. Engelmann oak (Quercus engelmannii) forest type is also rare estimated at 63,000 acres (±41 percent se), which is just one-half of one percent of all hardwood forest. For both of these types, only very sparse regeneration (seedlings and saplings) was found in the corresponding sample plots, but we do not have enough data to know whether this was true for the statewide population. Estimates for all forest types are shown in table 2. If sampling error is 100 percent or if forest types were not present in the sample, it is likely that there were fewer than 100,000 acres of forest in California where that tree species was predominant.

Hardwood Resources Wildlife Hardwoods, and oak species in particular, are highly important to the diversity of wildlife found in California. About 110 bird species occupy California oak habitats during breeding season (Verner 1980). Barrett (1980) described the many ways mammals use oaks: hollow trees, logs, and roots serve as denning sites; small and large herbivores forage on leaves and twigs; oaks may support fungi, mistletoe, or insects used by mammals; and of greatest impact, oaks produce acorns, which serve as a food source for many animals.

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The California wildlife habitat relationships system (CDFG 2002) indicates acorns are an essential habitat element for acorn woodpeckers (fig. 15). Fifty vertebrate wildlife species are listed as using acorns (CDFG 2002): Mammals Birds Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) Acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes Black bear (Ursus americanus) formicivorus) Brush mouse (Peromyscus boylii) Band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata) California chipmunk (Tamias obscurus) California quail (Callipepla californica) Cal. ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) California thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum) California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) Gila woodpecker (Melanerpes uropygialis) Deermouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Gilded flicker (Colaptes chrysoides) Desert cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii) Hairy woodpecker (Picoides villosus) Desert woodrat (Neotoma lepida) Island scrub-jay (Aphelocoma insularis) Douglas’ squirrel (Tamiasciurus douglasii) Juniper titmouse (Baeolophus griseus) Dusky-footed woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) Lewis’ woodpecker (Melanerpes lewis) Eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) Mountain quail (Oreortyx pictus) Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) Northern flicker (Colaptes auratus) Elk (Cervus elaphus) Oak titmouse (Baeolophus inornatus) Island gray fox (Urocyon littoralis) Sandhill crane (Grus canadensis) Long-eared chipmunk (Tamias Spotted towhee (Pipilo maculatus) quadrimaculatus) Steller’s jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) Merriam’s chipmunk (Tamias merriami) Varied thrush (Ixoreus naevius) Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Western scrub-jay (Aphelocoma Northern flying squirrel californica) (Glaucomys sabrinus) White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta Pinyon mouse (Peromyscus truei) carolinensis) Raccoon (Procyon lotor) Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) Rock squirrel (Spermophilus variegatus) Wood duck (Aix sponsa) Siskiyou chipmunk (Tamias siskiyou) Yellow-billed magpie (Pica nuttalli) Sonoma chipmunk (Tamias sonomae) Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) Western gray squirrel (Sciurus griseus) Wild pig (Sus scrofa) Yellow-cheeked chipmunk (Tamias ochrogenys) Most oaks produce abundant acorn crops intermittently, every 2 or 3 years or at irregular intervals, so that a diversity of oak species in an area can help regulate the food supply. Madrone trees provide wildlife food by producing extensive berry crops (fig. 16). Other parts of hardwood trees–shoots, buds, sap, and leaves–can serve as wildlife food, as can fungi and mistletoe species that live on hardwood trees. Over one-third of all bird species on hardwood rangelands make use of snags (Standiford 2001). Coarse woody debris, important for most reptiles and amphibians and many bird species (Standiford 2001), averaged 1.2 tons/acre for unreserved woodland outside of national forests (Tietje and others 2002). Riparian habitat elements are used by almost 90 percent of all hardwood rangeland wildlife species (Standiford 2001). Hardwoods are also important to

28 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s Gerald and Buff Corsi © California Academy of Sciences. Corsi © California Gerald and Buff

Figure 15—The acorn woodpecker stores acorns in numerous small tree cavities, each large enough to hold a single acorn. Beatrice F. Howitt © California Academy of Sciences. Howitt © California Beatrice F.

Figure 16—Berries on a Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii) tree. invertebrates and aquatic vertebrates. The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection estimates that 95 percent of the historical range of riparian forests has been lost (CDFFP 2003). Hardwood trees such as alder and maple are fre- quently more prevalent in riparian areas (fig. 17) and contribute to the coarse

29 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 Charles Thoreau Townsend© California Academy of Sciences. California Charles Thoreau Townsend©

Figure 17—Hardwoods such as this bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum) are often found along riparian areas.

woody debris in streams and lakes. Shade provided by hardwood trees is critical in moderating summer stream temperatures. Hardwood trees stabilize streambanks, help to prevent erosion, and contribute to preserving overall water quality.

Forest Product Resources Alder, California black oak, bigleaf maple, tanoak, Pacific madrone, and Oregon white oak are all used to create manufactured forest products. These and other California hardwoods are used to make furniture, flooring, pallets, veneer, panel- Oaks provide 90 ing, molding, fence posts, and other items. Parts of hardwood trees and other plants percent of the tree in hardwood forests are also used for many nontraditional forest products, ranging biomass in woodland from food and medicinal products to dye and material for artwork or crafts. and 53 percent in The estimated net growing-stock volume of hardwood tree species on unre- timberland hardwood served land was 14.1 billion cubic feet (±3 percent se) (table 3). Net growing-stock types. volume was calculated from a 12-inch-high stump to a 4-inch-diameter top for all trees greater than 5 inches d.b.h. and was adjusted to account for both sound and rotten culls. Sixty-five percent of unreserved growing-stock hardwood volume was on private lands, and 67 percent was on timberland rather than woodland. Net growing-stock volume does not include all hardwood volume; some spe- cies were defined as live cull in some areas (for example, blue oak on national forests), and individual trees can be defined as cull because of their form. Utiliza- tion standards for some purposes (for example, bioenergy or pulp) may include small trees and tree tops that are not included in the net growing-stock estimate. 30 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

On unreserved forest land, the total sound hardwood volume, measured from the ground to the tree tip for trees greater than 4 inches d.b.h, was estimated as 23.48 billion cubic feet (±2 percent se). Sixty-nine percent of this volume was on private lands, and 61 percent was on timberland rather than woodland (table 10). Estimates of biomass have been increasing in importance, in part because of the need to estimate carbon storage. Oaks provided 90 percent of the tree biomass in woodland (table 7) and 53 percent of tree biomass in timberland hardwood types (table 8). The aboveground biomass of hardwood trees on forest land was estimated as 555 million tons (±2 percent se) (table 9), or 29 percent of overall tree biomass. For the year 2000, the estimated volume of hardwoods harvested for industrial use in California was 10.7 million board feet (MMBF) Scribner, distributed as 2.0 MMBF to sawmills, 2.7 MMBF burned for bioenergy (does not include firewood), and 6.0 MMBF for other products such as pulp and paper (Morgan and others 2004). This was about 0.5 percent of total California timber harvest volume (Morgan and others 2004). Since 1982, the hardwood proportion of annual harvest in California has typically ranged between 0.05 and 0.50 percent of all species har- vested for industrial use in California (Morgan and others 2004). The volume of hardwoods harvested for industrial purposes in California would have been about 0.1 percent of the estimated 10,505 MMBF standing volume on unreserved lands. The relatively low rate of harvest for industrial purposes has led many authors to conclude that hardwoods are an underutilized resource (Delfino 1986, Huber and McDonald 1992). In recent years, an increase in west coast red alder prices, which now sometimes surpass Douglas-fir prices, has provided an example of the poten- tial for relatively quick and dramatic changes in marketability of western hard- woods. The volume harvested annually for industrial use in California was much smaller than the total annual volume harvested. Hardwood trees can be cut for many purposes: to clear land for building, range improvements, or agriculture; to harvest trees for firewood; or to reduce competition against more commercially valuable tree species. The total estimated annual harvest volume of hardwood trees at least 5 inches d.b.h. on unreserved lands outside national forests was 56.0 million cubic feet per year (table 14). The total estimated annual harvest volume of hardwood trees ≥11 inches d.b.h. on unreserved land outside national forests was 98 MMBF Scribner. When compared to the 2 MMBF annual harvest volume of hardwoods that goes to sawmills (Morgan and others 2004), it is apparent that only a small portion of harvested sawtimber-sized hardwood trees was milled as sawtimber.

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The total periodic hardwood harvest volume of net growing stock on unre- served land outside of national forests from 1981-84 to 1991-94 was estimated as 2 percent of 1991-94 hardwood inventory volume on woodland and 7 percent of 1991-94 hardwood inventory volume on timberland. The total annual mortality volume of hardwoods that were harvested or culturally killed was 23 percent of annual gross growth (tables 14 and 15). It is unknown how much of the harvest volume was used for nonindustrial forest products such as firewood, and how much was treated as unusable material. More than 200,000 homes in California are primarily heated by wood (USDC Bureau of the Census 2004), and many more use wood as a secondary heating source. Hardwoods are valued as firewood because they burn slowly and form good coals.

Hardwood Rangeland The majority of California’s woodlands are grazed. The 1981-84 inventory of unreserved woodland outside of national forests found that 55 percent of woodland plots were recorded as having evidence of grazing within the past year (Bolsinger 1988); because field visits occurred during different times of year and grazing would not always be apparent, this estimate was probably low. Corresponding with Clearing of oak wood- the 1981-84 woodland inventory, and selecting from private owners where oak lands and sparse species were predominant, a 1985 survey provided an estimate that 77 percent of regeneration are private oak woodland was grazed (Huntsinger and Fortmann 1990); this rate might issues of concern. be high if owners did not graze all of their land. A range of 55 percent to 77 per- cent grazing for private woodland in the 1990s corresponds to 3 to 4 million acres. Publicly owned woodlands are also often commonly grazed, as are private and public savannas with less than 10 percent tree cover. The 1985 statewide survey by Huntsinger and Fortmann was intended to aid education programs and included questions about landowner attitudes. The major- ity of owners who owned more than 5,000 acres valued oaks for shade, wildlife habitat, natural beauty, and fuelwood. A majority of owners of smaller land areas valued oaks for the same things plus property value and erosion control (Huntsinger and Fortmann 1990). Between 1985 and 1992, a multiagency program (the Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program) engaged in an active program of research and education. A followup survey in 1992 of the same landowners surveyed in the 1985 survey found small but significant changes in responses: a decrease in the percent- age of owners who have livestock grazing on their property; an increase in proxim- ity to subdivisions; an increase in valuing oaks for erosion control, browse, and water conservation; decreases in the percentage of landowners who thinned oaks,

32 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

cut oaks, or sold firewood; increases in planting or protecting oak sprouts; and an increase in owners who agreed that oaks were being lost in California (Huntsinger and others 1997). How changes in attitudes or practices have affected oak woodlands is largely unknown. At the time of the 1981-84 inventory, a variety of evidence indicated problems with oak woodlands. Bolsinger (1988) aggregated State of California annual reports of timber harvest to estimate 1.9 million acres of hardwoods and chaparral had been cleared in rangeland improvement projects from 1945 to 1974. A number of oak species showed sparse regeneration, as they continue to do. Clearing of oak woodlands for development, for agriculture, for vineyards, and for subdivisions was noticeable in the 1980s and continued to be a focus of public concern in the 1990s. There are many case studies discussing problems with recruitment and retention of oaks. The best method of Changes in California Hardwoods From 1981-84 to estimating change 1991-94 is to remeasure Methods permanent plots over Because the spatial variability of forests is high, and mortality information requires time. tracking of individual trees, the best method for estimating change is to remeasure permanent plots over time. There were no remeasurement data for national forests or reserved lands for this time period. On other lands, woodland forest was not measured until the 1980s, and at that time the plot intensity was one plot per 30,000 acres. Most of the 1980s woodland plots were remeasured in the 1990s, but a change in inventory design resulted in a reduction of the number of remeasured trees. This results in very uncertain estimates of how forests changed from the 1980s to the 1990s. For tables 13 to 16, estimates were made by using 773 timberland plots with hardwood trees and 189 remeasured woodland plots. Standard errors in tables and confidence intervals given in the text can be used to understand uncer- tainty related to sampling error. For tables 11 and 12, change in forest type on woodland was estimated from all 345 plots installed in the 1990s, including those that had not had 1980s tree meas- urements. Where trees were measured for the first time in the 1990s, the 1980s measurements were modeled by using a process described in Waddell (1991). Air photos taken in the 1980s and 1990s exist for all plots and were useful in confirm- ing changes between forest and nonforest.

33 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245

The estimates in this report apply 1990s methods (volume equations and forest type classification algorithms) to data from both periods to help ensure change estimates reflect real change rather than changes in the inventory and analysis procedures. All estimates in this report cannot be directly compared to those in the Bolsinger (1988) report because of changes in inventory design and estimation procedures. Readers interested in more detail about the estimation process for change should contact the authors.

Results Overall, there was an estimated 3-percent decrease of unreserved woodland area outside national forests from the 1980s to the 1990s. The majority of this decrease (88 percent) was caused by a transfer of land to reserved or national forest status (table 11). Only 2 of 345 oak woodland plots (0.6 percent) changed from woodland in 1981-84 to nonforest in 1991-94. One woodland plot was converted to urban (developed) land and one plot was converted to nonforest rangeland. Using this conversion information, we estimated that the 1980s to 1990s rate of conversion of woodland to nonforest on unreserved land outside of national forests was 29,000 acres per decade, with a 68 percent confidence interval (CI) of 11,000 to 69,000 acres per decade.3 This estimate does not include conversion of oak savanna, where tree cover is less than 10 percent, to urban or agricultural conditions. One of the 345 plots that was oak woodland in the 1980s burned in a wildfire and became chaparral, and one chaparral plot from the 1980s grew into an oak woodland classification. For each process (woodland changing to chaparral and chaparral changing to woodland), the estimated rates of change between 1981-84 and 1991-94 were 15,000 acres per decade, with a range of 4,000 to 51,000 acres per decade at a 68 percent CI. Because it can be difficult to draw a clear distinction between chaparral and oak woodland in all cases, it is possible that there may have been some classification error that is not included in this estimate. If transfers out of the population are included, there was no net change in the area of hardwood forest on unreserved timberlands outside of national forests. If transfers are excluded, there was an estimated 2 percent increase in the area of hardwood timberland from 1981-84 to 1991-94.

3 Estimates differ slightly from values in table 11 because stratification is not used.

34 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Net Timberland change Area Additions Subtractions change Thousand acres 1981-84 hardwood forest types 2,654 Change to/from nonstocked forest 20 (15) 5 Change to/from softwood type 212 (144) 68 Conversion to/from nonforest 15 (30) (15) Transfer to national forests or reserved (55) (56) Total change 247 (245) 2 1991-94 hardwood forest type 2,656

Four plots changed from hardwood timberland to nonforest: three tanoak forest plots and one giant chinquapin plot were converted to developed land or roads. The estimated rate of conversion to nonforest from 1981-84 to 1991-94 for hardwood forest types on unreserved timberland was 30,000 acres per decade, with a range of 14,000 to 55,000 acres per decade using a 68 percent CI. Table 12 shows estimates of change from 1981-84 to 1991-94 for individual forest types. Estimated area in a forest type can change for a variety of reasons. Conversion to nonforest was described above, and this is most likely the change that is of greatest concern to people. In other cases, land was transferred to national ownership or reserve status; these types of land were not part of the FIA inventory, and so plots that fell into this category were not remeasured. In yet other cases, plots changed from one forest type to another. A change in forest type might reflect substantial change on the plot—for example, selective harvesting of all conifers on the plot—or the change in forest type can occur with relatively small amounts of mortality or differential growth rates among trees of different species. Estimated areas for individual forest types that changed by large percentages were all rela- tively uncommon types, so that the 1991-94 estimate was within a sampling error of the 1981-84 type (table 12). For these types, the change shown reflects sampling error rather than real change. This does not mean that area for these types remained constant; it means that we simply do not know what change occurred. One change estimate of interest is the decrease in the California black oak forest type. The California black oak forest type in 1981-84 was estimated at 751,000 acres (±11 percent se), and had a 12 percent net decrease for 1991-94, unadjusted for transfer to national forest or reserved status (table 12). Transfers or redefinitions of land to reserve status or national forest accounted for 37 percent of

35 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245

the decrease. An estimated 15,000 acres shifted into the California black oak forest type (range 4,000 to 37,000 acres per decade at a 68 percent CI). An estimated 62,000 acres (8 plots) shifted out of the California black oak forest type to other forest types or to a nonstocked condition (range 40,000 to 88,000 acres per decade at a 68 percent CI). The eight plots showed the range of reasons for conversion of black oak to other forest types: two plots shifted to other types owing to higher growth in other species, one plot had black oaks die from natural causes, two plots had black oaks that were killed and left on site, one plot had black oaks harvested and removed, and fires burned over two plots, one of which was salvage logged. Oaks and other hard- Excluding salvage logging, 11 percent of all black oak timberland plots had some woods increased in black oak trees harvested or cut and left between 1981-84 and 1991-94; the corre- net growing-stock sponding estimate for the state would be 64,000 acres affected per decade. volume. Oaks and other hardwoods increased in net growing-stock volume between the 1980s and the 1990s (table 13). Estimated annual mortality volume for trees that were harvested or culturally killed was about the same as natural mortality (table 14) but overall mortality and removal volume was lower than gross annual growth (table 15). Significant net growth increases occurred for blue oak, California black oak, Oregon white oak, bigleaf maple, California laurel, Pacific madrone, and tanoak (table 15).

Pre-Sudden Oak Death Forest Conditions for 12 California Counties By the end of 2003, 12 California counties had been quarantined for sudden oak death. These were Alameda, Contra Costa, Humboldt, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, and Sonoma Coun- ties (fig. 18). As of spring 2004, the associated pathogen (Phytophtora ramorum) had also been found in isolated instances in additional counties in California and in Oregon and Washington. Within the range of areas where the disease is estab- lished, the distribution of the disease appears to be patchy (McPherson and others 2002). Initially symptom-free trees in affected areas can later develop the disease (McPherson and others 2002); in one case study, remote-sensing imagery suggested a continuing mortality rate of 0.4 trees per acre in an area where the disease was already established (Kelly and Meentemeyer 2002). Active measures are in place to limit the spread of the disease, but the potential range is unknown. Although climate may play a role in limiting the disease, the pathogen has been found in a wide range of microclimates (Rizzo and others 2002). Portions of the Sierra Nevada, and additional areas of coastal forests in California and Oregon, are similar in species composition and environment to the currently

36 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Figure 18—By spring of 2004, 12 counties in California were affected by the sudden oak death epidemic. listed area. There are also large areas of the Central, Southern, and Eastern United States with tree species that might be susceptible to the disease. Because the eventual range of the disease is unknown, we have chosen to limit this assessment of pre-epidemic forest conditions to the 12-county area in California most affected in spring 2004. The inventory plots used for this assessment will provide baseline information for future monitoring of the epidemic. The Forest Inventory and Analysis program is continuing to monitor forest change in the sudden oak death region in two ways: (1) within the ongoing inventory system, plots are being measured each year, and (2) FIA scientists are currently engaged in cooperative sudden oak death research projects that remeasure a subset of plots used in this assessment. The estimates given here are a pre-epidemic assessment of forest land in the 12-county area and do not include any estimate of disease occurrence or spread.

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There were approximately 5.5 million acres of forest land in these 12 counties. This estimate is approximate, because some of the forest within these counties was unsampled prior to 2001, and the data collected after 2001 are not yet sufficient for analysis. This unsampled land consisted of reserved land outside of national for- ests, such as the southern portion of Redwoods National Park or the Point Reyes National Seashore. There were no field measurements for these areas, but from landowner or manager responses, the unsampled forest land would be 442,000 acres, or 8 percent of the total forest area in these counties (Waddell and Bassett 1996, 1997a, 1997b). In addition, this assessment is limited to the definition of forest land, which excludes lands with nonforest uses, such as city parks and residential areas. Of the remaining 5.09 million acres of forest land in these counties, 87 percent was outside national forests and field measurements were taken during 1991-94. The remaining 13 percent of forest land had field measurements in 1996-98 and are from national forests in Humboldt, Mendocino, and Monterey Counties. As some tanoak deaths were reported as early as 1995, and the disease could have been present before the first reports, there is a possibility of temporal overlap between the incidence of the disease and the statistics reported here. However, values most likely represent forests before the onset of the epidemic. Tanoak is one of the tree species that may die after developing trunk lesions from Phytophthora ramorum. Tanoak death observed by Marin County home- owners in 1995 was the first indication of the disease (Svihra 2001). Tanoaks are aggressive competitors to the more commercially valuable conifers, and thus are often viewed as a nuisance species. However, tanoak is a very important species for wildlife cover and food. The tanoak forest type was the most common forest type in the 12-county area, exceeding either Douglas-fir or redwood forest, and was estimated at 20 percent of the forest area in the 12 counties (table 19). Douglas-fir and redwood species are also listed as hosts for the pathogen associated with sudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum. After tanoak, the Douglas-fir and redwood forest types were the next most common in the 12 coun- ties, making up 14 and 13 percent of the forest area respectively (table 19). Most of the other common forest types in the 12 counties (table 19) were also dominated by species that are known hosts to the pathogen, including the coast live oak, California black oak, Pacific madrone, canyon live oak, California laurel, and big- leaf maple forest types. In the 12 counties an estimated 3.8 million acres (±4 per- cent se), which was 74 percent of the inventoried forest land, was dominated by

38 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

species (Acer macrophyllum, Aesculus californica, Arbutus menziesii, Lithocarpus densiflorus, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Quercus agrifolia, Quercus chrysolepis, Quercus kelloggii, Sequoia sempervirens, and Umbellularia californica) that were listed as regulated hosts for the disease as of March 2004. Tree species seem to differ in their susceptibility to the disease: tanoak, coast live oak, California black oak, and Shreve’s oak (Quercus parvula var. shrevei)4 are believed to be particularly subject to lethal trunk infections (Rizzo and others 2002). There have been anecdotal reports of mortality in rhododendrons and madrones with the disease (Garbelotto and others 2003). Symptoms observed in the field often appear to be patchy, although the reasons for this are unknown. Most major tree spe- California laurel, California buckeye, and bigleaf maple appear to have very cies and many shrub limited stem infection (Garbelotto and others 2003). Symptoms for overstory species are host for Douglas-fir and redwood trees have not been observed, although effects on sprouts the pathogen causing and saplings have been reported (Garbelotto and others 2003). sudden oak death, but In the 12 counties, the area where tree host species were present was estimated susceptibility and at 4.1 million acres (±3 percent se), which was 81 percent of the estimated forest mode of transmission area for sampled land (table 20). For this estimate, “presence” was determined by are unknown. the occurrence of at least one host species tree of any size on a subplot. This esti- mate of occurrence for regulated host species was made from sampled tree data only and would increase if shrub or understory vegetation were included. Nontree host species include toyon, California honeysuckle, rhododendron, wood rose, starflower, California huckleberry, and others. Two of the acorn-producing species that can die from Phytophthora ramorum—tanoak and California black oak—were widely found throughout coniferous timberland forest (Douglas-fir and redwood forest types) and are thus important ecosystem components even in places where they form a relatively small part of the total tree species mix. Raphael (1987) describes numerous wildlife uses of tanoak in northwestern California Douglas-fir forests; salamanders (Dicamptodon ensatus, Plethodon elongatus, Ensatina eschscholtzi, Aneides flavipunctatus, and Aneides ferreus) using tanoak logs for cover, bears and fly- ing squirrels feeding on tanoak acorns (fig. 19), woodrats using tanoak for nest- ing, and fishers (Martes pennanti) feeding on prey associating with tanoak. An- other hardwood tree found in coniferous forests—California black oak—also produces abundant acorn crops in some years, particularly trees older than 80 years

4 Quercus parvula is not considered a tree species in these inventories. Quercus parvula v. shrevei takes tree form and hybridizes with Q. wislizeni (Nixon 2002), Q. agrifolia, and Q. kelloggii (Hickman 1993), so it is possible that it is partially included within estimates for other species.

39 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences. © California Webber Charles

Figure 19—Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus), one of the trees particularly susceptible to sudden oak death, produces abundant acorn crops used by wildlife.

(Tappeiner and McDonald 1980). Pacific madrone is a third hardwood that is a listed host species and common in coniferous coastal forests, and it can also be an important wildlife food source through the production of berries. The three species combined—California black oak, tanoak, and Pacific madrone—are critical components of the coniferous forest, and they can complement each other by differences in timing and amount of acorn, berry, and leaf production. Coast live oak forest, which supplies a half million acres of oak habitat in the quarantined counties, is also subject to lethal trunk lesions from Phytophthora ramorum. At this time, growth and mortality effects of Phytophthora ramorum for different plant species are largely unknown, the level of genetic resistance in host species is unknown, the potential range of the disease is unknown, the mode of transmission is unknown, and the environmental factors that lead to susceptibility from the disease are unknown. However, the disease has spread fairly rapidly, albeit patchily, and Phytophthora ramorum is now found in a wide geographic area. All but a few of the major tree species in substantial portions of the state are hosts for the disease, as are many of the widespread shrub species. Three of the tree species that appear most susceptible to mortality from Phytophthora ramorum— tanoak, coast live oak, and California black oak—were very widespread, predomi- nant for 36 percent of the forest and also found throughout many other forest types. These hardwood species are known to be important as food and habitat for a large

40 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

number of wildlife species. Although predictions of the long-term effects of the disease are speculative, it appears that there is the potential for very extensive changes in species composition and forest structure over a geographic range encompassing millions of acres of California forest land with the potential for many indirect ecosystem effects, including possible impacts on numerous wildlife species.

Glossary aboveground biomass—The oven-dry weight of a tree in tons, including the bark, live branches, and total stem (from ground to tree tip). annual gross growth volume—An annual estimate of the increase in the gross volume of trees during the remeasurement period (1981-84 to 1991-94), for trees that were ≥5 inches d.b.h. in 1994 or ≥5 inches d.b.h. at the time of harvest. Annual growth volume includes ingrowth, growth of survivor trees, and growth of harvested trees. annual mortality volume—An annual estimate of the gross volume of all trees ≥5 inches d.b.h. that were alive at the previous inventory (1981-84) and died during the remeasurement period (1981-84 to 1991-94). Cull trees were included in this estimate. annual net growth volume—An annual estimate of net growth for the remeasure- ment period (1981-84 to 1991-94), calculated as gross growth volume – mortality volume – removal volume. See definitions for mortality and removal volume. annual removals volume—An annual estimate of the gross volume of all trees ≥5 inches d.b.h. that were alive at the previous inventory (1981-84) and were cut as a result of commercial harvesting, silvicultural activities, or were damaged and killed by logging activities during the remeasurement period (1981-84 to 1991-94). Cull trees were included in this estimate. average annual precipitation—Annual precipitation in inches, averaged from 1961 to 1990. This was estimated for forest type by combining inventory data with the precipitation GIS theme produced by the Spatial Climate Analysis Service (2004). basal area—The cross-sectional area of tree stems at 4.5 feet above the ground. Estimates classifying forest into basal area categories will be affected by plot size and condition mapping. canopy cover (tree)—The percentage of land area covered by the vertical projec- tion of tree crowns. cull tree—Live trees of noncommercial species, and live trees of commercial species that are more than 75 percent defective because of poor form or rot.

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cull trees, rotten—Cull trees that are more than 75 percent defective owing to rot caused by pathogens or other biotic organisms. cull trees, sound—Trees of noncommercial species or cull trees of commercial species with defect caused primarily by poor form and roughness. Noncommercial hardwood species outside of national forests are Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii), walnut (Juglans spp.), ailanthus (Ailanthus altissima), apple (Malus spp.), water birch (Betula occidentalis), and willow (Salix spp.). Noncommercial hardwood species in national forests include boxelder (Acer negundo), walnut, and blue oak. culturally killed trees—Trees that were killed by human activity but not har- vested. Includes trees killed from girdling or from damage by mechanical equip- ment during logging. d.b.h. (diameter at breast height)—Diameter outside bark measured at 4.5 feet above the ground. forest condition—An area of forest that is homogenous in some attributes. When two or more distinct conditions occurred on a plot, the boundaries were mapped and attributes were assigned separately to each. For example, separate conditions could be used for boundaries between forest and nonforest, between hardwood and coniferous forest types, or between uncut and partially harvested areas. forest land—Land at least 10 percent stocked with live trees, or land that had this minimum tree stocking in the past and is not currently developed for nonforest use. For hardwood forest types in California, at least 10 percent stocked is interpreted as at least 10 percent tree canopy cover. The minimum area recognized is 1 acre. forest type—Forest type is assigned to conditions by applying a classification algorithm to the field plot data. Forest conditions with more than 50 percent of the stocking in hardwoods are classified as hardwood forest types. The classification process is intended to give results similar to using tree canopy cover, so that the type assigned would be named after the species with the highest amount of cover. See Waddell (1991) for details. Forest type is sensitive to the classification algo- rithm used, as well as to the plot size and configuration. gross volume—Volume in cubic feet from the top of a stump 12 inches tall to a minimum 4-inch top (of central stem) inside the bark, with no deductions for sound or rotten cull. This volume is calculated for both cull and noncull trees ≥5 inches d.b.h.

42 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

growing-stock volume—Net volume in cubic feet of live sawtimber and poletimber-sized trees (d.b.h. ≥5 inches) excluding cull trees, from the top of a stump 12 inches tall to a minimum 4-inch top (of central stem) inside the bark. Net volume is gross volume less deductions for sound and rotten cull. other public lands—Lands administered by public agencies other than the USDA Forest Service. Other public lands do not include Native American lands, which are included with private lands. periodic mortality volume—The gross volume of all trees ≥5 inches d.b.h. that were live at the previous inventory (1984) and died during the remeasurement period (1984 to 1994). Cull trees were included in this estimate. periodic removals volume—The gross volume of all trees ≥5 inches d.b.h. that were live at the previous inventory (1984) and were cut as a result of commercial harvesting, silvicultural activities, or were damaged and killed by logging activities during the remeasurement period (1984 to 1994). Cull trees were included in this estimate. regeneration stocking—A classification used to show relative abundance of seedlings and saplings (trees ≤5 inches d.b.h.). On oak woodlands, seedlings were sampled with 16.4-foot-radius subplots and saplings were sampled with 10.8-foot- radius subplots. Stocking estimates are sensitive to the classification method used, as well as to the plot size and configuration. Nonstocked: no seedlings or saplings on all five subplots Lightly stocked: one or more seedlings or saplings on one or two of five subplots Moderately stocked: one or more seedlings or saplings on three or four of five subplots Well stocked: one or more seedlings or saplings on all five subplots reserved forest land—For this inventory, reserved forest land was forest land that was dedicated to noncommodity use through statute, ordinance, or administrative order. resource area—A set of contiguous counties in the state used for inventory scheduling and reporting in the 1980s and 1990s. Resource areas in California are: Central Coast: Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Monterey, San Benito, San Francisco, San Luis Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, and Ventura Counties North Coast: Del Norte, Humboldt, Mendocino, and Sonoma Counties North Interior: Lassen, Modoc, Shasta, Siskiyou, and Trinity Counties Sacramento: Butte, Colusa, El Dorado, Glenn, Lake, Napa, Nevada, Placer, Plumas, Sacramento, Sierra, Sutter, Tehama, Yolo, and Yuba Counties

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San Joaquin and Southern: Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, Fresno, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Kings, Los Angeles, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, Mono, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Tulare, and Tuolumne Counties sampling error (se)—Sampling error is shown either in the same units as the estimate or as a percentage. The percentage sampling error is calculated as the square root of the estimated variance of the estimate, divided by the estimate itself. A common interpretation of sampling error is that there is a 68-percent chance that the estimate is within the sampling error of the true population value, assuming that estimates are normally distributed, and there is a 95-percent chance that the estimate is within twice the sampling error of the true population value. Tables in this report display values for all cells, even when sampling error is high and there is no meaningful difference among cell values; readers are advised to use the sampling error in interpreting the estimates. Sampling error is displayed as 100 percent for cases with a single observation. For details on how sampling error was calculated for these inventories, please see Barrett (2004). saplings—Live trees between 1 and 5 inches d.b.h. savanna—Wildland characterized by widely spaced trees and less than 10 percent total tree canopy cover. For hardwood forests, savanna was not considered forest land. sawtimber trees—For hardwoods, live trees that are at least 11 inches d.b.h. seedlings—Live trees less than 1 inch d.b.h. timberland—Forest land capable of growing 20 cubic feet or more per acre per year (mean annual increment at culmination in fully stocked, natural stands) of industrial wood. Timberland is often referred to as productive forest land. In this report, timberland can be both unreserved and reserved. total stem volume—The volume of an entire tree bole, from the ground to the tree tip. No volume has been deducted because of rot or poor form. tree—The determination of what plants are trees is made by species and is specific to an inventory. For these inventories, mountain mahogany, buckthorn (Rhamnus spp.), elderberry (Sambucus spp.), and rhododendron were not considered trees, but willows were considered trees. A full list of tree species for these inventories can be found in appendix 1. unproductive forest—Forest land that does not meet the definition of timberland. Unproductive forest is forest that is not capable of producing 20 cubic feet per acre per year at the culmination of mean annual increment.

44 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

vegetation, nontree—Understory vegetation is not estimated in this report, but for descriptive purposes we have listed it for common forest types in descending order of occurrence when found at more than 3 plot locations for plots that were entirely within that forest type. Vegetation information came from five 5-meter-radius subplots per plot; where species were unknown, plants are listed as “grass,” “forbs,” or “shrubs.” Common and scientific names for species are shown in appendix 1. Understory vegetation information for national forests is not incorpo- rated into the report. woodland—Unless otherwise noted, estimates in this report labeled “woodland” include all unproductive hardwood forest. “Oak woodland” refers specifically to unproductive oak forest types.

Acknowledgments Special thanks to all the landowners who allowed field crews access to their lands to visit plots and measure trees. Many people were involved in the collection of data, database development, and design of the FIA inventory: Tony Akins, Dale Baer, Shelly Belin, Chris Berger, Steve Bolon, Sarah Butler, Perry Colclasure, Vince Condon, Jim Critchfield, Brian Daum, Pete Delzotto, John Donathon, Paul Dunham, Tim Ferrell, Mariah Fink, Jen Gomoll, Eric Green, Erica Hanson, Jim Harrow, Joanne Hildreth, Bob Hinds, Bruce Hiserote, Eric Johnson, John Kloster, J.D. Lloyd, Doug Magee, Colin MacLean, Michelle Marshall, Neil McKay, Tom Meade, Nick Monkevich, Rich Randle, Jeff Rose, Sarah Phillips, Sam Solano, Janet Steffani, Paul Tufts, Stan Wageman, Mike Weiser, and Karen Williams. Chuck Bolsinger provided the first assessment of California hardwoods and continues to patiently answer questions about FIA inventories. The help of Ralph Warbington, Deb Beardsley, and other Region 5 personnel in California allowed us to include hardwoods on national forests in this assessment. We thank Rick Standiford, Chuck Bolsinger, Olaf Kuegler, and Bill Stewart for their helpful comments on a draft version of the manuscript.

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Metric Equivalents When you know: Multiply by: To find: Inches 2.54 Centimeters Feet .3048 Meters Miles 1.609 Kilometers Acres .405 Hectares Cubic feet .0283 Cubic meters Cubic feet per acre .06997 Cubic meters per hectare Square feet .0929 Square meters Square feet per acre .229 Square meters per hectare Tons per acre 2.24 Megagrams per hectare

Literature Cited Adams, T.E.; McDougald, N.K. 1995. Planted blue oaks may need help to survive in southern Sierras. California Agriculture. 49(5): 13-17. Barrett, R.H. 1980. Mammals of California oak habitats—management implica- tions. In: Plumb, T.R., tech. coord. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 275-291. Barrett, T.M. 2004. Estimation procedures for the combined 1990s periodic forest inventories of California, Oregon, and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW- GTR-597. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 19 p. Bartolome, J.W.; McClaran, M.P.; Allen-Diaz, B.H.; Dunne, J.; Ford, L.D.; Standiford, R.B.; McDougald, N.K.; Forero, L.C. 2002. Effects of fire and browsing on regeneration of blue oak. In: Standiford, R.B.; McCreary, D.; Purcell, K.L., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fifth symposium on oak wood- lands: oaks in California’s changing landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR- 126. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 281-286. Bolsinger, C.L. 1988. The hardwoods of California’s timberlands, woodlands, and savannas. Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-148. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 148 p.

46 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Borchert, M.I.; Davis, F.W.; Michaelsen, J.; Oyler, L.D. 1989. Interactions of factors affecting seedling recruitment of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) in California. Ecology. 70(2): 389-404. Bowyer, R.T.; Bleich, V.C. 1980. Ecological relationships between southern mule deer and California black oak. In: Plumb, T.R., tech. coord. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 292-296. Brackett, M. 1973. Notes on tariff tree volume computation. DNR report 24. Olympia, WA: Washington Department of Natural Resources. 26 p. California Department of Fish and Game [CDFG]. 2002. CWHR version 8.0 personal computer program. Sacramento, CA: California Interagency Wildlife Task Group. California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection [CDFFP]. 2003. The changing California: forest and range 2003 assessment, assessment summary. Sacramento, CA. 228 p. Delfino, K.L. 1986. California’s hardwoods—what potential? In: Plumb, T.R.; Pillsbury, N.H., coords. Proceedings of the symposium on multiple-use man- agement of California’s hardwood resources. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-100. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific South- west Forest and Range Experiment Station: 286-288. Fried, J.S.; Bolsinger, C.L.; Beardsley, D. 2004. Chaparrral in southern and central coastal California in the mid-1990s: area, ownership, condition, and change. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-RB-240. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 86 p. Garbelotto, M.; Davidson, J.M.; Ivors, K.; Maloney, P.E.; Huberli, D; Koike, S.T.; Rizzo, D.M. 2003. Non-oak native plants are main hosts for sudden oak death pathogen in California. California Agriculture. 57(1): 18-23. Hall, L.M.; George, M.R.; McCreary, D.D.; Adams, T.E. 1992. Effects of cattle grazing on blue oak seedling damage and survival. Journal of Range Manage- ment. 45: 503-506. Hickman, J.C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: higher plants of California. Berke- ley, CA: University of California Press. 1,400 p.

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Horney, M.; Standiford, R.B., McCreary, D.; Tecklin, J.; Richards, R. 2002. Effects of wildfire on blue oak in the Sacramento Valley. In: Standiford, R.B.; McCreary, D.; Purcell, K.L., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fifth symposium on oak woodlands: oaks in California’s changing landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 261-267. Huber, D.W.; McDonald, P.M. 1992. California’s hardwood resource: history and reasons for lack of a sustained hardwood industry. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR- 135. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 14 p. Huntsinger, L.; Buttolph, L; Hopkinson, P. 1997. Ownership and management changes on California hardwood rangelands: 1985 to 1992. Journal of Range Management. 50(4): 423-430. Huntsinger, L; Fortmann, L.P. 1990. California’s privately owned oak wood- lands: owners, use, and management. Journal of Range Management. 43(2): 147-152. Kelly, M.; Meentemeyer, R.K. 2002. Landscape dynamics of the spread of sud- den oak death. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 68(10): 1001-1009. Koenig, W.D.; McCullough, D.R.; Vaughn, C.E; Knops, J.M.H.; Carmen, W.J. 1999. Synchrony and asynchrony of acorn production at two coastal California sites. Madroño. 46(1): 20-24. Light, R.H; Pedroni, L.E. 2002. When oak ordinances fail: unaddressed issues of oak conservation. In: Standiford, R.B.; McCreary, D.; Purcell, K.L., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fifth symposium on oak woodlands: oaks in California’s changing landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 483-500. McClaran, M.P.; Bartolome, J.W. 1989. Fire-related recruitment in stagnant Quercus douglasii populations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 19(5): 580-585. McDonald, P.M.; Tappeiner, J.C. 2002. California’s hardwood resource: seeds, seedlings, and sprouts of three important forest-zone species. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-185. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 39 p.

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McPherson, B.A.; Wood, D.L.; Storer, A.J.; Kelly, N.M.; Standiford, R.B. 2002. Sudden oak death: disease trends in Marin County plots after one year. In: Standiford, R.B.; McCreary, D.; Purcell, K.L., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fifth symposium on oak woodlands: oaks in California’s changing land- scape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 751-764. Mensing, S.A. 1992. The impact of European settlement on blue oak (Quercus douglasii) regeneration and recruitment in the Tehachapi Mountains, California. Madroño. 39(1): 36-46. Morgan, T.A.; Keegan, C.E., III; Dillon, T.; Chase, A.L.; Fried, J.S.; Weber, M.N. 2004. California’s forest products industry: a descriptive analysis. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-615. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 55 p. Muick, P.C.; Bartolome, J.R. 1987. An assessment of natural regeneration of oaks in California; final report with supplement. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Forestry, Forest and Rangeland Resource Assessment Program. 115 p. Munz, P.A.; Keck, D.D. 1959. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1,905 p. Nixon, K.C. 2002. The oak (Quercus) biodiversity of California and adjacent regions. In: Standiford, R.B.; McCreary, D.; Purcell, K.L., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fifth symposium on oak woodlands: oaks in California’s changing landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 3-20. Pillsbury, N.H; Kirkley, M.L. 1984. Equations for total, wood, and saw-log volume for thirteen California hardwoods. Res. Note PNW-414. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 52 p. Pillsbury, N.H.; Verner, J.; Tietje, W.D., tech. coords. 1997. Proceedings of a symposium on oak woodlands: ecology, management, and urban interface issues. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-160. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 738 p.

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Plumb, T.R., tech. coord. 1980. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR- 44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 368 p. Plumb, T.R.; Pillsbury, N.H., tech. coords. 1987. Proceedings of the symposium on multiple-use management of California’s hardwood resources. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-100. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 462 p. Raphael, M.G. 1987. Wildlife-tanoak associations in Douglas-fir forests of north- western California. In: Plumb, T.R.; Pillsbury, N.H., tech. coords. Proceedings of the symposium on multiple-use management of California’s hardwood resources. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-100. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 183-189. Rizzo, D.M.; Garbelotto, M. 2003. Sudden oak death: endangering California and Oregon forest ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1(5): 197-204. Rizzo, D.M.; Garbelotto, M.; Davidson, J.M.; Slaughter, G.W.; Koike, S.T. 2002. Phytophthora ramorum as the cause of extensive mortality of Quercus spp. and Lithocarpus densiflorus in California. Plant Disease. 86(3): 205-214. Spatial Climate Analysis Service. 2004. California average annual precipita- tion 1961-90 [Vector GIS theme]. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. http://www.ocs.orst.edu/prism/index.phtml. (20 January). Standiford, R.B., tech. coord. 1991. Proceedings of the symposium on oak wood- lands and hardwood rangeland management. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 376 p. Standiford, R.B. 2001. California oak woodlands. In: McShea, W.J.; Healy, W.M., eds. Oak forest ecosystems: ecology and management for wildlife. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press: 280-303.

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Standiford, R.B.; McCreary, D.; Purcell, K.L., tech. coords. 2002. Proceedings of the fifth symposium on oak woodlands: oaks in California’s changing land- scape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station. 846 p. Standiford, R.; McDougald, N.; Frost, W.; Phillips, R. 1997. Factors influencing the probability of oak regeneration on southern Sierra Nevada woodlands in California. Madroño. 44(2): 170-183. Sudworth, G.B. 1908. Forest trees of the Pacific slope. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 441 p. Svihra, P. 2001. Diagnosis of SOD: case study of a scientific process. California Agriculture. 55(1): 12-14. Swiecki, T.J.; Bernhardt, E. 2002. Effects of fire on naturally occurring blue oak (Quercus douglasii) saplings. In: Standiford, R.B.; McCreary, D.; Purcell, K.L., tech. coords. Proceedings of the fifth symposium on oak woodlands: oaks in California’s changing landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-126. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 251-259. Swiecki, T.J.; Bernhardt, E.; Drake, C. 1997. Factors affecting blue oak sapling recruitment. In: Pillsbury, N.H.; Verner, J.; Tietje, W.D., tech. coords. Proceed- ings of a symposium on oak woodlands: ecology, management, and urban inter- face issues. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-160. Albany, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station: 157-167. Tappeiner, J.; McDonald, P. 1980. Preliminary recommendations for managing California black oak in the Sierra Nevada. In: Plumb, T.R., tech. coord. Pro- ceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 107-111. Tietje, W.D.; Waddell, K.L.; Vreeland, J.K.; Bolsinger, C.L. 2002. Coarse woody debris in oak woodlands in California. Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 17(3): 139-146. Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute [UFEI]. 2004. California registry of big trees. http://www.ufei.org/BigTrees/index.html. (02 January).

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U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 2004. Census 2000, summary for California. http://factfinder.census.gov. (03 March). Verner, J. 1980. Birds of California oak habitats—management implications. In: Plumb, T.R., tech. coord. Proceedings of the symposium on the ecology, management, and utilization of California oaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR- 44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 246-264. Waddell, K.L. 1991. California inventory, procedures and techniques reference documentation. 177 p. Unpublished document. On file with: PNW-FIA, P.O. Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208. Waddell, K.L.; Bassett, P.M. 1996. Timber resource statistics for the North Coast Resource Area of California, 1994. Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-214. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 50 p. Waddell, K.L.; Bassett, P.M. 1997a. Timber resource statistics for the Central Coast Resource Area of California, 1994. Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-221. Port- land, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 45 p. Waddell, K.L.; Bassett, P.M. 1997b. Timber resource statistics for the Sacra- mento Resource Area of California. Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-220. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 50 p.

52 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Appendix 1. Scientific and Common Plant Names Scientific namea Common name Trees Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle ailanthus Malus L. spp. apple Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Vasey) Mayr bigcone Douglas-fir Acer macrophyllum Pursh bigleaf maple Pinus muricata D. Don Bishop pine Populus balsamifera L. ssp. trichocarpa Torrey & A. Gray black cottonwood Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. blue oak Acer negundo L. var. californicum (Torry & A. Gray) Sarg. boxelder Quercus kelloggii Newb. California black oak Aesculus californica (Spach) Nutt. California buckeye Juniperus californica Carrière California juniper Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. California laurel, bay laurel Torreya californica Torrey California nutmeg, California torrey Platanus racemosa Nutt. California sycamore Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. canyon live oak Quercus agrifolia Nee coast live oak Pinus coulteri D. Don Coulter pine Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco Douglas-fir Quercus engelmannii E. Greene Engelmann oak Eucalyptus L’Her. spp. eucalyptus Pinus sabiniana Douglas ghost pine, gray pine, foothill pine Castanopsis chrysophylla (Hook.) Hjelmq. giant chinquapin, golden chinkapin Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindley) Buchholz giant sequoia Calocedrus decurrens (Torry) Florin incense cedar Quercus wislizeni A.DC. interior live oak Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf. Jeffrey pine Pinus attenuata Lemmon knobcone pine Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon ash Quercus garryana Hook. Oregon white oak Cornus nuttallii Audubon Pacific dogwood Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific madrone Pinus ponderosa Laws. ponderosa pine Populus tremuloides Michaux quaking aspen Alnus rubra Bong. red alder Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. redwood, coastal redwood Pinus lambertiana Dougl. sugar pine Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehder tanoak

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Scientific namea Common name Quercus lobata Nee valley oak, California white oak Juglans L. spp. walnut Betula occidentalis Hook. water birch Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. white alder Abies concolor (Gordon & Glend.) Lindley white fir Salix L. spp. willow

Nontree vegetation Baccharis L. spp. baccharis Chamaebatia foliolosa Benth. bear-clover Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschsch. blueblossom ceanothus Ceanothus cuneatus (Hook.) Nutt. buckbrush Rhamnus L. spp. buckthorn Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp California hazelnut Lonicera hispidula Dougl. California honeysuckle Vaccinium ovatum Pursh California huckleberry Torreya californica Torrey California nutmeg Cercis occidentalis Torrey California redbud Quercus dumosa Nutt. California scrub oak Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don coast rhododendron Ceanothus incanus Torrey & A. Gray coast whitethorn Arctostaphylos manzanita C. Parry common manzanita Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn. deerbrush Sambucus L. spp. elderberry Galium triflorum Michx. fragrant bedstraw Gramineae spp. grass Arctostaphylos patula E. Greene greenleaf manzanita Arctostaphylos columbiana Piper hairy manzanita Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg hollyleaf redberry Iris L. spp. iris Claytonia perfoliata Willd. miner’s lettuce Cercocarpus betuloides Torrey & A. Gray mountain mahogany Berberis aquifolium Pursh mountain-grape Avena L. spp. oats Myrica californica Cham. & Schldl. Pacific wax-myrtle Toxicodendron diversilobum (Torr. & Gray) Greene poison oak Vaccinium parvifolium Smith red huckleberry Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hèr red-stem filaree Oxalis oregana Nutt. redwood sorrel Rhododendron macrophyllum D. Don ex G. Don rhododendron

54 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Scientific namea Common name Gaultheria shallon Pursh salal Quercus parvula var. shrevei (C.H. Muller) K. Nixonb Shreve’s oak Aira caryophyllea L. silver hairgrass Symphoricarpos sp. Duham. snowberry Trientalis latifolia Hook. starflower Arctostaphylos viscida C. Parry sticky whiteleaf manzanita Rubus parviflorus Nutt. thimbleberry Heteromeles arbutifolia (Lindl.) M. Roemer toyon Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn western brackenfern Polystichum munitum (Kaulfuss) K. Presl western swordfern Whipplea modesta Torrey whipplea Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray whitebark raspberry Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. wood rose

a We are using Hickman (1993) for scientific names. Munz and Keck (1959) was a primary reference source during the planning and field collection for Forest Inventory and Analysis inventories during the 1980s and 1990s. b Quercus parvula is not considered a tree species in these inventories. Quercus parvula v. shrevei takes tree form and hybridizes with Q. wislizeni (Nixon 2002), Q. agrifolia, and Q. kelloggii (Hickman 1993), so it is possible that it is partially included within estimates for other species.

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Appendix 2. Inventory Procedures Outside of national forests and reserved lands, two Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) inventories were used to collect information on hardwoods and hardwood forests. The first was an inventory of timberland that used a sampling intensity of one field plot per every 7,400 acres. The second was an inventory of woodland that used one field plot per 14,800 acres. Both inventories used the same field proto- cols, plot configuration, and analytical procedures such as volume equations and forest typing algorithms. Plots were located by superimposing a grid over the land and randomly locating plots within each grid cell; plots are treated as a random sample for analysis. Field measurements began in 1991 and were completed in 1994. Plots used for field visits are a subset of plots established and interpreted on air photos. Air photos are used for double sampling for stratification, which improves the precision of estimates. Stratification for results reported here used air photos taken before the 1980s inventory, with the exception of the stratification for the north coast region, which used air photos taken before the 1990s inventory. All field plots also had recent air photos that were used by the field crew in navigating to the plot. Overall, there were 4,824 field plots in California, 2,245 of which fell at least partially in forest land, and 78,223 photointerpreted plots used for stratifica- tion. There were 2,412 field plots on the woodland field grid in California, and woodland trees were measured on 540 of these field plots. Each plot consisted of a cluster of five subplots, with one central subplot, three subplots at 210 feet away to the north, east, and west, and one subplot 141 feet away to the south. On each subplot, trees between 6.9 and 35.5 inches diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) were selected with variable-radius sampling by using a Basal Area Factor (BAF) 30.5 prism (BAF 7 metric prism). Trees greater than 35.7 inches d.b.h. were sampled by using a fixed radius of 55.8 feet. Trees smaller than 6.9 inches were sampled by using a 10.8-ft fixed radius. When two or more distinct conditions existed on a plot–areas different by broad forest type, size of trees, stocking density, or cutting history—the areas were mapped on the subplots, and the resulting mapped areas used in calculating at- tributes. In the previous 1980s inventory of California forests, plots were shifted so that they fell in a single condition. In addition, in the 1980s, a three-subplot con- figuration was used in woodlands rather than a five-subplot configuration, and woodland plots were sampled at a reduced intensity of one plot per 29,600 acres. The net result is that the calculation of 1990s estimates was straightforward, but the calculation of change between 1980 and 1990 was complicated and in some cases involved modeling of tree attributes such as diameter and height.

56 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Most national forest data came from a Pacific Southwest Region inventory conducted in 1993-2000. The underlying base grid for plot selection was the same as for the FIA inventories. However, remote sensing data were used to stratify the area, with classification into broad vegetation types. Plots were sampled with increased intensity for some vegetation types. Because of this intensification, estimates for national forests often have greater precision than estimates for private or other public lands. The national forest inventory used a five-subplot configuration similar to that of FIA, with subplots spaced at 127 feet from the central subplot. Trees between 1 and 4.9 inches d.b.h. were sampled within an 11.8-ft fixed radius of subplot center. Trees of 5 inches d.b.h. or greater were sampled with either a BAF 20 or BAF 40 prism. If a BAF 20 prism was used, trees 30.4 inches d.b.h. and larger were sampled with a 58.9-foot fixed radius. If a BAF 40 prism was used, trees 42.9 inches d.b.h. and larger were sampled with a 58.9-foot fixed radius. Volume equations and forest typing algorithms used were the same as for FIA. Subplots were assigned to different conditions, but individual subplots were not mapped by condition. A very small number of plots from the Rogue River and Siskiyou National Forests (Pacific Northwest Region) were also used in the hardwoods assessment. Plots were sampled from a fixed 3.4- or 1.7-mile grid, depending on whether or not they were located in wilderness. As with the other inventories, the plot contained five subplots, but they were located 133.9 feet from the central subplot’s center. Trees less than 5 inches d.b.h. were sampled within an 11.8-foot fixed radius of subplot center. Trees between 5 and 12.9 inches were sampled with a 24-foot fixed radius, and trees between 13 and 31.9 inches d.b.h. (east side) or 13 and 47.9 inches d.b.h. (west side) were sampled with a 51.1-foot radius. The largest trees were sampled within a 185.1-foot radius from the central subplot’s center. Condi- tions were not mapped in the field. Forest typing algorithms and volume equation assignments were identical to the FIA inventories. Volume equations for oaks and most other California hardwoods come from Pillsbury and Kirkley (1984). Volume equations for alder, aspen, and cottonwood come from Brackett (1973). Forest typing was done by a two-step process. If the stocking in hardwood trees was greater than the stocking in coniferous trees, the area would be classed as a hardwood forest type. Then the area would be assigned a specific hardwood forest type according to which hardwood tree species had the greatest stocking. These inventory procedures have been kept consistent with other reports from the 1990s inventories (for example, Waddell and Bassett 1996, 1997a,

57 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245

1997b). Statistical procedures are described in Barrett (2004). Owing to lack of space, sampling errors are not included for every estimate in the tables, but these can be obtained from the authors upon request. Although ownership information and plot locations are confidential, other data used in developing this report are available to the public. The four inventories described here have been combined with other inventories into a single database. To request a copy of this “PNW-FIA Integrated Database,” please visit the Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fia. Monitoring and assessment of California hardwoods and oak woodlands are continuing. Beginning in 2001, a new forest inventory system was implemented that includes all land in California, both public and private, and both reserved and unreserved forest. One-tenth of all plots are being sampled each year. Over a decade, sampling intensity on woodland will increase to about one plot per 6,000 acres as compared to the one plot per 14,800 acres (current estimates) and one plot per 29,600 acres (change estimates) used in this report. More information on this annual Forest Inventory and Analysis system is available at http:// www.fia.fs.fed.us/.

58 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s otal 1990s oodland T Timberland W 69.1 12.2 81.3 27 6.9 —13.0 6.9 79 28.7 76.0 41.6 36 12.2 47.7 88.2 26 49.6 97.3 25 60.7 78.3 138.9 20 334.6 73.4580.3 408.1259.0 11 26.9 24.9 607.2 76.2157.6137.4 283.9 9 14 34.8 1,605.8 33.5 55.2 192.3 40.6 109.7 192.5 15 23.1 30 16 1,503.8 1,628.9 30.6 410.8 7.0 4 71.2 131.5 106.9 2,186.1 28 1,635.3 517.8 0.0 299.6 50.0 5 10 2,236.1 7.0 1,661.4 55.5 100 4 166.3 355.1 144.4 1,827.6 12 5 55.2 199.5 16 790.9 89.5 880.4 8 714.2 32.2 746.4 6 1,505.1 121.7 1,626.8 5 3,744.6 126.7 3,871.3 2 42.1 16.8 58.9 35 3,786.7 143.5 3,930.2 2 1,831.61,497.5 33.2 140.9 1,864.9 1,638.4 4 5 534.8 3.8 6.3 — 541.1 3.8 7 65 2,366.4 1,501.3 39.5 140.9 2,406.0 1,642.2 4 5 5,160.5 633.7 5,794.2 2 227.8 37.5 265.3 15 5,388.3 671.2 6,059.5 2 – – – – – – Thousand acres – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % Unreserved Reserved Total Unreserved Reserved Total Unreserved Reserved Total a a a a TotalSE (%) 6,286.0TotalSE (%) 1 796.6 7,082.6 4,583.8 8 1 1,018.2 178.5 1 4,762.3 17 103.2 1,121.4 1,688.5 1 6 7,304.2 70.5 29 1,759.0 4 899.8 8,204.0 5 6,272.3 32 249.0 4 6,521.3 1 7 1 1 15 1 TotalSE (%) 3,398.2 2 186.4 3,584.6 14 2 545.5TotalSE (%) 6.3 7 551.8 307.9 100 9 3,943.7 118.6 7 192.7 426.5 18 4,136.4 8 1,558.5 2 181.1 14 5 1,739.6 2 1,866.4 19 299.7 5 2,166.1 4 13 4 Hardwoods Softwoods Other Hardwoods Softwoods Other Hardwoods Softwoods Other Hardwoods Softwoods Other Table 1—Area of hardwood and softwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and reserve status, California, and reserve area types on woodland and timberland by resource of hardwood and softwood forest 1—Area Table Sacramento: Central Coast: forest type groupforest North Coast: Area SE Area SE Area SE Resource area and North Interior: 59 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 otal 1990s (continued) oodland T Timberland W 153.0 122.8 275.8828.7 14 262.1 343.5 1,090.7 7 162.3 514.9 505.8 12 276.0 496.5 790.9 285.1 10 781.6 1,343.6 9 538.1 1,881.6 6 428.3 101.1 529.4 9 2,530.2 134.6 2,664.8 3 2,958.5 235.7 3,194.2 3 3,788.7 285.5 4,074.2 3 6,888.8 327.7 7,216.5 2 10,677.5 613.2 11,290.7 2 1,812.5 977.5 2,790.0 2 189.4 129.4 318.8 17 2,001.9 1,106.9 3,108.8 3 – – – – – – Thousand acres – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % Unreserved Reserved Total Unreserved Reserved Total Unreserved Reserved Total 12,352.5 1,933.9 14,286.4 1 470.1 183.7 653.8 11 12,822.6 2,117.6 14,940.2 1 a a TotalSE (%) 2,393.9TotalSE (%) 3 1,201.4 3,595.3 16,969.8 5 1 2,481.5 3,063.1 19,451.3 2 426.3 4 7,873.8 3,489.4 1 3 787.4 5,457.0 8,661.2 13 1,627.72 7,084.7 24,843.6 3 3,268.9 9 28,112.5 2 2 5 1 2 3 1 Hardwoods Softwoods Other Softwoods Other Hardwoods Other includes nonstocked and unclassified types.

Table 1—Area of hardwood and softwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and reserve status, California, and reserve area types on woodland and timberland by resource of hardwood and softwood forest 1—Area Table a Total, California: Total, Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. SE = sampling error. — = less than 50 acres. forest type groupforest Southern: Area SE Area SE Area SE Resource area and 60 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s Total otal National Other 7 131.2 — 926.8 1,058.0 7 otal 12.8 59 6.6 — 6.2 12.8 59 5.2 5.2 100 — — 5.2 5.2 100 75.8 77.9 30 6.2 — 75.8 82.0 29 imberland T National Other T 100 — 1.9 12.3 14.2 63 5.2 1.9 12.3 19.4 53 100 — — 22.0 22.0 58 — — 31.1 31.1 51 otal 85.2 97.140.3 29 40.3 57 — — — 23.8 — 23.8 13.2 46 13.2 62 — 11.9 — 109.0 — 120.9 25 53.5 53.5 47 27.0 27.016.529.5 68 16.5 29.5 2.0 100 70 — — 18.7 74.7 — 11.4 76.7 124.9 — 27 155.0 — 2.0 21 18.7 — 11.4 101.7 — 103.7 154.4 27 184.5 — 22 16.5 16.5 100 Woodland T est public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE — — 29.0 29.0 63 — — — — — — 29.0 29.0 63 10.127.4 —31.8 — 45.3 29.1 2.3 55.4 133.0 56.5 43 167.2 43 12.7 24 14.0 1.1 — 23.8 131.0 84.4 — 144.7 122.2 126.1 20 23 126.1 22.8 41.4 21 1.1 23.8 31.8 176.3 113.5 2.3 200.1 178.7 19 21 259.1 293.2 17 78.6 14.2 448.4 541.2 187.3 38.2 1,639.6 1,865.0 265.9 52.4 2,088.0 2,406.3 National Other T – – – – – – – Thousand acres – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % a Total 74.5 14.2 362.0 450.7 26.7 26.8 390.8 444.2 101.2 41.0 752.8 894.9 Total 4.1 — 86.4 90.5 160.6 11.4 1,248.8 1,420.8 164.7 11.4 1,335.2 1,511.3 Blue oak Interior live oakOregon white oak 5.2 — — 5.2 Canyon live oak Coast live oak oakValley — 11.9 — — California black oak Bigleaf maple — — 9.1 9.1 BuckeyeCalifornia laurelCottonwood/aspenEucalyptusGiant chinquapin — —Oregon ash —Pacific madrone —Red alder — — —Tanoak —Willow — — — — — 4.3 4.1 — — — — — — 4.3 — — — — 100 — — — — — — 4.1 — 6.6 — 100 — — — — — 2.1 — — 6.2 131.2 — — 3.6 — — 3.6 926.8 — 100 1,058.0 — 9.6 — — 9.6 — 4.3 71 3.6 4.3 100 — 3.6 100 — 9.6 9.6 71 Oak group— Non-oak group— Table 2—Area of hardwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s and owner, area types on woodland and timberland by resource of hardwood forest 2—Area Table North Coast: Resource area Resource and forest typeand forest for Total, North Coast Total, SE for total (%) 26 45 8 7 15 46 5 4 13 34 4 4 61 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 Total Timberland 10.487.0 — — — 23.7 110.7 10.4 24 82 89.6 10.4 — — 23.7 — 113.3 10.4 24 82 National Other Total National Other Total otal 5.77.2 100 1009.3 12.4 20.6 100 3.4 57.0 1.7 9.6 — — 25.4 22.3 53 22.5 48 18.1 79.5 20.6 29 3.4 1.7 66.3 9.6 — 31.1 7.2 47 29.5 22.5 44 88.8 28 29.317.5 35.5 17.5 61 93 12.2 8.0 — — — — 12.2 60 8.0 100 18.4 — 8.0 29.3 — 47.7 17.5 48 25.5 71 Woodland est public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE – – – – – – Thousand acres – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % 15.826.213.7 24.6 — 221.6 9.3 262.0 37.5 34.1 63.7 18 157.2 40 20 — 105.4 166.3 — 8.7 9.6 — 148.1 75.2 262.2 251.2 — 15 16 131.6 280.0 15.8 8.7 18.9 24.6 185.6 109.4 326.0 221.6 408.3 14 262.0 13 18 46.2 26.0 113.5 185.7 21 29.6 9.2 35.2 74.0 28 75.8 35.2 148.7 259.7 17 225.7 59.9 460.9 746.5 520.5 32.7 327.1 880.3 746.2 92.6 788.0 1,626.8 National Other T a Total 17.6 — 7.2 24.8 199.0 5.1 68.6 272.7 216.6 5.1 75.8 297.5 Total 208.1 59.9 453.6 721.7 321.5 27.6 258.5 607.6 529.6 87.5 712.2 1,329.3 Blue oak California black oak Canyon live oakInterior live oak 1 6.2 — Oregon white oak Valley oakValley — — California laurelCottonwood/aspenDogwoodGiant chinquapin — —Pacific madroneRed alder —Tanoak — — 9.3 — — 7.2 — — — — 2.6 — — — — — — — — — — — — 2.6 11.6 — 100 — — 9.6 — — 9.6 3.2 100 11.6 98 3.2 — 100 11.6 — — — 9.6 — — 9.6 100 11.6 3.2 98 3.2 100 Bigleaf maple 5.7 — — Oak group— Non-oak group— North Interior: and forest typeand forest for Resource area Resource Table 2—Area of hardwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s (continued) and owner, area types on woodland and timberland by resource of hardwood forest 2—Area Table SE for total (%) 13 22 7 6 10 43 14 8 8 22 7 5 Total, North Interior Total,

62 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s Total otal National Other otal imberland T — 19.6 29.8 38 10.2 — 19.6 29.8 38 — — 15.6 15.6 71 — — 15.6 15.6 71 10.2 — 13.7 23.9 52 10.2 — 13.7 23.9 52 National Other T otal 17.5 18.9 93 — — — — 1.4 — 17.5 18.9 93 243.3 250.7 21 3.5 — 33.7 37.2 40 10.9 — 277.0 287.9 19 Woodland T public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE 1.4 35.8 992.0 1,029.2 8 — — — — 87.1 35.8 992.0 1,029.2 8 – – – – – – Thousand acres – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % – Thousand acres – % 36.618.6 — 21.0 60.1 76.2 215.8 96.7 19 29 164.4 85.7 19.7 — 149.1 73.9 313.5 179.3 13 18 201.0 204.3 40.7 — 150.1 209.2 395.1 410.2 13 12 180.1 56.9 1,391.9 1,628.9 278.8 19.7 308.6 607.1 544.6 76.6 1,700.5 2,236.0 National Other T a Total 173.8 56.9 1,389.0 1,619.7 253.6 19.7 256.7 530.0 513.1 76.6 1,645.72,149.7 Total 6.3 — 2.9 9.2 25.2 — 51.9 77.1 31.5 — 54.8 86.3 Oregon white oak oakValley 8.4 — 1.4 — — 8.4 100 — — — — 8.4 — — 8.4 100 California black oak Canyon live oakInterior live oak 1 7.4 — Bigleaf mapleBuckeyeCalifornia laurel — — 6.3 — — — — — — — — 6.3 100 2.9 — — — — — 2.9 — 100 2.9 — 6.3 — — 2.9 — 100 6.3 100 DogwoodPacific madroneTanoakWhite alderWillow — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 2.9 — — 2.9 100 1.9 10.2 — — — — — — 3.1 1.9 — 100 3.1 — 100 1.9 — — — — — — 3.1 1.9 100 2.9 3.1 100 2.9 100 Blue oak Non-oak group— Oak group— Table 2—Area of hardwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s (continued) and owner, area types on woodland and timberland by resource of hardwood forest 2—Area Table SE for total (%) 13 22 5 4 11 49 14 9 8 21 5 4 Total, Sacramento Total, Sacramento: and forest type forest Resource area

63 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 Total otal National Other otal 47.7 36 — — 47.7 47.7 36 imberland T National Other T 13.753.7 21.0 53.7 71 50 4.4 — — — — — 4.4 72 — 11.7 — — 13.7 — 25.4 60 53.7 53.7 50 41.217.517.5 46.0 17.5 25.8 53 100 74 1.8 — 18.6 — — — 11.5 — 6.6 13.3 25.2 — 88 45 6.6 26.9 — — — 52.7 — 24.1 59.3 17.5 51.0 46 43 17.5 100 Woodland T 1,167.6 1,635.4 68.0 — 124.4 192.4 367.7 168.1 1,292.0 1,827.8 Other Total 19.5 — 19.5 100 — — — — — 19.5 — 19.5 100 public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE 66.763.6 91.1 — 429.7 587.4 — 13 63.6 27 — 36.5 — — 3.9 12.8 3.9 49.3 100 35 66.7 100.1 91.1 433.6 — 591.3 12.8 13 112.9 21 17.9 — 3.5 21.4 50 — — — — 17.9 — 3.5 21.4 50 – – – – – – Thousand acres – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % 122.8 57.6 585.0 765.4 11 3.7 — 39.6 43.3 50 126.5 57.6 624.6 808.7 10 a Total 39.3 19.5 79.6 138.4 23.4 — 68.2 91.6 62.7 19.5 147.8 230.0 Total 260.4 148.6 1,087.9 1,496.9 44.6 — 56.3 100.9 305.0 148.6 1,144.2 1,597.8 Oregon white oak oakValley — — — 5.9 — 5.9 77 — — — — — — 5.9 5.9 77 Canyon live oak Coast live oak Interior live oak 7.3 — Blue oak EucalyptusPacific madroneSycamoreTanoak 8.3Willow —Other hardwoods — — 8.3 — — — — — — — — — 8.3 — 100 — 3.0 — — — — — — 47.7 3.0 2.4 80 2.4 11.3 100 — — — — 11.3 77 2.4 2.4 100 California laurel 4.8 — Bigleaf maple Oak group— Non-oak group— Table 2—Area of hardwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s (continued) and owner, area types on woodland and timberland by resource of hardwood forest 2—Area Table Central Coast: SE for total (%) 11 16 6 5 22 20 15 9 16 6 5 Total, Central CoastTotal, 299.7 168.1 and forest type and forest forest Resource areaResource National 64 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s otal otal National Other T otal imberland T National Other T otal 63.312.9 63.3 12.9 41 100 — — —16.1 — — 24.3 — — 71 — 5.6 — — — — 3.5 — 63.3 9.1 12.9 63.3 51 12.9 41 100 13.8 — 19.6 33.4 54 Woodland T 19.5 59.3 330.3 15 119.8 11.5 68.4 199.7 15 371.3 30.9 127.7 529.9 11 public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE – – – – – – Thousand acres – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % 46.850.3 18.757.2 2.5 1,051.388.7 1,116.8 12.0 18.7 97.7 61.6 8 71.5 531.9 130.828.817.0 718.2 32 —24.6 21 — 198.5 12 — — — 74.0 0.8 20.6 6.7 — 102.8 — —18.6 — 41.8 17.0 — 35 24.6 — 247.0 — 6.7 54 20.9 55 14 6.2 7.5 41.5 — 248.8 — 5.3 46.8 74 — 35 18.6 9.2 18.7 109.3 — 58.0 12.7 — 1,051.3 52 60.5 1,116.8 97.7 12.0 318.6 — — 6.2 8 552.8 0.4 13 68.3 100 18.0 759.7 — 138.3 11 — 75 35.0 20 29.9 — — 17.0 12.7 74.0 0.4 — 109.0 100 — 34 42.6 — 19.0 45 17.0 — 54 — 19.0 50 National Other T n 599.6 150.4 1,914.8 2,664.8 357.2 30.9 141.3 529.4 956.8 181.3 2,056.1 3,194.2 a Total 494.5 150.4 1,799.0 2,443.8 339.7 18.2 137.8 495.7 834.2 168.5 1,936.8 2,939.5 Total 105.1 — 115.8 220.9 17.5 12.7 3.5 33.7 122.6 12.7 119.3 254.6 Interior live oak Bigleaf mapleBuckeye 2.4 —WillowOther hardwoods — 2.4 — 100 — — 11.4 — 11.4 — 100 — — — 2.4 — — — — 2.4 100 — — 11.4 11.4 100 California black oak Canyon live oakEngelmann oak 251.5 Oregon white oak — — — California laurel — Cottonwood/aspen EucalyptusOregon ashSycamoreWalnutWhite alder — 4.0 1.5 — 8.2 — — — 8.5 — — — — 8.5 4.0 5.7 1.5 100 100 5.8 100 — 100 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 4.0 1.5 — — — — 8.5 — — — 8.5 4.0 100 5.7 100 1.5 100 5.8 100 Coast live oak Blue oak Non-oak group— Oak group— Table 2—Area of hardwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s (continued) and owner, area types on woodland and timberland by resource of hardwood forest 2—Area Table Total, Souther Total, SE for total (%) 7 18 4 3 11 48 20 9 5 17 4 3 Resource area Southern: and forest type forest 65 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 4.6 11,291.0 otal National Other Total 2,881.3 570.9 7,92 otal imberland T — 1,017.9 1,246.3 6 231.0 — 1,017.9 1,248.9 6 ). 18.212.5 — 6.2 — 24.4 75.8 56 88.3 18.2 28 16.6 — — 6.2 24.4 75.8 56 92.4 27 Pinus sabiniana National Other T 130.4 33 8.0 — 13.2 21.2 54 9.4 — 142.2 151.6 29 63.3 63.3 41 —25.9 —16.5 25.9 — 20.5 79 — 8516.1 —14.4 24.3 — 14.4 — — 71 84 — 3.6 — 5.6 — — 3.6 63.3 100 — 63.3 — — 41 6.6 — 12.0 12.2 — 12.0 4.0 46 29.5 60 — 13.8 29.5 — 16.5 69 — 20.5 — 22.7 85 26.4 36.5 26.4 51 54 Woodland T Other Total 49.8 198.8 823.4 9 422.3 64.6 314.7 801.6 9 997.1 114.4 513.5 1,625.0 6 19.5 — 21.0 91 — — — — 1.5 19.5 — 21.0 91 est public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE forest public Private Area SE – – – – – – Thousand acres – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % – – Thousand acres % 26.035.121.824.6 — — — 12.6 — 78.3 68.2 38.6 113.4 7.2 90.0 41 32 31.9 36 15.3 48 6.2 3.8 3.4 25.9 — 31.6 — 14.4 — 111.3 50.3 5.2 115.1 37 6.2 45.5 24 100 41.3 39 25.6 41.3 3.4 50.5 — — 44.1 14.4 179.5 88.9 78.3 12.4 205.1 28 119.6 21 77.3 31 31 14.886.4 97.7 28.3 818.2 265.4 1,030.6 380.1 10 15 40.7 29.617.6 1.9 9.2 — 66.9 161.2 109.5 47.0 200.126.9 22 64.6 17 155.5 — 46 116.0 99.6 37.5 — 104.5 885.1 1,140.1 426.6 26.9 11.4 580.1 9 167.7 12 47 283.6 3.4 15 122.1 — 11.4 — 214.6 348.1 3.4 15 71 30.3 — — 30.3 43 130.7123.2 170.2180.0 2,723.6 2.5 3,024.5 81.5 161.6 731.8 287.3 5 993.3 17 — 9 481.0 — 4.5 16.5 3.9 470.0 — 967.5 3.9 70.1 100 8 74.6 216.4 604.2 170.2 33 19.0 2,727.5 184.5 3,028.4 631.6 1,254.8 81.5 5 7 801.9 1,067.9 9 1,383.8 449.5 5,383.5 7,216.7 1,411.8 121.4 2,541.1 4,074.3 a

Total 172.5 19.5 292.0 483.9 425.7 29.2 1,441.0 1,895.9 598.2 48.7 1,732.9 2,379.8 Total 1,211.3 430.0 5,091.6 6,732.8 986.1 92.2 1,100.1 2,178.4 2,283.1 522.2 6,191.6 8,911.2 Blue oak Coast live oak California black oak Canyon live oakEngelmann oak 574.8 — — Bigleaf maple Buckeye California laurel Cottonwood/aspen DogwoodEucalyptus — — — — — — 1.9 — 3.2 5.1 73 1.9 — 3.2 5.1 73 Interior live oak 1 Giant chinquapinOregon ashPacific madrone —SycamoreTanoak 4.0 —WalnutWhite alderWillow — Other hardwoods 1.5 — 2.6 8.2 — — — — — — — — 5.7 2.6 5.8 100 100 228.4 — — — — 0.0 — 5.7 5.8 100 Oregon white oak oakValley 1.4 — 129.0 Red alder 4.1 — — 4.1 100 Oak group— Non-oak group— The blue oak forest type includes 110,000 acres initially classified as ghost pine ( The blue oak forest type includes 110,000 Table 2—Area of hardwood forest types on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s (continued) and owner, area types on woodland and timberland by resource of hardwood forest 2—Area Table Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. SE = sampling error. — = less than 50 acres. a Total, California: Total, and forest type for SE for total (%) 5 10 2 2 5 24 4 3 3 9 2 2 Total, California Total, Resource area National 66 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s –% Volume SE otal forest public Private 206.1 23 2.5 — 203.6 206.1 23 olume SE 15.3 15.3 80 — — 15.3 15.3 80 imberland T 1,499.0 1,813.3 7 278.6 35.7 1,499.0 1,813.3 7 29.6 — 20.8 50.5 35 29.6 — 20.8 50.5 35 forest public Private V 71 3.0 2.3 25.5 30.7 39 3.0 2.3 30.8 36.0 34 otal National Other TotalNational Other Total 9.6 51 26.6 4.8 69.9 101.2 22 30.2 4.8 75.8 110.8 20 olume SE 683.6 622.9 168.0 3,398.2 4,189.1 749.4 175.1 3,948.1 4,872.7 32.3 32.355.1 53 59.828.8 36 28.8 — 55 — —58.9 — — — 58.969.2 22.6 50 — — 80.6 22.6 25.5 35 6.6 37 25.5 6.4 154.2 44 — — 194.4 52.5 — 207.3 4.8 688.7 — 32.3 15 77.7 895.5 — 32.3 82.5 9 53 54.4 6.6 29 54.4 163.9 6.4 37 253.3 54.3 266.3 758.0 17 976.1 9 Woodland T Other T Other est public Private V 16.949.5 — —46.8 81.8 47.2 .7 98.7 96.7 164.0 22 37 211.5 26 35.4 82.4 22.7 37.5 3.0 257.7 188.9 6.2 315.8 308.7 178.1 15 17 187.3 52.3 131.9 19 22.7 37.5 339.6 49.8 236.1 414.5 405.5 6.9 12 16 342.1 398.8 17 – Million cubic feet %– Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet Total 13.2 1.7 135.4 150.3 499.2 99.3 2,699.9 3,298.4 512.5 101.1 2,835.3 3,448.8 Total 113.3 5.4 414.5 533.2 123.7 68.6 698.4 890.7236.9 74.1 1,112.9 1,423.9 Blue oak black oak California Canyon live oak Coast live oakInterior live oakOregon white oak oakValley — — — — 4.8 —Black cottonwood —California buckeyeCalifornia laurel 5.3 —Eucalyptus — —Giant chinquapinOregon ash 5.3 — —Pacific madrone —Red alder —Tanoak — — —White alder 1.3 9.6 — — — 1.7 — 1.3 — — — — — 75 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — 6.8 — — — 6.8 2.5 — 278.6 1.0 94 — 35.7 1.3 — 203.6 — — 1.3 — — 99 — 1.0 6.8 1.3 74 — 6.8 1.3 94 — 75 1.0 1.3 — 1.3 — 99 1.0 74 Bigleaf maple 3.6 — 6.0 Oak group— Non-oak group— Table 3—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s and owner, area volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource 3—Net growing-stock Table North Coast: North CoastTotal, 126.5 7.2 549.9 SE for total (%)total for SE 35 87 12 11 19 225 5 17 215 5 Resource area and species National for 67 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 –% lume SE otal est public Private Vo continued) olume SE for 8.6 14.9 46 6.9 — 8.6 15.5 45 27.3 160.2 24 136.0 — 27.3 163.3 24 imberland T — — 13.5 39 13.9 — — 13.9 38 est public Private V 26.1 — 11.3 37.4 55 26.1 — 11.3 37.4 55 9.0 1001.3 100 .1 21.6 1.3 — — 4.5 1.4 26.1 95 32 .1 22.9 1.3 — 9.0 4.5 10.4 27.4 88 31 olume SE for 86.4 87.9 2718.9 19.6 — 60 — 2.1 — — — .7 2.8 — 39 1.5 2.8 86.4 87.9 — 27 19.6 22.4 53 Woodland T est public Private V 53.812.0 4.112.0 12.627.5 38.1 17.4 — 12.6 96.0 142.0 13.1 43.421.7 26 25 25.1 83.5 — 47 355.6 452.7 30 1.7 30.3 26.221.6 21.7 31.5 358.1 188.2 23.4 — — 7.2 744.0 667.1 57 2.1 11 37.6 8 .5 62.4 23.6 564.7 76.4 409.4 22.1 74 3.1 20 38.9 34.4 33 34.9 205.6 305.6 396.2 59.0 809.2 33.7 100.4 840.0 — 10 19.8 8 21 — 39.6 81.1 13.6 84.0 159.9 345.3 18 47.2 13 3.1 29 36.6 327.2 123.8 20 — 41.7 368.9 13 254.7 30.8 230.1 515.7 1,434.8 68.3 719.3 2,222.4 1,689.5 99.1 949.5 2,738.1 – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet Total 206.0 30.8 217.3 454.1 863.8 63.8 585.1 1,512.7 1,069.8 94.7 802.4 1,966.8 Total 48.7 — 12.8 61.6 571.0 4.4 134.3 709.7 619.8 4.4 147.1 771.3 Blue oakCalifornia black oak Canyon live oakCoast live oakInterior live oak 1 Oregon white oak oakValley — — 1.5 —Bigleaf maple Black cottonwood .7California laurel —Eucalyptus — —Giant chinquapinOregon ash — —Pacific madrone —Quaking aspen 1.3Red alder — —Tanoak 9.0 —White alder — — — — — — .2 — — .4 — .7 3.1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 1.8 .4 .2 3.1 .7 — — 100 100 100 100 .8 8.0 — 13.5 .2 132.8 — 6.3 — 9.8 — — — 68 — — — 100 .8 1.8 .2 100 100 — — .8 8.0 — 9.8 — — 68 — — 100 0.8 100 Oak group— Non-oak group— Resource area Resource and speciesNorth Interior: National Other for Total National Other Total National Other Total Total, North Interior Total, SE for total (%)total for SE 22 49 18 14 7 339 6 7 278 5 Table 3—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s ( and owner, area volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource 3—Net growing-stock Table

68 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s otal –% Volume SE otal continued) forest public Private National Other T otal 12.9 53 2.5 — 10.4 12.9 53 olume SE 10.3 12.1 47 2.7 — 10.3 13.0 44 imberland T — 50.5 92.1 21 41.6 — 50.5 92.1 21 42.7 2.0 55.1 99.9 20 43.0 2.0 55.1 100.2 20 forest public Private V National Other T otal .2 100 3.6 — 10.1 13.7 53 3.8 — 10.1 14.0 52 14.6 54 8.8 — 29.1 37.9 25 14.8 — 37.7 52.6 24 35.5 78 2.5 — 33.0 35.5 78 olume SE 75.9 79.5 25 4.5 .1 16.3 20.9 36 4.5 3.7 92.2 100.4 21 Woodland T 10.0 432.310.5 442.3 51.8 12 186.3 22 — 223.8 — 32.6 135.1 2.6 391.5 2.6 14 100 347.8 — 43.0 10.0 186.9 434.9 577.8 12 444.8 12 est public Private V 58.4 — 78.6 137.0 21 450.7 14.4 513.6 978.7 8 509.1 14.4 592.2 1,115.8 8 193.1 24.1 680.3 897.4 782.6 49.1 840.9 1,672.7 975.8 73.2 1,521.2 2,570.1 – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet National Other T Total 8.0 — 8.7 16.6 102.7 2.0 172.8 277.6 110.7 2.0 181.5 294.2 Total 185.2 24.1 671.6 880.8 679.9 47.1 668.1 1,395.1 865.1 71.1 1,339.7 2,275.9 Quaking aspenRed alderTanoakWhite alder .2 — — .9 — — — — — — .2 — — 100 — .9 — 100 1.7 — 2.5 1.7 41.6 2.3 — — 10.4 4.0 64 1.9 — 2.3 4.2 62 Bigleaf maple 6.0 — 8.7 Black cottonwoodCalifornia laurelCalifornia sycamore —Oregon ashPacific madrone .2 .2 — — — .3 .2 — — — — — — — .2 — 100 .3 .2 72 — 100 — — — — 5.0 — — 5.0 — — 83 — — .2 — — 5.0 .2 — 5.0 — 83 .2 — 100 .2 100 Blue oakCalifornia black oak Canyon live oakInterior live oakOregon white oak 124.0 oakValley — — .2 3.6 — 2.5 — — 33.0 .2 100 .9 — .5 1.4 75 1.2 — .5 1.6 66 Non-oak group— Oak group— Total, Sacramento Total, SE for total (%)total for SE 15 42 129 8 26 106 7 228 5 Table 3—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s ( and owner, area volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource 3—Net growing-stock Table Resource area Resource Sacramento: and species for 69 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 –% Total otal continued) forest public Private Volume SE National Other otal olume SE imberland T forest public Private V National Other T otal 9.2 75 18.3 — 47.3 65.6 74 20.7 — 54.2 74.8 66 olume SE 20.680.6 21.996.0 84.8 77 96.0 38 100 — .8 — — — .9 — 48.6 4.3 .9 49.4 72 59 4.3 100 1.3 1.2 — — 3.8 129.2 21.5 — 134.2 100.3 22.8 33 74 100.3 95 15.2 15.233.613.4 6390.7 33.6 13.4 100 90.7 80 6.9 36 2.4 — — — — 2.0 — — — 8.8 1.5 59 — 2.4 1.5 94 — 6.9 101 2.4 — — 17.2 — — — 24.1 33.6 45 14.9 — 36.0 14.9 93 90.7 72 90.7 36 Woodland T 1.2 31.7 46.3 41 — — — — 3.4 11.2 31.7 46.3 41 25.5 22.7 50.2 63 4.9 — 77.1 82.0 32 6.9 25.5 99.8 132.2 30 20.8 160.3 181.1 17 — — 1.2 1.2 100 — 20.8 161.5 182.3 17 public Private V 63.7 97.0 1,157.9 1,318.6 48.1 — 456.1 504.2 18 111.8 97.0 1,614.0 1,822.8 54.2 35.8 583.9 673.9 14 1.4 — 109.6 111.0 43 55.6 35.8 693.6 784.9 14 – Million cubic feet %Million cubic feet – – % – Million cubic feet National Other T Total 56.5 56.5 904.0 1,017.1 29.0 — 161.6 190.5 85.5 56.5 1,065.6 1,207.6 Total 7.2 40.5 253.8 301.5 19.1 — 294.5 313.7 26.3 40.5 548.4 615.1 Bigleaf maple 1.3 — California buckeyeCalifornia laurelCalifornia sycamore —EucalyptusPacific madrone 3.4 .4Tanoak —Other hardwoods 1 3.8 2.0 2.2 — — — 2.2 — — 100 — — — — — — — — 11.3 — 2.1 — — — 163.7 — 11.3 165.8 73 — 39 11.3 2.2 2.1 2.2 — 100 — — 163.7 165.8 11.3 73 39 Blue oakCalifornia black oakCanyon live oakCoast live oak —Interior live oakOregon white oak 2.3 oak — Valley — — — — — 6.9 — — — Non-oak group— Oak group— Table 3—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s ( and owner, area volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource 3—Net growing-stock Table and species forest Total, Central Coast Total, (%)total for SE 39 43 13 12 30 20 18 25 43 11 10 Resource area Resource Central Coast:

70 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s –% Total lume SE otal Private Vo continued) forest public National Other olume SE imberland T est public Private V 44 13.0 — 11.7 24.7 33 19.8 — 14.1 33.9 27 otal National Other Total otal National Other 6.5 64 6.4 — 2.1 8.5 41 12.9 — 2.1 15.0 36 olume SE for 426.4 13 — — — — — 17.4 409.0 426.4 13 12.2 13.410.1 46 10.1 100 — — — — — — — — — — 1.3 12.2 — 13.4 10.1 46 10.1 100 38.6 38.619.4 58 19.4 55 — — — — — 7.7 — 7.7 54 — — — — 38.6 27.1 38.6 58 27.1 43 Woodland T 19.4 84.8 267.0 20 122.3 20.2 95.8 238.3 16 285.2 39.6 180.6 505.3 13 Other T Other est public Private V 67.247.5 9.131.1 16.4 8.6 12.0 45.2 84.9 197.2 109.2 29 240.3 16 18 290.4 .8 10.3 3.7 203.7 — — 504.5 1.5 10 2.0 2.3 357.6 5.7 68 19.4 51 212.3 48.3 34.9 589.4 16.4 9 12.0 46.8 199.2 111.5 246.0 16 17 – Million cubic feet %Million cubic feet – – %Million cubic feet – – Total 308.7 74.3 804.0 1,187.0Total 417.3 30.6 310.9 25.3 758.8 1.3 24.7 51.2 726.0 104.8 1,114.9 1,945.7 23.6 1.8 21.7 47.1 48.9 3.1 46.4 98.3 Bigleaf maple 6.5 — — Black cottonwoodCalifornia buckeyeCalifornia laurelCalifornia sycamore .2 —EucalyptusOregon ash 3.8 .8 —Pacific madrone 1.3 Quaking aspenRed alder — — —Tanoak — —Walnut 4.9 2.2 —White alder — — .2 — — — — 3.8 75 .8 — — — 6.8 54 — — — 55 — — — 4.9 — — — 2.2 — 98 — — 2.4 100 — — — .3 — 9.2 — — — 2.6 .8 — 1.1 — 1.5 — — — 1.4 .8 — 2.7 — 2.3 — 81 — — 2.3 5.3 — 2.3 .2 3.8 — — 75 63 101 .8 .7 — 1.1 .3 .8 5.7 4.8 — — — 1.1 100 .7 1.1 1.5 — 100 — — 79 5.3 .2 45 .8 75 2.7 — 2.3 .8 — — 55 7.2 7.5 — 2.3 101 71 53 — — — 1.1 .7 .8 100 1.1 100 .7 79 Blue oakCalifornia black oak Canyon live oakCoast live oak Engelmann oak 162.9 Interior live oak Oregon white oak — oakValley — 17.4 — 409.0 — — — 1.1 — 1.1 100 — — .2 .2 100 — — 1.4 1.4 85 Non-oak group— Oak group— Total, SouthernTotal, SE for total (%) 334.0 10 75.5 828.7 36 1,238.2 9 7 7 440.9 32.4 332.6 805.9 9 33 774.9 17 107.9 1,161.3 9 2,044.1 5 6 28 8 5 Southern: Table 3—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s ( and owner, area volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource 3—Net growing-stock Table Resource areaResource and species National for 71 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 –% Total lume SE otal continued) est public Private Vo National Other olume SE for 214.0 233.3 21 19.8 — 214.0 233.7 21 imberland T 35.7 1,741.2 2,232.0 7 458.3 35.7 1,741.2 2,235.2 7 Other Total Other est public Private V 98 .1 1.3 11.8 13.2 60 .3 1.3 20.8 22.4 54 5 inches diameter at breast height. otal National ≥ 1.3 1002.4 93 51.2 — 30.4 25.3 — 76.5 16.3 25 46.8 52.5 45 — 32.8 25.3 — 77.8 16.3 25 49.2 43 10.8 39 22.1 — 30.6 52.7 23 30.4 — 33.0 63.4 20 olume SE for 194.0 25 2.1 — 33.9 36.0 34 5.2 — 224.7 230.0 21 15.6 16.9 39 — — — — — 1.3 15.6 16.9 39 38.6 38.6 58 — — — — — — 38.6 38.6 58 106.1 106.1 93 — — 19.6 19.6 66 — — 125.7 125.7 78 Woodland T 3.81.2 139.6 31.7 147.9 47.3 30 40 12.8 — 6.7 262.2 — 281.7 — 16 — 17.3 10.5 401.7 429.5 4.4 15 11.2 31.7 47.3 40 49.6 1,120.242.5 1,169.9 208.1 8 701.3 12 — 899.5 — 116.5 655.3 3.8 1,671.3 3.8 7 75 1,350.2 159.0 — 863.4 2,372.6 49.6 1,124.0 6 1,173.7 8 est public Private V 39.0 — 36.9 75.933.5 30 27.2 94.0 104.2 154.8 7.9 29 136.8 507.5 248.9 54.6 13 862.9 143.2 1,425.0 7.9 7 173.8 541.0 324.9 12 81.8 956.9 1,579.7 7 43.274.5 15.6 13.3 325.0 222.0 383.8 309.8 15 20 35.2 35.4 2.4 13.4 44.2 218.0 266.8 81.9 15 20 110.0 78.4 26.7 18.0 439.9 369.3 576.6 465.6 13 13 972.0 234.6 3,446.8 4,653.4 3,329.4 317.7 5,747.3 9,394.3 4,301.4 552.3 9,194.0 14,047.7 3 196.4101.7 13.2 222.4 57.0 684.3 431.9 842.9 12 12 1,139.0 77.7 2.4 1,335.2 2,551.9 — 5 133.8 1,335.3 136.2 90.9 36 1,557.5 2,983.8 104.1 4 57.0 818.0 979.1 11 – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet National Other T Total 869.6 191.1 3,011.4 4,072.2 2,113.6 210.1 2,424.1Total 4,747.8 102.4 2,983.3 43.5 401.2 435.4 5,435.5 8,820.0 581.2 1,215.7 107.6 3,323.2 4,646.6 1,318.1 151.1 3,758.6 5,227.8 Bigleaf maple Black cottonwood .2 —Quaking aspen 9.0 9.2 2.4 — — California buckeyeCalifornia laurelCalifornia sycamore —EucalyptusGiant chinquapin 4.4 4.5 Oregon ash 1.3 Pacific madrone 1 1.3Red alder —Tanoak —Walnut 5.1White alder — Other hardwoods — — .4 — 3.1 — 8.4 — — — — — 5.1 — — — — 94 2.4 — .4 3.1 — 100 1.6 — 100 1.5 19.4 455.2 1.3 11.3 — — — 4.4 — 52 — 1.1 6.7 11.3 69 1.1 1.5 100 11.3 1.3 — 9.5 — 56 — — 1.1 11.3 69 1.1 100 Oregon white oak oakValley 3.2 — 190.8 Interior live oak Blue oakCanyon live oakEngelmann oak 450.8 — — — California black oak Coast live oak Non-oak group— Oak group— and species for SE= sampling error. — = less than 50,000 cubic feet. Total, California Total, SE for total (%)Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Excludes cull trees and volume; includes growing-stock 9 22 6 5 5 15 4 3 4 12 3 3 Total, California: Total, Table 3—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, California, 1990s ( and owner, area volume of hardwood species on woodland and timberland by resource 3—Net growing-stock Table Resource area Resource

72 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s – % 17.5 22.3 12.0 11.4 10.1 582.5 17 155.9 113.7 92.8 34.1 26.2 2,075.6 11 15.7 20.5 —14.4 13.4 — 3.8 — — — — 270.5 27 — 241.8 26 — .2 — — — — — 125.8 20 375.2 248.0 149.5 74.9 11.4 19.0 — 2,729.6 6 2.8 1.5 1.3 .2 2.4 — — 3.0 19.4 42 Diameter class (inches at breast height) class (inches at breast Diameter classes All 25.5 22.1 9.7 4.8 6.7 4.1 6.8 10.2 171.1 26 148.4214.0 96.1 121.7126.1 78.7 77.8 88.0 53.5 52.5 32.9 20.2 48.1 11.5 22.6 25.8 23.5 15.7 13.5 3.3 11.9 69.1 1,491.1 2.4 763.7 10 11 12.8 1,172.6 12 7.2 15.6 3.5 28.4 10.61.0 14.1 16.0 — 3.5 — 21.2 — 14.1 5.3 95.3 50 5.5 — — 75.7 42 32.8 17.7 25.0 15.6 — — — 5.8 — 117.8 94 2,073.1 2,342.5 1,773.8 1,329.4 844.8 563.7 383.0 221.7 122.7 196.2 10,448.3 2.5 10.5 6.3 7.5 4.1 1.9 1.2 — — 2.4 — 36.5 41 1.0- 5.0- 9.0- 13.0- 17.0- 21.0- 25.0- 29.0- 33.0- 37.0- – Million cubic feet a Total 74.9 276.4 295.9 185.3 114.0 96.1 66.1 19.7 10.1 15.0 23.0 1,176.5 14 Total 522.4 1,796.8 2,046.5 1,588.4 1,215.5 748.7 497.6 363.4 211.6 107.7 173.2 9,271.8 4 Blue oak 104.9 522.3 761.6 463.0 California black oak 26.6Engelmann oak 134.5 155.5 5.8 10.1 Canyon live oakCoast live oak 108.5Interior live oakOregon white oak 403.9 17.3 223.2 356.3 149.7 35.7 407.6 332.3 163.8 241.3 128.0 507.7 420.8 78.7Eucalyptus 225.0 70.8Giant chinquapinOregon ashPacific madrone 32.3 — 1.1 12.6 — 19.8 .4Willow 38.4Other hardwoods 104.6 — 4.1 36.4 1.8 1.0 3.2 18.1 2.6 — 10.4 1.5 16.3 — 6.3 .6 — 7.0 — .7 11.1 — — 6.8 — — — — — — — 1.8 — 100 11.0 — 71 61.1 58 Valley oakValley Bigleaf mapleBlack cottonwood .6California buckeyeCalifornia laurelCalifornia sycamore — 13.9 6.1 4.9 27.3 1.8 63.3 42.3 64.3 — 71.9 29.3 32.9 7.1 34.8Quaking aspen .1Red alder 63.2 19.1 Tanoak 39.4White alder 48.0 — 3.1 25.6 23.7 3.6 .2 — 46.6 1.1 1.8 46.6 — .4 — 1.3 3.1 43.8 — — 5.8 — 2.7 11.6 1.3 — — 43.2 1.6 — — — 361.4 5.9 21 — — — 4.3 .7 9.8 4.2 — —10.1 — .7 98 — — .5 — — — — 8.7 — 78 24.8 .5 64 95 Other hardwoods includes apple, walnut, and unknowns. Total, CaliforniaTotal, SE for total (%) 597.4 8 6 5 6 6 8 9 11 17 23 21 4 Oak group: Table 4—Total stem volume of hardwood species for all live trees on woodland by diameter class, California, 1990s on woodland by diameter all live trees stem volume of hardwood species for 4—Total Table Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. SE= sampling error. — = less than 50,000 cubic feet. a Species4.9 8.9 12.9 16.9 20.9 24.9 28.9 32.9 36.9 40.9 41.0+ Total SE Non-oak group: Non-oak group: 73 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 – % 6.5 15.22.9 1.7 2.6 9.2 — 5.6 — 420.6 12 9.9 21.1 67 3.6 .2 1.5 1.6 — 69.3 22 11.1 4.2 — — — 125.4 22 5.2 1.4 — 4.5 — — 14.9 56 17.338.7 6.4 10.1 4.4 10.5 4.7 3.530.5 10.9 7.2 12.4 7.7 2.4 9.9 538.0 179.7 7.6 13 18 — 3.4 476.5 14 Diameter class (inches at breast height) class (inches at breast Diameter All classes 20.5 4.3 11.5 .2 — .5 — — 61.3 38 453.0 327.6 237.4 149.1 116.7 78.5 52.0 59.3 2,988.4 6 430.4 331.6 235.0 162.0 84.7 58.9 45.6 76.5 2,143.1 6 687.8 856.7 717.5 534.8 474.1 315.9 262.6 143.1 91.5 141.9 4,373.7 4 3.6 4.8 4.7 3.8 4.0 6.6 6.4 .5 .8 .3 2.2 37.9 35 1.0- 5.0- 9.0- 13.0- 17.0- 21.0- 25.0- 29.0- 33.0- 37.0- – Million cubic feet 1,029.0 3,309.8 3,597.0 2,784.6 2,061.7 1,497.2 931.4 650.4 349.7 238.4 355.3 16,804.7 a Total 392.9 1,607.6 1,752.2 1,326.1 1,014.6 809.0 515.4 406.3 232.5 170.5 215.3 8,442.4 4 Total 636.2 1,702.2 1,844.8 1,458.4 1,047.1 688.2 416.0 244.1 117.2 68.0 140.0 8,362.3 4 Canyon live oakCoast live oakInterior live oak 176.2 660.2 25.7 2.6 678.4 39.8 25.3 26.9 53.7 24.4 61.9 20.6 69.8 32.7 25.3 6.8 2.7 8.9 — 289.7 33 Blue oakCalifornia black oak 148.0 0.2 1.7 — 2.4 4.8 1.6 — — — — 3.9 14.6 51 Oregon white oak oakValley 37.5 181.3Bigleaf maple 124.9 2.9Black cottonwoodCalifornia buckeye 60.8 11.4California laurel 32.7Eucalyptus .3 1.3Giant chinquapin 11.6 52.1 98.8 44.7Oregon ash 2.2Pacific dogwood 3.9 117.0 6.2 97.5Pacific madrone 9.0 1.0 110.9 — 2.4 17.4 25.2 68.7 4.9 65.6 1.3 96.6 — 30.2 .1 3.4 — 51.6 284.0 7.3 43.5 .4 368.9 24.1 4.6 — 33.0 — .2 8.7 1.9 14.8 — — 5.4 1.8 2.9 6.8 — .8 — — — 5.7 — — — — — — — — — — 58.4 — 32 — — 1.0 — 9.4 — 38 — — 26.2 7.6 17 53 Quaking aspenRed alderTanoakWhite alder 2.2 20.5 6.4 429.4 3.4 80.3 15.7 1,059.1 1,074.4 111.3 10.3 744.2 13.8 46.8 563.3 16.6 18.8 335.4 13.0 11.5 201.0 123.2 5.2 8.6 38.2 3.7 11.2 2.5 38.2 4,617.6 — 6 4.2 308.2 19 WillowOther hardwoods 4.7 6.4 7.5 3.6 1.0 — — — — — — 23.2 33 Other hardwoods includes apple, walnut, and unknowns. SE for total (%) 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 9 12 13 3 Total, California Total, Oak group: Non-oak group: Species4.9 8.9 12.9 16.9 20.9 24.9 28.9 32.9 36.9 40.9 41.0+ Total SE Table 5—Total stem volume of hardwood species for all live trees on timberland by diameter class, California, 1990s on timberland by diameter all live trees stem volume of hardwood species for 5—Total Table Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. SE= sampling error. — = less than 50,000 cubic feet. a

74 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s 74.6 27 – % s – .9 32.9 36.9 40.9 41.0 +Total SE 1.4 — 4.5 — 9.8 25.0 52 11.1 4.2 — — — 127.2 22 2.0 — —1.5 —6.5 .2 — 3.8 .7 — 2.6 135.2 .5 1.5 19 — 1.6 — 3.0 70.0 88.8 34 20 257.7 181.2 120.5 95.5 43.1 26.2 2,365.3 11 Million cubic feet 380.0 249.5 149.5 74.9 11.4 19.0 3.9 2,744.2 6 5.5 1.5 .6 .7 — 1.0 — — 18.6 47 Diameter class (inches at breast height) class (inches at breast Diameter All classes 466.9 349.7 249.3 175.4 88.5 58.9 45.6 76.5 2,384.9 6 667.0 449.3150.5139.5 315.1 108.6 123.0 201.6 164.8 50.1 71.1 104.3 17.9 27.6 27.9 65.4 32.8 128.4 8.0 15.5 4,479.5 9.6 22.3 5 15.2 17.8 1,352.3 1,120.5 11 11 1.0 16.0 3.5 21.2 14.1 5.3 5.5 — — 75.7 42 7.2 15.6 3.5 28.4 10.6 14.1 — — — 95.3 50 32.8 17.7 25.0 21.2 2.9 2.6 — 5.8 9.9 138.9 79 130.3 94.2174.1 73.7 144.7 67.2 42.8 11.3 46.2 22.0 33.0 5.8 9.9 16.0 7.6 15.8 — 591.7 3.4 11 747.0 13 822.3 1,012.2 865.9 630.9 552.8 369.3 282.8 165.7 107.2 153.8 5,137.4 4 6.1 15.4 11.2 11.4 8.1 8.6 7.6 .5 .8 2.7 2.2 1.0- 5.0- 9.0- 13.0- 17.0- 21.0- 25.0- 29.0- 33.0- 37.0- – 1,626.4 5,383.0 5,939.7 4,558.4 3,391.2 2,342.0 1,495.1 1,033.4 571.5 361.2 551.4 27,253.2 a Total 711.1 1,978.6 2,140.9 1,643.8 1,161.1 784.3 482.1 263.8 127.4 83.0 163.0 9,539.0 4 Total 915.3 3,404.3 3,798.8 2,914.5 2,230.1 1,557.7 1,013.0 769.7 444.1 278.2 388.5 17,714.2 3 EucalyptusGiant chinquapinPacific dogwoodPacific madrone 9.0Quaking aspen 1.1 17.4 25.2 78.2 19.9 30.2 3.4 322.4 5.2 473.5 25.9 4.6 10.0 14.8 15.7 — 20.5 6.8 .8 5.6 — 1 — — — — — 26.2 17 Bigleaf mapleBlack cottonwoodCalifornia buckeyeCalifornia laurel 38.8California sycamore 15.2 .3 141.1 72.0 1.8 67.2 2.2Oregon ash 188.9 31.7 7.1 1.1 19.1Red alderTanoak 1.8 .1White alder — Willow 4.5Other hardwoods .4 20.5 2.9 431.2 4.6 80.7 1,062.2 5.2 1,077.0 111.3 11.5 7.9 745.8 19.6 46.8 16.8 569.2 19.5 23.8 18.8 339.8 14.5 9.9 11.5 205.2 124.0 8.6 8.0 38.7 3.7 11.1 11.2 2.5 6.8 38.2 — 4,642.4 — 6 4.2 — 308.7 — 19 — 84.4 43 Blue oak 105.0 524.0 761.6 465.4 California black oakCanyon live oak 174.5 Engelmann oak 284.7 1,064.1 1,034.7 5.8 10.1 Coast live oakInterior live oakOregon white oak 19.8 oakValley 248.8 175.1 73.1 447.4 386.1 345.1 268.2 252.9 569.6 3.4 490.6 16.3 75.9 41.0 44.3 32.9 55.3 52.0 43.8 11.6 43.2 419.8 19 Other hardwoods includes apple, walnut, and unknowns. Total, California Total, SE for total (%) 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 9 11 11 2 Table 6—Total stem volume of hardwood species for all live trees on woodland and timberland by diameter class, California, 1990 on woodland and timberland by diameter all live trees stem volume of hardwood species for 6—Total Table Non-oak group: Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. SE= sampling error. — = less than 50,000 cubic feet. a Oak group: Species4.9 8.9 12.9 16.9 20.9 24.9 28 75 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 – % 11.7 — — — 179.0 79 28.9 32.9 36.9 40.9 41.0 +Total SE 2,798.0 1,401.5 213.1 356.1 — 51,098.5 6 — — — — — 181.3 185.3 98 9.3 11.6 — — — — 171.1 71 26.7 4.9 46.6 — — 55.5 391.5 40 5,616.4 3,891.3 2,837.4 2,316.2 852.1 653.5 51,806.8 11 Diameter class (inches at breast height) class (inches at breast Diameter All classes 349.9 303.2229.9 133.4 50.7 66.3 92.2 304.4 202.5 56.1 75.9 93.9 79.5 139.5 2,349.2 — 26 — 1,085.7 42 5,341.3 3,037.7 1,941.13,147.61,473.8 1,309.3 2,195.7 1,201.6 1,326.3 820.3 644.9 605.5 287.9 335.9 328.1 587.5 1,723.7 416.9 37,216.7 82.2 223.8 10 60.7 213.2 318.4 188.4 29,267.8 10,904.7 12 17 347.7 225.8 — 2.0 — — — — — 1,491.5 20 2,252.8 784.1 390.4 309.7 289.1 81.8 — — — 5,206.3 26 629.2 1,037.2 575.7 819.6 520.7 — — — 188.6 — 3,807.3 93 2,348.9 2,716.8 2,593.3 1,678.9 1,374.9 934.4 353.3 394.3 274.3 208.0 13,341.6 11 1,324.3 1,164.3 884.2 436.2 289.8 378.2 — — — — 4,980.1 27 44,208.4 49,658.0 38,255.6 28,913.0 17,847.2 11,747.4 8,254.8 4,838.5 2,634.2 4,277.5 223,870.4 45.3 194.5 115.4 137.3 74.8 35.9 21.6 — — 43.1 — 667.8 42 1.0- 5.0- 9.0- 13.0- 17.0- 21.0- 25.0- 29.0- 33.0- 37.0- 108.3 188.3 134.5 292.6 65.7 531.8 198.9 263.6 — — — 1,783.6 50 – Thousand tons a

Total 11,922.8 39,465.1 43,919.6 34,839.9 26,567.9 16,011.6 10,620.5 7,933.5 4,693.8 2,308.6 3,901.2 202,184.6 4 Total 1,312.8 4,743.3 5,738.4 3,415.7 2,345.1 1,835.6 1,126.9 321.3 144.8 325.6 376.3 21,685.9 18 Engelmann oak Interior live oak 5,569.6 10,174.4 6,023.3 Coast live oakOregon white oak 431.3 oakValley 3,737.6 667.7 8,295.2 12,672.5 3,066.0 10,503.3 2,395.2 11.1 91.3 1,204.1 652.3 737.1 479.9 872.7 871.7 819.1 216.3 809.2 6,765.0 21 California black oakCanyon live oak 464.6 2,707.5 10,080.4 8,893.2 Blue oak 1,962.8 9,778.1 14,257.3 8,666.6 7,023.2 4,641.7 Bigleaf mapleBlack cottonwood 83.2 —Eucalyptus 580.6Giant chinquapin —Oregon ash 451.0 1.3 — 36.3 — 6.9 — 63.6 — 2.8 15.4 26.5 40.2 — 24.1 — — — — — — 26.5 100 California buckeyeCalifornia laurel 165.1California sycamore 750.8 503.0 26.1 102.0Pacific madroneQuaking aspen 14.8 Red alder 270.9TanoakWhite alder 827.4 82.6WillowOther hardwoods 63.1 .5 25.0 31.7 — 9.2 25.8 36.2 56.0 — 107.8 116.9 48.0 — 182.7 63.0 21.6 28.3 — 70.7 36.1 107.3 — 78.4 — 78.5 — 125.2 76.6 — 76.1 13.1 — — 9.2 — — — — — — — — 448.6 — 64 686.2 58 9.7 95 Other hardwoods includes apple, walnut, and unknowns. Oak group: Total, CaliforniaTotal, 13,235.7 SE for total (%) 9 6 5 6 6 8 9 11 17 22 214 Table 7—Aboveground (oven-dry) biomass of hardwood species for all live trees on woodland by diameter class, California, 1990s on woodland by diameter all live trees (oven-dry) biomass of hardwood species for 7—Aboveground Table Non-oak group: Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. Excludes foliage and dead branches. SE= sampling error. — = less than 50 tons. a Species 4.9 8.9 12.9 16.9 20.9 24.9 76 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s – % s — — — — — 111.4 38 815.7 630.5 169.8 67.4 222.7 — 7,231.3 33 181.3 103.0 77.2 — — 328.5 691.0 68 17.6 — — — — — — 584.6 17 263.8 114.4 77.5 4.4 32.2 31.1 — 1,360.0 22 40,788.9 29,537.0 18,468.0 12,749.5 7,033.1 4,849.7 7,174.5 330,666.0 1.2 3.5 91.0 25.4 — 78.9 — — 266.2 55 Diameter class (inches at breast height) class (inches at breast Diameter All classes 607.9 514.4 431.1 158.7 109.0 116.9 179.9 60.4 4,484.1 18 334.1 70.5 187.4 3.1 — 7.6 — — 1,026.2 37 1,137.8 975.7 724.6 188.9 196.3 66.1 204.3 144.3 10,070.8 13 11,308.1 8,177.6 5,924.6 3,721.5 2,911.6 1,959.5 1,296.9 1,480.5 74,589.6 6 452.7 360.7 222.3 101.7 166.2 62.5 — — — 1,877.8 22 1,338.3 942.9 708.6 453.7 89.1 209.2 24.0 126.4 76.9 5,775.4 12 2,154.0 2,040.9 1,779.1 801.8 561.1 228.7 181.9 139.2 — 63.0 8,771.8 14 1.0- 5.0- 9.0- 13.0- 17.0- 21.0- 25.0- 29.0- 33.0- 37.0- 61.4 84.4 96.1 62.7 74.2 121.0 117.1 9.0 15.3 6.1 40.7 687.9 36 2,584.6 12,016.5 14,966.6 12,534.2 9,342.2 8,283.2 5,518.0 4,587.1 2,499.8 1,597.8 2,478.8 76,408.8 4 1,412.9 6,115.0 7,942.1 9,267.4 7,138.9 5,058.6 3,486.9 1,822.8 1,267.9 981.5 1,646.8 46,140.7 6 a Total 11,587.0 31,094.7 33,969.5 27,447.7 19,855.2 13,191.6 8,087.2 4,674.1 2,323.4 1,348.0 2,936.9 156,515.2 4 Total 8,444.3 33,760.5 36,467.8 27,293.9 20,933.8 16,345.4 10,380.9 8,075.3 4,709.7 3,501.7 4,237.6 174,150.8 4 Canyon live oakCoast live oak 4,397.8 16,478.6 16,932.9 63.8 632.6 1,341.4 1,545.6 1,741.8 Blue oakCalifornia black oak 3.1 31.9 — 44.7 90.1 29.5 — — — — 73.5 272.8 51 Interior live oakOregon white oak 640.4 701.2 3,393.3 993.7 2,338.4 671.7 Valley oakValley Bigleaf mapleBlack cottonwood 53.4 449.3 214.1 8.5 1,356.9 Oregon ash 216.9Pacific dogwood 39.1 115.6 18.5 383.5 91.8 20.5 136.8 76.1 6.8 163.3 107.4 101.6 29.9 — 46.0 — — — — — 1,093.4 32 — — 15.1 — — 118.3 53 California buckeyeCalifornia laurelEucalyptus 15.5Giant chinquapin 822.3 46.0 134.5Pacific madrone Quaking aspenRed alder 28.2 .4 377.2 TanoakWhite alderWillow 57.9 — .7Other hardwoods 336.0 108.1 — 7,766.9 64.6 1,305.4 — 257.5 19,163.3 1,877.4 21.8 19,440.8 189.8 52.8 13,466.3 — 820.2 10,193.3 255.8 6,069.5 71.9 349.1 — 3,636.4 326.4 230.3 84.1 2,229.8 153.9 691.3 40.6 202.8 77.4 11.7 691.0 51.9 83,551.5 — 6 — — 89.9 5,291.5 — 18 — — — 261.1 33 Other hardwoods includes apple, walnut, and unknowns.

Total, CaliforniaTotal, SE for total (%) 20,031.3 64,855.2 70,437.3 54,741.7 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 10 12 13 3 Species 4.9 8.9 – Thousand tons 12.9 16.9 20.9 24.9 28.9 32.9 36.9 40.9 41.0+Total SE Oak group: Non-oak group: Table 8—Aboveground (oven-dry) biomass of hardwood species for all live trees on timberland by diameter class, California, 1990 on timberland by diameter all live trees biomass of hardwood species for (oven-dry) 8—Aboveground Table Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. Excludes foliage and dead branches. SE= sampling error. — = less than 50 tons. a

77 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 584.6 17 947.3 43 1,602.9 19 – % nia, 1990s ———— ———— ———— 11.6 — 15.1 — — 289.4 47 .9 28.9 32.9 36.9 40.9 41.0 +Total SE 4,671.2 2,798.0 1,401.5 213.1 356.1 73.5 51,371.3 6 6,432.0 4,521.8 3,007.2 2,383.7 1,074.8 653.5 59,038.1 11 11,215.3 7,865.7 5,030.8 4,113.2 2,604.4 1,632.8 3,204.2 111,806.3 5 Diameter class (inches at breast height) class (inches at breast Diameter All classes 1.2 6.3 91.0 25.4 — 78.9 — 181.3 451.5 52 229.9 50.7 304.4 202.5389.4 75.9 299.9 79.5 141.1 — 82.4 — 50.9 1,085.7 32.2 42 31.1 55.5 1,751.4 19 2,611.5 2,302.0 1,330.1 517.0 613.1 289.9 417.5 332.7 20,975.5 11 452.7107.4 387.2257.5 222.3 — 334.1 101.7 17.6 166.2 92.1 187.4 — 62.5 3.1 — — 11.7 — 7.6 — — 1,904.3 22 — 1,205.2 34 6,695.0 3,755.5 2,710.1 1,251.51,789.3 446.6 1,292.8 696.5 1,011.8 199.1 587.1 240.5 155.4 378.8 301.4 33,751.8 11 80.1 220.4 216.5 8,124.7 11 10,194.9 10,051.6 7,529.3 5,368.2 3,776.0 1,904.6 1,267.9 981.5 1,646.8 51,347.0 6 17,683.4 15,127.4 11,021.1 9,658.1 6,452.4 4,940.4 2,894.2 1,872.1 2,686.8 89,750.4 4 629.8 1,037.2 575.7 819.6 702.0 103.0 77.2 — 188.6 328.5 4,498.3 78 796.9 375.9 225.8 — 23.8 — 1.0- 5.0- 9.0- 13.0- 17.0- 21.0- 25.0- 29.0- 33.0- 37.0- 106.7 278.9 211.4 200.1 148.9 156.9 138.6 9.0 15.3 49.3 40.7 1,355.8 28 108.3 188.3 134.5 292.6 65.7 531.8 198.9 263.6 — — — 1,783.6 50 1,325.2 3,478.3 3,205.2 2,663.3 1,238.0 850.9 606.8 181.9 139.2 — 63.0 13,751.8 13 – Thousand tons 33,267.0 109,063.7 120,095.3 92,997.4 69,702.0 47,384.1 30,215.5 21,004.2 11,871.7 7,483.9 11,452.0 554,536.6 a Total 12,899.9 35,838.1 39,707.9 30,863.6 22,200.3 15,027.2 9,214.1 4,995.4 2,468.2 1,673.6 3,313.2 178,201.1 4 Total 20,367.1 73,225.6 80,387.4 62,133.8 47,501.7 32,357.0 21,001.4 16,008.8 9,403.5 5,810.2 8,138.8 376,335.4 3 Oregon ashQuaking aspenRed alderTanoak 27.4White alder 140.4 70.4 171.3 336.5 7,798.6 89.6 45.2 1,314.6 19,219.3 1,877.4 19,488.9 215.6 86.2 13,494.6 820.2 10,300.6 363.5 24.1 6,148.0 349.1 3,712.9 230.3 9.3 2,242.9 700.5 153.9 202.8 77.4 691.0 51.9 84,000.1 6 — 89.9 5,301.2 18 California laurel California sycamoreEucalyptusGiant chinquapin 26.1Pacific dogwoodPacific madrone 134.5 102.0 36.7 383.5 377.2 1,683.8 14.8 6,942.3 Willow 76.1 Other hardwoods 89.0 188.9 266.8 111.3 90.1 125.2 76.1 California black oak 3,049.1 14,365.4 Blue oak 1,965.9 9,810.0 14,257.3 8,711.3 7,113.3 Canyon live oak 7,105.3 26,559.0 25,826.1 16,649.4 Coast live oakEngelmann oak Interior live oakOregon white oak oakValley 495.1 6,210.0 1,368.9 4,370.2 11,168.1 6,459.2 9,636.6Bigleaf maple 4,733.6 14,218.2Black cottonwoodCalifornia buckeye 12,245.1 64.5 532.5 180.6 305.4 8.5 1,937.5 1,420.9 39.1 767.9 19.8 828.9 616.6 1,036.0 973.3 819.1 216.3 809.2 7,858.4 19 Other hardwoods includes apple, walnut, and unknowns.

Total, California Total, SE for total (%) 4 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 9 11 112 Oak group: Non-oak group: Species 4.9 8.9 12.9 16.9 20.9 24 Table 9—Aboveground (oven-dry) biomass of hardwood species for live trees on woodland and timberland by diameter class, Califor on woodland and timberland by diameter live trees biomass of hardwood species for (oven-dry) 9—Aboveground Table Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. Excludes foliage and dead branches. SE= sampling error. — = less than 50 tons. a 78 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s Total – % Volume SE otal forest public Private otal National Other olume SE 245.4 22 2.8 — 242.7 245.4 22 16.5 16.5 81 — — 16.5 16.5 81 2,752.0 3,335.8 7 517.5 66.3 2,752.0 3,335.8 7 imberland T forest public Private V 39.8 — 29.7 69.5 34 39.8 — 29.7 69.5 34 NationalT Other otal olume SE 4 inches diameter at breast height) on unreserved woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, area woodland and timberland by resource height) on unreserved at breast 4 inches diameter (≥ (≥ (≥ (≥ (≥ 53.1 53.123.8 5448.7 23.8 48.7 — 5517.1 48 —16.2 4.4 21.595.8 — 16.8 — 57 96.3 3.8 56 45.1 — — 33.4 47 53.3 41.3 — — 10.2 6.1 41 41.3 — 98.7 — 9.1 43 4.4 138.2 53.1 294.2 1.9 3.8 — 21 53.1 313.5 54 1.9 68.8 37.8 15 — 74 77.1 6.1 10.7 89.9 33 115.8 89.9 9.1 .5 159.7 33 390.0 — 20 409.8 18.1 17 18.6 52 95.4 111.6 34 178.1 73.6 917.4 1,169.1 9 189.9 78.1 1,012.8 1,280.7 9 Woodland T 10.2 129.8 140.0 32 — — 55.8 55.8 38 — 10.2 185.6 195.8 26 est public Private V 23.374.9 — 0.365.9 138.6 80.0 7.3 161.9 155.2 255.6 21 328.7 37 47.6 109.6 24 41.0 55.7 4.8 391.4 274.0 479.9 8.7 439.3 14 311.4 17 324.9 70.8 184.5 41.0 18 56.0 530.0 354.0 70.7 641.7 594.5 16.0 12 16 567.0 653.6 15 181.2 22.3 953.9 1,157.4 950.1 264.2 5,494.0 6,708.3 1,131.3 286.5 6,447.9 7,865.7 National Other T – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet %Million cubic feet – – Total 164.1 17.8 729.5 911.3 166.4 109.1 1,118.9 1,394.4 330.4 126.9 1,848.3 2,305.6 Total 17.2 4.5 224.5 246.1 783.7 155.1 4,375.2 5,314.0800.9 159.6 4,599.6 5,560.1 Blue oakCanyon live oak Coast live oak — oakValley — — — — California black oak Interior live oakOregon white oak — — Bigleaf mapleBlack cottonwoodCalifornia buckeyeCalifornia laurel — 4.4Eucalyptus .5 .5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 7.2 — 7.2 92 — — 7.2 7.2 92 Giant chinquapinOregon ashPacific dogwood —Pacific madroneRed alderTanoak — 11.7 — —White alderWillow — 4.5 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — .6 — — — 2.8 — 517.5 1.2 1.5 1.9 — 66.3 — — 2.1 242.7 1.9 — 53 — 99 11.7 1.2 .6 — 11.7 75 — — 51 1.2 1.5 1.9 — — 2.1 1.9 — 53 99 — 11.7 1.2 11.7 75 51 Oak group— Non-oak group— Table 10—Total stem volume of hardwood species 10—Total Table California, 1990s North Coast: North Coast Total, SE for total (%) 34 58 12 11 20 22 5 5 17 21 5 4 Resource area Resource species and for 79 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 –% Total otal forest public Private Volume SE National Other olume SE 48.610.4 277.5 17.6 23 45 235.9 7.8 — 48.6 — 284.4 10.4 23 18.3 43 imberland T — — 14.4 39 14.8 — — 14.8 38 1.0 12.6 16.4 66 2.8 1.0 12.6 16.4 66 Other Total Other est public Private V 27.9 — 12.4 40.3 54 27.9 — 12.4 40.3 54 otal National 1.8 100 29.1 — 6.2 35.3 32 30.9 — 6.2 37.0 30 olume SE for 4 inches diameter at breast height) on unreserved woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, area woodland and timberland by resource height) on unreserved at breast 4 inches diameter ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 29.5 31.9 53 4.5 — 1.0 5.5 39 5.5 1.3 30.5 37.4 46 Woodland T 191.5 201.3 22 2.5 — — 2.5 100 5.5 6.8 191.5 203.7 21 29.5 29.9 224.8 25 638.3 54.8 316.9 1,010.0 11 803.7 84.3 346.8 1,234.8 10 est public Private V 1.1 — — 1.1 100 3.8 — — 3.8 100 4.9 — — 4.9 100 77.3 7.417.846.8 61.4 — 24.2 146.1 34.0 90.8 24 161.8 51.8 26 40 505.4 47.5 53.9 31.1 554.628.4 1,107.5 19.2 — 8 — 66.5 .8 2.5 139.6 582.7 19 31.9 30.9 54.9 33 76 615.9 100.7 1,253.5 7 43.4 49.0 362.9 157.3 — — 301.4 16 34.8 53.3 83.7 416.2 27 12 391.4 — 55.8 447.1 13 30.2 — 3.1 33.4 57 85.8 7.2 59.3 152.3 20 116.1 7.2 62.4 185.7 19 381.3 69.2 453.2 903.7 2,003.3 131.5 1,143.6 3,278.42,379.8 200.8 1,596.7 4,176.4 – Million cubic feet %Million cubic feet – – % – Million cubic feet National Other T a Total 70.0 — 16.2 86.2 767.1 10.0 203.9 981.1 832.3 10.0 220.1 1,061.5 Total 311.3 69.2 437.0 817.6 1,236.2 121.5 939.7 2,297.4 1,547.5 190.7 1,376.7 3,114.9 Blue oakCalifornia black oak Canyon live oakCoast live oakInterior live oak 165.4 Oregon white oak 3.0 oakValley — 6.8 — 1.1 — 1.3 EucalyptusGiant chinquapin —Oregon ashPacific dogwoodPacific madrone 1.8Quaking aspen —Red alder — —Tanoak —White alder — .4Willow — — — —Other hardwoods — — — — .5 — .7 7.0 — — — — — — — — — — — — .4 — — 100 .5 — — 7.0 100 2.9 .7 1.0 100 100 .4 — — — — 14.4 228.9 — — 7.1 .3 — — — — — 3.2 — 1.0 100 53 .4 100 100 — — 2.9 1.0 .8 — — — .8 — 100 — .3 — 100 1.0 3.2 100 — 53 — .8 0.8 100 Bigleaf maple Black cottonwoodCalifornia buckeyeCalifornia laurel — .4 — — — — 9.8 .8 — 9.8 100 1.1 75 — .1 .4 1.9 2.8 — — — 1.9 97 .4 100 .1 .8 1.9 — 9.8 11.8 .8 85 1.6 61 Oak group— Non-oak group— Table 10—Total stem volume of hardwood species ( 10—Total Table California, 1990s (continued) Total, North Interior Total, SE for total (%) 21 44 14 12 7 31 9 6 7 26 8 5 Resource area and species for North Interior:

80 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s –% otal forest public Private Volume SE 14.2 54 2.6 — 11.6 14.2 54 olume SE 17.6 23.8 49 6.4 .5 17.6 24.5 48 imberland T est public Private V 52.1 2.3 82.4 136.8 20 52.8 2.3 82.4 137.6 20 otal National Other Total National OtherTotal 1.0 100 1.8 — 13.2 15.0 49 2.9 — 13.2 16.0 47 69.0 64 — — .2 .2 100 4.0 — 65.2 69.2 63 olume SE for 4 inches diameter at breast height) on unreserved woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, area woodland and timberland by resource height) on unreserved at breast 4 inches diameter ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 18.513.3 27.1 48 16.8 44 13.2 2.4 —14.7 — 45.9 14.7 100 59.1 .2 25 2.6 — 21.8 73 — — 5.8 1.3 64.4 — 86.2 1.3 23 100 13.5 19.4 39 — — 16.0 16.0 92 195.9 200.9 23 6.2 .2 35.4 41.8 35 6.2 5.2 231.2 242.7 20 Woodland T 18.3 822.226.7 102.6 840.9 11 311.4 22 — 312.2 — 47.5 216.3 3.5 576.0 3.5 14 100 494.2 0.3 74.3 318.9 18.3 887.4 825.7 12 844.3 11 .2 — — .2 100 .7 — 1.2 1.8 100 .9 — 1.2 2.0 100 est public Private V 85.9 — 123.0 208.9 21 627.0 22.3 781.9 1,431.3 8 712.9 22.3 904.9 1,640.2 7 288.7 50.1 1,355.2 1,694.0 1,099.9 72.9 1,322.9 2,495.7 1,388.6 123.0 2,678.1 4,189.7 – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet National Other T a : Total 273.4 50.1 1,308.7 1,632.1 946.9 70.0 1,038.0 2,054.9 1,220.2 120.1 2,346.7 3,687.1 Total 15.3 — 46.5 61.8 153.0 2.9 284.9 440.8 168.4 2.9 331.4 502.6 Bigleaf mapleBlack cottonwoodCalifornia buckeyeCalifornia laurel —California sycamore 8.6 3.5Oregon ashPacific dogwood .2 — .7 — Pacific madrone — Quaking aspenRed alder — — — —Tanoak .3 .7White alderWillow — — .2 — —Other hardwoods — — — — — .2 .7 1.0 — — — 100 65 — — — — — — .3 .7 — — 100 — .2 — 61 — — 5.8 100 — — — .5 — 1.3 — 5.5 1.9 — — — 5.5 — 81 2.6 — — — 71.3 2.4 — 1.3 — — .1 11.6 4.3 89 103.6 63 — .2 175.0 1.3 5.5 21 — 2.1 .3 5.5 — — 81 71.3 — — — .2 2.4 100 — .1 1.3 103.6 89 4.5 .3 61 100 175.0 21 Blue oakCalifornia black oak Canyon live oakInterior live oakOregon white oak 182.0 oakValley 0.3 — 1.1 5.0 — 4.0 — — 64.9 1.1 100 1.4 — .7 2.2 74 2.6 — .7 3.3 59 Non-oak group— Oak group— Table 10—Total stem volume of hardwood species ( 10—Total Table California, 1990s (continued) Total, Sacramento Total, SE for total (%) 14 34 10 8 8 25 10 6 7 20 7 5 Resource area Resource Sacramento and species for

81 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 –% Volume SE otal forest public Private olume SE imberland T — — — — — — 149.9 149.9 33 est public Private V otal National Other Total National OtherTotal 12.9 74 28.1 — 62.4 90.5 71 31.5 — 71.9 103.4 63 olume SE for 4 inches diameter at breast height) on unreserved woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, area woodland and timberland by resource height) on unreserved at breast 4 inches diameter ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 35.9 39.7 7124.9 — 24.9 100 — 4.1 — 4.1 — 65 2.9 3.8 2.9 90 — 40.0 — 43.8 65 — 27.8 27.8 89 50.732.1 51.2 32.1 95 63 3.3 — — — — 2.0 3.3 2.0 93 101 3.8 — — — 50.7 34.1 54.5 34.1 89 59 20.7 20.7 63 9.0 — 2.7 11.6 58 9.0 — 23.4 32.3 45 106.7 106.7 100 — — 4.5 4.5 100 — — 111.2 111.2 96 2,391.1 2,763.7 71.2 — 710.0 781.2222.4 221.5 3,101.0 3,544.9 Woodland T 7.7 122.4 131.1 38 1.2 — 67.8 68.9 58 2.2 7.7 190.1 200.0 32 16.935.3 40.0 31.8 61.3 41 70.1 61 — 6.6 — — — 93.9 — 100.5 31 9.7 4.4 35.3 16.9 125.6 40.0 170.6 30 61.3 41 public Private V 4.4 — — 4.4 100 16.8 — — 16.8 100 21.2 — — 21.2 100 83.3 94.6 1,304.5 1,482.3 13 2.6 — 203.9 206.4 44 85.8 94.6 1,508.4 1,688.8 13 47.4 67.0 452.5 566.9 13 — — 5.5 5.5 100 47.4 67.0 458.0 572.4 13 – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet National Other T a Total 16.7 59.9 371.2 447.8 28.3 — 433.5 461.9 45.0 59.9 804.7 909.7 Total 134.5 161.6 2,019.8 2,315.9 42.9 — 276.5 319.4 177.4 161.6 2,296.3 2,635.3 Bigleaf maple 3.8 — California buckeyeCalifornia laurelCalifornia sycamore —EucalyptusPacific madrone 4.4 1.0 Tanoak —WillowOther hardwoods 3.1 9.7 — — 9.7 — — 51 — — — — — — — — 3.7 — 260.4 — 264.1 35 — 9.7 3.7 9.7 51 — 260.4 264.1 35 Coast live oak Interior live oakOregon white oak oakValley .5 — — — — — 149.9 149.9 33 Blue oak California black oakCanyon live oak — 3.4 — — 9.5 Non-oak group— Oak group— Table 10—Total stem volume of hardwood species ( 10—Total Table California, 1990s (continued) Total, Central CoastTotal, SE for total (%) 151.2 221.5 27 32 10 9 31 17 16 20 32 9 8 Resource area Resource and species forest Central Coast: 82 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s –% lume SE otal est public Private Vo NationalTotal Other olume SE for imberland T Other Total est public Private V 66 8.7 — 3.0 11.7 40 17.5 — 3.0 20.5 36 otal National 1.2 46 14.0 — 13.9 27.8 34 21.6 — 17.5 39.0 28 10.2 73 1.1 2.3 .2 3.5 72 8.0 2.3 3.5 13.7 58 olume SE for 4 inches diameter at breast height) on unreserved woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, area woodland and timberland by resource height) on unreserved at breast 4 inches diameter ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 20.7 20.7 100 — — 2.8 2.8 100 — — 23.5 23.5 90 93.418.4 93.429.6 50 18.4 29.8 100 53 — — — — — — — .4 10.4 — 10.4 .4 100 53 — — .2 — — — 93.4 18.8 40.0 93.4 18.8 50 40.2 98 42 Woodland T 30.4 136.9 412.9 19 178.2 27.8 155.8 361.8 16 423.9 58.2 292.7 774.7 13 est public Private V 23.1 — — 23.1 100 5.3 — — 5.3 100 28.4 — — 28.4 100 42.986.8 37.5 12.3 812.1 11.7 892.6 110.7 10 28 0.6 388.2 16.4 — 287.2 — 691.8 10 .6 100 475.0 28.7 43.5 298.8 37.5 802.5 812.1 9 893.2 10 72.352.5 30.4 47.3 95.2 517.6 197.9 617.5 16 1713.7 12.4 1.3 6.3 42.4 — — 68.5 6.6 28 7.0 7.9 13.2 74 2.2 38 — 73.6 58.8 30.4 — 47.3 101.9 524.6 2.2 205.8 100 15 630.7 16 15.9 12.4 42.4 70.8 28 – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet %Million cubic feet – – National Other T a Total 72.6 12.4 81.2 166.1 36.4 2.8 36.1 75.2 108.9 15.2 117.3 241.3 Total 500.3 157.9 1,714.9 2,373.1 574.6 44.2 467.4 1,086.2 1,074.9 202.0 2,182.3 3,459.3 Blue oak California black oak Canyon live oak 245.6 Coast live oak WillowOther hardwoods — — Engelmann oakOregon white oak — — — — California laurelCalifornia sycamoreEucalyptusOregon ash 1.2 6.1 — — — 6.9 — — — — 1.2 6.1 11.1 3.3 55 52 11.1 100 — .2 — — .5 — — 2.0 — — 2.7 77 — 6.3 1.2 .5 — — 2.0 — — 8.8 11.1 1.2 43 55 11.1 100 Interior live oak oakValley Bigleaf mapleBlack cottonwood .2California buckeye — .2 8.7 — —Pacific dogwoodPacific madroneQuaking aspen — —Red alder —Tanoak —Walnut 5.0 8.7 White alder — .2 — 75 — — — — — 7.6 — — — — — — — — — — 5.0 100 — — 3.6 — — — 1 — 1.1 — 2.9 — — — — — 3.6 .8 3.2 2.8 — — — 4.7 .2 6.2 — 2.8 50 — 60 101 — — 1.4 3.3 1.1 .8 8.0 — — 1.4 100 3.3 — 75 100 — .2 — 75 3.6 .8 3.2 2.8 — — 4.7 11.2 50 — 2.8 56 101 — — — 1.4 3.3 .8 1.4 100 3.3 75 100 Oak group— Non-oak group— Table 10—Total stem volume of hardwood species ( 10—Total Table California, 1990s (continued) Total, SouthernTotal, SE for total (%) 572.9 170.2 9 1,796.1 2,539.2 30 8 611.0 6 47.0 503.5 1,161.4 9 1,183.9 33 217.2 2,299.5 17 3,700.6 9 6 26 7 5 Resource area Resource and species for Southern: 83 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 – % otal forest public Private Volume SE Volume SE 254.2 274.8 20 21.0 — 254.2 275.2 20 imberland T 66.4 3,165.9 4,053.7 6 828.4 66.4 3,165.9 4,060.7 6 forest public Private otal National Other Total National OtherTotal 1.8 1005.2 68.9 96 — 32.7 35.8 — 104.7 25 18.1 50.8 70.7 44 — 37.9 35.8 106.5 — 25 18.1 56.0 41 10.1 9810.5 .1 71 1.9 12.7 2.112.9 41 14.6 2.3 57 2.1 24.1 .3 6.4 — 52 1.9 37.4 22.5 9.3 61.5 24.7 23 53 2.3 33.4 5.4 17.0 — 48 41.0 74.4 21 olume SE 4 inches diameter at breast height) on unreserved woodland and timberland by resource area and owner, area woodland and timberland by resource height) on unreserved at breast 4 inches diameter 329.1 22 4.5 — 53.0 57.4 32 9.8 1.3 375.5 386.5 20 ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≥ 17.8 117.8 94 —60.2 — 60.2 21.0 59 21.1 67 — — — 19.6 — 19.6 138.8 37 138.9 79 — — 79.8 79.9 45 93.4 93.4 50 — — — — — — 93.4 93.4 50 2,331.4 2,554.61,529.5 6 1,820.2 11 3.1 4.3 — — 9.0 266.3 12.1 270.5 58 35 96.7 159.8 129.7 135.1 2,340.4 1,795.8 2,566.7 2,090.7 6 11 Woodland T 7.7 218.1 234.2 29 20.1 11.1 394.2 425.3 15 28.4 18.8 612.3 659.5 14 16.9 40.0 62.7 40 — — — — 5.8 16.9 40.0 62.7 40 86.9 358.9 1,117.2 12 1,266.4 185.8 1,025.4 2,477.6 7 1,937.7 272.7 1,384.3 3,594.7 6 est public Private V 18.1 12.4 82.4 112.944.0 21 39.8 129.6 5.0 213.3 28 — 599.8 2.1 75.9 7.1 1,149.7 46 1,825.5 7 23.1 643.8 12.4 115.7 84.5 1,279.3 2,038.8 120.0 20 7 70.813.8 52.4 31.5 821.9 396.855.7 945.1 542.1 13 — 18 74.7 51.4 60.2 130.4 4.0 29 27.9 88.2 381.0 141.2 143.6 469.1 13.3 20 13 210.9 122.2 173.9 365.4 56.4 12 59.4 910.1 777.8 1,088.6 1,011.2 196.9 12 12 13.3 285.6 495.8 12 28.7 — — 28.7 100 26.6 — 1.2 27.8 100 55.3 — 1.2 56.5 100 273.2 19.7 355.3 648.2 11 1,577.2 127.2 2,017.7 3,722.1 5 1,850.4 146.9 2,373.0 4,370.3 4 – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet % – Million cubic feet National Other T 1,575.3 533.3 6,949.3 9,057.9 4,735.5 515.6 9,174.0 14,425.1 6,310.8 1,049.0 16,123.3 23,483.1 a Total 191.8 76.8 739.5 1,008.1 1,768.6 170.8 5,333.5 7,272.9 1,960.3 247.6 6,073.0 8,280.9 Total 1,383.5 456.5 6,209.8 8,049.9 2,966.9 344.9 3,840.5 7,152.3 4,350.5 801.4 10,050.3 15,202.1 California buckeye California laurelCalifornia sycamoreEucalyptusGiant chinquapin 5.8 8.4 Pacific dogwoodPacific madrone 1.8Quaking aspen — — — — 5.2 — — 1 WillowOther hardwoods — — — — — — 6.0 — 5.4 11.3 29 6.0 — 5.4 11.3 29 Blue oakCalifornia black oak Canyon live oakCoast live oakEngelmann oak 671.3 Interior live oak 93.6Oregon white oak 155.5 oakValley 129.7 135.1 — 1 — Bigleaf maple Black cottonwood 5.3 1.3 .2 322.5 —Oregon ash 9.8 Red alderTanoak 7.2WalnutWhite alder — .5 3.3 7.0 9.3 — — — — — — — 3.6 — .5 7.0 100 100 — 20.6 821.4 — — — 3.3 3.3 100 — — 3.3 3.3 100 Oak group— Non-oak group— Other hardwoods includes apple and unknowns. Total, California: Total, Table 10—Total stem volume of hardwood species ( 10—Total Table a California, 1990s (continued) Total, California Total, SE for total (%)Note: Excludes rotten cull trees. is for the total stem of live trees from ground to tree tip. Volume SE= sampling error. — = less than 50,000 cubic feet. 8 18 5 4 5 14 4 3 4 11 3 2 Resource area Resource and species for 84 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Table 11—Forest type area 1984 and 1994 by owner, on unreserved woodland outside national forests, California 1984 1994 Other Other Forest type public Private Total public Private Total – – – – – – – – – – – Thousand acres – – – – – – – – – – – Oak group: Blue oak 178.1 2,855.3 3,033.4 157.9 2,708.7 2,866.6 California black oak — 223.1 223.1 12.7 181.0 193.7 Canyon live oak 47.6 184.2 231.8 47.6 164.4 212.1 Coast live oak 93.7 854.8 948.5 60.7 836.1 896.8 Engelmann oak — 56.3 56.3 — 75.1 75.1 Interior live oak 64.7 781.3 846.0 80.9 805.1 886.1 Oregon white oak 47.6 223.1 270.7 47.6 223.1 270.7 Valley oak 16.3 102.2 118.5 — 118.7 118.7 Total 448.2 5,280.2 5,728.4 407.5 5,112.1 5,519.6

Non-oak group: Bigleaf maple — 16.3 16.3 — 16.3 16.3 Buckeye — 64.7 64.7 — 80.9 80.9 California laurel — 34.8 34.8 — 34.8 34.8 Eucalyptus — 37.3 37.3 — 18.5 18.5 Oregon ash — 16.3 16.3 — 16.3 16.3 Pacific madrone — 51.2 51.2 — 51.2 51.2 Sycamore 16.6 — 16.6 16.6 — 16.6 Walnut — — — — 18.8 18.8 White alder — — — — 16.2 16.2 Willow — 16.2 16.2 — 16.2 16.2 Total 16.6 236.8 253.4 16.6 269.2 285.8

Total, California 464.8 5,517.1 5,981.9 424.2 5,381.2 5,805.4 Note: Includes area reductions caused by the transfer of land to reserved status or national forest ownership. Forest type is determined by applying a classification algorithm to trees. For this table, some tree measurements for 1984 were derived by backdating 1994 tree measurements, via models or other standard protocol. — = less than 50 acres.

85 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 a adjusted b rnia – % % illow. transfer of land to reserve status or national forest ownership. tween 1981-84 and 1991-94 contributes to measurement error; some n- same different 1984 to 1994, C hardwood softwood to non- to no forest typeforest type forest stocked forest type forest type forest Area SE ) forest type. a hardwoods Changed to Changed Remained Changed 1994 hardwood Changed Pinus sabiniana Changed 1984 132 0 132 -8 -9 0 -25 90 69 159 34 0 8,636 -226 8,410 -325 -144 -15 -70 7,855 606 8,462 2 1 3,0331,027 -95 -34 2,938 -132 993 -35 -21 2,784 82 958 2,867 5 958 -2 10 -4 1984 status to – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Thousands acres– – – Thousands acres– area forest adjusted hardwood or reserved type forest a differenta to Changed Changedthe as a from type area forest from proportion forest typeforest national area, d c Total 6,964 -203 6,761 -271 -62 -15 -21 6,392 339 6,731 2 0 Total 1,672 -23 1,648 -53 -82 -49 1,464 268 1,731 6 5 Bigleaf mapleBuckeyeCalifornia laurelPacific madroneRed alderTanoakOther hardwoods 76 113 282 65 49 -7 955 76 -16 113 275 65 -7 -8 -8 939 49 -8 -22 -23 -34 -9 -24 243 60 106 859 25 25 65 103 41 267 131 16 60 962 19 30 29 43 81 8 70 -3 16 44 -20 34 2 25 42 Blue oak California black oakCanyon live oakCoast live oak Engelmann oakInterior live oak 751Oregon white oak oakValley 571 -37 56 902 483 -28 714 141 -9 543 -16 893 -16 56 483 -34 -49 141 -10 0 -15 -6 -16 -18 650 15 517 665 86 844 459 12 56 603 115 124 5 14 19 -7 959 16 464 11 75 11 141 15 38 33 7 -4 33 0 Adjusted columns do not include forest that was in the inventory 1980s but inventoried 1990s owing to a For estimates in this table, a change plot design be The standard error includes sampling but not measurement error. walnut, and w Other hardwood forest types included California sycamore, eucalyptus, giant chinquipin, Oregon ash, white alder, The blue oak forest type includes the area of ghost pine ( Non-oak group: tree measurements for 1981-84 were derived from backdating 1991-94 measurements. There were no transfers from reserve status or national forest into the 1990s inventory. Total, California Total, Table 12—Change in forest type area from 1984 to 1994 on unreserved woodland and timberland outside of national forests, Califo woodland and timberland outside of national forests, 1984 to 1994 on unreserved from type area 12—Change in forest Table typeForest (A) (B) (C) (D) (E) = (J - C) / + B = C; C D E F G H; H I J; L A The columns in this table are additive as follows: Note: a (F)b (G)c d (H) (I) (J) (K) (L) Oak group: 86 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Table 13—Net growing-stock volume of hardwood species, 1984 and 1994, on unre- served woodland and timberland outside national forests, California 1984 1994 Change 1994-1984 Species Total SE Total SE Total SE – – – – – – – – – – – –Million cubic feet – – – – – – – – – – – – Oak group: Blue oak 965.2 178.2 1,080.9 205.1 115.6 43.0 California black oak 1,477.7 115.1 1,681.3 130.5 203.5 38.2 Canyon live oak 954.9 162.4 1,080.4 159.5 125.4 57.5 Coast live oak 961.4 326.8 1,063.1 359.3 101.9 57.2 Engelmann oak 10.6 10.6 11.3 11.3 .7 .7 Interior live oak 389.4 154.6 413.0 119.4 23.6 55.7 Oregon white oak 557.4 196.8 671.4 246.2 114.0 51.9 Valley oak 513.2 276.5 600.2 330.8 87.2 61.7 Total 5,829.9 588.7 6,601.5 658.2 772.0 144.7

Non-oak group: Bigleaf maple 128.2 23.4 166.1 29.6 38.0 9.3 Black cottonwood 13.8 13.1 14.0 12.5 — Buckeye 19.4 10.6 11.5 9.7 -7.9 7.9 California laurel 404.3 114.4 513.7 140.4 109.4 30.2 Eucalyptus 154.2 149.6 197.3 193.8 43.1 43.1 Giant chinquapin 24.4 7.8 30.5 9.7 6.1 6.1 Pacific madrone 1,026.4 120.3 1,162.8 135.8 136.4 30.0 Quaking aspen 5.2 3.2 6.1 3.7 1.0 1.0 Red alder 142.2 33.7 213.0 50.2 70.7 35.4 Sycamore 23.6 23.6 32.4 32.4 8.8 8.8 Tanoak 1,504.3 128.4 1,802.1 136.4 297.9 90.2 Walnut .7 .7 1.1 1.1 .4 .4 White alder 39.2 17.0 56.6 26.3 17.4 10.6 Total 3,485.8 270.2 4,207.2 321.9 721.4 121.7

Total, California 9,315.8 650.5 10,808.7 736.0 1,493.4 187.0 Note: Excludes cull trees and cull volume; includes trees ≥5inches diameter at breast height. Values for 1994 may differ from those of table 3 because estimates are based only on remeasured plots that were in the inventory in both 1984 and 1994. This table does not include volume from land that transferred to reserved status or national forest ownership in the 1990s. SE= sampling error. — = less than 50,000 cubic feet.

87 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245

Table 14—Gross volume of periodic mortality, periodic removals, annual mortality, and annual removals for hardwood trees that died during the remeasurement period (1984 to 1994), on unreserved woodland and timberland outside national forests, California Periodic mortality Periodic removalsa Annual Annual Volume SE Volume SE mortality removals

1000 ft3 % 1000 ft3 % – – – – 1000 ft3 – – – – Oak group: Blue oak 73,610.1 47 45,182.0 51 6,031.1 3,797.9 California black oak 155,435.0 18 70,954.8 29 13,450.7 5,966.0 Canyon live oak 95,107.8 69 14,795.7 55 8,169.1 1,332.3 Coast live oak 76,484.3 61 15,890.8 93 6,392.7 1,444.7 Interior live oak 9,257.1 79 86,525.1 87 779.4 6,723.5 Oregon white oak 19,626.2 51 3,120.6 68 1,912.7 312.1 Valley oak 28,057.4 97 — 2,565.3 — Total 457,577.8 23 236,469.0 35 39,300.9 19,576.5

Non-oak group: Bigleaf maple 3,791.0 56 4,606.1 80 333.1 460.6 Black cottonwood 2,868.2 100 — 220.6 — Buckeye 15,603.0 57 281.5 100 1,342.7 28.2 California laurel 13,016.9 41 10,820.6 85 1,227.8 1,087.4 Eucalyptus 19,696.4 93 — 1,534.5 — Giant chinquapin 2,852.3 73 — 296.1 — Pacific madrone 71,696.0 24 55,797.8 32 6,826.0 5,558.9 Red alder 12,629.7 41 40,397.2 64 1,254.8 4,001.2 Tanoak 62,500.4 18 252,870.5 25 6,249.8 25,612.0 White alder 2,442.5 79 550.9 100 208.4 45.9 Other hardwoods 12,355.8 69 5,270.4 100 1,049.4 484.3 Total 219,452.3 14 370,594.9 22 20,543.1 37,278.3

Total, California 677,030.1 17 607,063.8 19 59,844.0 56,854.8 Note: Gross volume is the volume of a tree from a 1-foot stump to a 4-inch diameter top, with no deduction for cull sections of rot or poor form. Includes all hardwood trees ≥5 inches diameter at breast height that were alive in 1981-84 and dead in 1991-94. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. Excludes volume from land that transferred to reserved status or national forest ownership in the 1990s. Excludes volume from land that was converted from forest to developed land, roads, or other types of nonforest in the 1990s. — = less than 50 cubic feet. SE = sampling error. a Removals include all trees that were cut or culturally killed during the remeasurement period.

88 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Table 15—Gross volume in 1984 and average annual volume change (1984 to 1994) for hardwood species, on unre- served woodland and timberland outside national forests, California Annual mortality and 1984 gross volume Annual gross growth removals Annual net growth Species Volume SE Volume SE Volume SE Volume SE Thousand cubic feet Oak group: Blue oak 1,457,529 250,442 22,737 4,215 9,829 3,336 12,908 4,497 California black oak 1,997,285 156,684 33,692 2,643 19,417 3,079 14,275 3,615 Canyon live oak 1,297,255 247,791 19,630 2,910 9,501 5,541 10,129 5,459 Coast live oak 1,317,764 422,411 22,154 7,182 7,837 4,118 14,317 7,023 Engelmann oak 10,731 10,747 73 73 — — 73 73 Interior live oak 521,333 178,920 9,034 2,098 7,503 5,778 1,531 4,931 Oregon white oak 704,753 234,744 13,502 5,118 2,225 1,018 11,277 5,155 Valley oak 546,067 282,026 10,394 5,383 2,565 2,410 7,829 5,320

Total 7,852,716 713,645 131,217 12,060 58,877 10,792 72,340 14,179

Non-oak group: Bigleaf maple 166,555 29,310 4,218 746 794 413 3,424 801 Black cottonwood 18,268 18,285 275 258 221 221 54 37 Buckeye 133,790 69,868 1,865 761 1,371 765 494 1,017 California laurel 469,997 125,234 12,413 2,844 2,315 1,042 10,097 2,865 Eucalyptus 159,279 154,733 4,796 4,796 1,535 1,414 3,262 3,262 Giant chinquapin 24,635 7,899 751 249 296 223 455 291 Pacific madrone 1,229,222 130,606 25,508 2,427 12,385 2,478 13,123 3,081 Quaking aspen 7,268 3,933 106 68 90 64 15 15 Red alder 151,601 35,108 9,495 2,471 5,256 2,647 4,239 3,525 Sycamore 36,234 36,239 818 818 649 649 169 169 Tanoak 1,556,055 122,019 56,304 4,086 31,862 6,799 24,442 7,757 White alder 42,955 17,817 1,660 884 254 206 1,406 883 Other hardwoodsa 38,841 29,418 745 293 1,091 482 -346 346 Total 4,034,700 293,667 118,953 8,089 58,118 8,975 60,836 11,201

Total, California 11,887,415 803,728 250,170 14,590 116,995 14,164 133,175 18,131 Note: Gross volume is the volume of a tree from a 1-foot stump to a 4-inch diameter top, with no deduction for cull sections of rot or poor form. Includes all hardwood trees ≥5 inches diameter at breast height, including sound and rotten cull trees. Excludes volume from land that transferred to reserved status or national forest ownership in the 1990s. Excludes volume from land that was converted from forest to developed land, roads, or other types of nonforest in the 1990s. — = less than 50 cubic feet. SE = sampling error. a Other hardwoods includes apple, California sycamore, Oregon ash, Pacific dogwood, walnut, water birch, and willow.

89 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245 and timberland, outside 48.6 33.7 8.3 96.6 45 1.4 — — — — 21.4 20 Million cubic feet — 1.2 1.8 2.4 .1 2.1 20.1 8 6.9 28.0 8.3 14.9 13.5 30.5 47.7 224.4 39 6.4 — — — — — — 33.2 18 Diameter class (inches at breast height) class (inches at breast Diameter 9.4 9.7 10.7 14.1 11.3 3.7 1.5 11.9 5.5 93.2 20 ————— —5.3— .2 — — 12.7 — — 4.5 — 2.4 — — — 19.7 19 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- 11.0- 13.0- 15.0- 17.0- 19.0- 21.0-classes All 1 inch diameter at breast height that were alive in 1981-84 and died during the remeasurement period. ≥ a Total 18.4 31.8 46.7 47.3 19.4 50.8 27.4 22.8 14.0 9.0 42.1 19.3 349.0 Total 12.7 25.2 22.3 34.3 50.5 17.6 30.5 105.1 115.9 62.1 119.7 70.5 666.4 California black oakCanyon live oakCoast live oak 4.8Interior live oakOregon white oak 14.3 3.8 oakValley — 11.6 2.7 3.7 .5 16.3maple 3.0Bigleaf .3 2.6 3.6Buckeye 27.6 .1California laurel 2.9 2.4Cottonwood/aspen 2.8 .7Eucalyptus 0.7 6.2 .3Pacific madrone 9.7 1.4 1.1 2.5Red alder —Tanoak 5.4 1.0 1.1 — 1.1 1.9White alder 1.4 2.0 3.6 —Other hardwoods 2.5 — .1 3.7 — 5.9 7.5 .3 1.0 4.9 .1 1.4 11.0 — 12.0 2.4 2.3 .1 .5 27.5 9.8 .3 — 7.0 — 10.2 2.4 4.8 — 64.0 61.7 — — .1 12.3 3.2 — —4.8 .8 35.7 — .1 12.9 — — — 3.7 — 3.4 — .6 — 9.3 12.9 .5 — — — — 14.5 .3 — — 8.6 — 19.4 — 15.4 — 131.9 — 1.3 12.3 — — — — — — — 90 121.5 — 6.3 27.1 — — 2.1 29.7 20.4 73 — 7.6 .8 — .7 13 12 — 3.9 41.9 3.0 — 1.7 — 39 4.7 — — — 6.9 26.1 4.7 — .7 3 9.2 2.5 4 1.1 122.9 20.9 19 — 7 6.0 4 Blue oak .7 Other hardwoods includes giant chinquapin, Oregon ash, sycamore, Pacific dogwood, and willow. Total, CaliforniaTotal, 31.1 57.0 69.0 81.6 69.9 68.4 57.9 127.9 129.9 71.2 161.8 89.8 1,015.4 165 Non-oak group: Table 16—Total stem volume of hardwood tree mortality between 1984 and 1994, by species and diameter class, on unreserved woodl class, on unreserved mortality between 1984 and 1994, by species diameter stem volume of hardwood tree 16—Total Table Species 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 12.9 14.9 16.9 18.9 stem volume is the of a tree from ground to tip, with no deductions taken for cull sections. Total Note: 20.9Includes all hardwood trees 28.9 29.0+ Totala SE national forests, California national forests, Oak group: Includes sound and rotten cull trees. Excludes volume from land that transferred to reserved status or national forest ownership in the 1990s. Excludes volume from land that was converted forest to developed land, roads, or other types of nonforest in the 1990s. — = less than 50,000 cubic feet. SE = sampling error.

90 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Table 17—Estimated numbers of large hardwood trees on woodland and timberland, by species and diameter class, California, 1990s Diameter class (inches at breast height) 11.0- 17.0- 23.0- 29.0- 35.0- All classes Species 16.9 22.9 28.9 34.9 40.9 41.0+ Total SE – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Thousands of trees – – – – – – – – – – – – – – % Oak group: Blue oak 32,900 7,400 2,100 400 100 — 42,900 7 California black oak 41,700 11,600 4,100 1,500 500 300 59,700 5 Canyon live oak 39,400 8,400 2,400 900 300 200 51,600 7 Coast live oak 29,200 9,600 2,100 700 300 — 41,900 11 Engelmann oak 500 200 200 100 — — 1,000 63 Interior live oak 9,900 2,300 300 200 — — 12,700 13 Oregon white oak 8,400 2,100 500 200 100 — 11,300 15 Valley oak 2,500 700 400 200 100 100 4,000 24 Total 164,500 42,300 12,100 4,200 1,400 600 225,100

Non-oak group: Bigleaf maple 4,500 1,200 200 100 100 — 6,100 15 Black cottonwood — — 100 — — — 100 53 California buckeye 1,000 — — — — — 1,000 44 California laurel 6,800 1,100 400 100 — — 8,400 18 California sycamore 400 100 200 — — — 700 47 Eucalyptus 1,300 600 100 — — — 2,000 77 Giant chinquapin 1,300 200 100 — — — 1,600 23 Oregon ash 200 — — — — — 200 72 Pacific dogwood — — — — — — — 77 Pacific madrone 22,800 6,300 2,200 500 200 100 32,100 7 Quaking aspen 1,300 200 — — — — 1,500 42 Red alder 3,400 400 100 — — — 3,900 22 Tanoak 39,800 10,100 2,500 600 100 100 53,200 7 White alder 1,400 400 100 — — — 1,900 20 Total 84,200 20,600 6,000 1,300 400 200 112,700

Total, California 248,700 62,900 18,100 5,500 1,800 800 337,000 SE for total (%) 3 3 4 6 8 11 3 Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Includes all live hardwood trees ≥11 inches diameter at breast height. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. — = less than 500 trees. SE = sampling error.

91 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245

Table 18—Estimated numbers of small hardwood trees on woodland and timberland, by species and diameter class, California, 1990s Diameter class (inches at breast height) 1.0- 3.0- 5.0- 7.0- 9.0- All classes Species Seedling 2.9 4.9 6.9 8.9 10.9 Total SE – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Millions of trees – – – – – – – – – – – – – – % Oak group: Blue oak 247 51 75 66 40 28 507 8 California black oak 698 115 90 70 52 32 1,058 5 Canyon live oak 1,401 308 185 138 80 44 2,158 4 Coast live oak 162 28 15 17 18 12 252 12 Engelmann oak 7 3 4 1 1 — 15 77 Interior live oak 396 197 120 58 26 12 810 10 Oregon white oak 178 39 49 42 23 10 341 12 Valley oak 22 2 3 3 1 2 33 31 Total 3,112 743 541 396 241 142 5,174

Non-oak group: Bigleaf maple 60 31 21 16 9 5 142 10 Black cottonwood 1 — — — — — 3 51 California buckeye 65 27 11 9 7 3 122 15 California laurel 233 83 37 20 11 6 391 10 California sycamore 5 4 1 1 — — 10 57 Eucalyptus 5 1 1 — 3 1 11 88 Giant chinquapin 25 10 4 2 2 1 43 19 Oregon ash 11 3 1 — — — 15 52 Pacific dogwood 58 48 7 1 — — 114 13 Pacific madrone 158 80 39 30 21 15 344 8 Quaking aspen 21 11 6 2 1 1 42 32 Red alder 8 34 9 6 6 4 68 23 Tanoak 863 561 205 116 64 38 1,846 4 White alder 11 8 4 2 1 1 26 31 Total 1,525 899 346 206 125 75 3,176

Total, California 4,637 1,641 886 602 367 217 8,350 SE for total (%) 3 3 3 4 6 8 3 Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. Includes all live hardwood trees <11 inches diameter at breast height. Includes sound and rotten cull trees. — = less than 500,000 trees. SE = sampling error.

92 Oak Woodlands and Other Hardwood Forest of California, 1990s

Table 19 — Forest type attributes (area, basal area, and trees per acre) on woodland and timberland, for 12 countiesa in California quarantined for Phytophthora ramorum as of summer 2004 b Land area Tree attributes within forest type Privately Timber- Average basal area Average TPA Forest typec Area SE owned land Basal area SE Trees per acre SE Thousand % % % Sq. ft. per % Number per % acres acre acre Tanoak 1,031 7 92 100 182 12 256 13 Redwood 690 9 87 100 287 15 250 15 Douglas-fir 642 9 69 100 206 14 191 15 Coast live oak 532 14 81 12 114 21 135 22 Blue oak 444 16 83 1 62 24 93 24 Oregon white oak 299 16 89 42 117 25 186 26 California black oak 244 18 90 67 132 27 169 31 Pacific madrone 223 20 80 79 151 29 184 30 Canyon live oak 209 19 56 58 168 26 251 29 California laurel 163 24 99 58 116 34 153 38 Valley oak 106 35 100 13 66 50 91 51 Interior live oak 56 36 68 33 129 50 138 53 Red alder 48 39 100 100 137 58 214 58 Bigleaf maple 48 39 65 46 111 57 143 57 Mixed conifer 47 28 1 100 228 44 139 40 Other forest typesd 306 15 All forest land 5,089 2 81 68 162 5 188 5 Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. All data are from inventories conducted in the 1990s. SE = sampling error. TPA = trees per acre. a Includes Alameda, Contra Costa, Humboldt, Marin, Mendocino, Monterey, Napa, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, and Sonoma Counties. b The average of all live trees (including sound and rotten culls) ≥5 inches diameter at breast height. c Forest types are ordered by the amount of acres present in the 12 counties. d Other forest types include a mixture of hardwood and softwood types; no attributes are presented for this group.

93 RESOURCE BULLETIN PNW-RB-245

Table 20—Estimated forest land area where host tree speciesa of Phytophthora ramorum were present on woodland and timberland, for counties in California quarantined as of summer 2004 Forest area for sampled land Forest area with sudden oak Area of host in 12 counties death host trees presentb presence/ County Area SE Area SE forest area Thousand acres % Thousand acres % % Alameda 113 35 59 48 52 Contra Costa 52 54 34 66 66 Humboldt 1,615 5 1,478 5 92 Marin 26 73 25 75 97 Mendocino 1,668 5 1,454 6 87 Monterey 551 12 224 16 41 Napa 184 24 87 29 47 San Mateo 59 35 55 35 92 Santa Clara 239 23 162 27 68 Santa Cruz 184 17 180 17 98 Solano 20 68 3 100 18 Sonoma 378 13 354 13 94 Total, California 5,089 2 4,115 3 81 Note: Excludes reserved lands outside of national forests because these areas were not sampled. All data are from inventories conducted in the 1990s. SE = sampling error. a Host tree species included: bigleaf maple, California black oak, California buckeye, California laurel, canyon live oak, coast live oak, Douglas-fir, Pacific madrone, redwood, tanoak. b Classification of presence/absence was based on whether a regulated host tree species was present on a subplot of the plot. The estimate of area with host trees present may be underestimated because: (a) understory vegetation and shrubs were not included, (b) seedlings were subsampled on a smaller fixed-radius plot, and (c) trees were sampled with variable-radius sampling.

94 Pacific Northwest Research Station

Web site http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw Telephone (503) 808-2592 Publication requests (503) 808-2138 FAX (503) 808-2130 E-mail [email protected] Mailing address Publications Distribution Pacific Northwest Research Station P.O. Box 3890 Portland, OR 97208-3890 U.S. Department of Agriculture Pacific Northwest Research Station 333 S.W. First Avenue P.O. Box 3890 Portland, OR 97208-3890 Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300