DOCSLIB.ORG

Independent Report on the Nickel Laterite Resource - Agata North, Philippines

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Independent Report on the Nickel Laterite Resource - Agata North, Philippines INDEPENDENT REPORT ON THE NICKEL LATERITE RESOURCE - AGATA NORTH, PHILIPPINES. Agata North Project, Agusan del Norte Province, Philippines. For TVI Resource Development (Phils) Inc. 22/F BDO Equitable Tower, 8751 Paseo de Roxas Ave Salcedo Village 1226, Makati City Philippines 01 April 2013 Mark G Gifford MSc (Hons), FAusIMM Independent Report on the Nickel Laterite Resource – Agata North, Philippines 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ................1 1.0 Introduction ................3 2.0 Location, Description and Tenement Status ................4 2.1 Location 2.2 Property Description 2.3 Tenement Type 3.0 Regional Climate, Resources, Infrastructure, Physiography and Access ..............11 3.1 Climate 3.2 Local Resources and Infrastructure 3.3 Physiography 3.4 Access 4.0 History ..............13 5.0 Geology ..............14 5.1 Regional Geology 5.2 Local Geology 5.3 Laterite Ni Deposit Geology 5.4 Other Deposit Geology 6.0 Mineralization ..............22 7.0 Exploration ..............23 7.1 MRL General Exploration (1997-2000) 7.2 MRL General Exploration (2004-2009) 7.3 MRL Laterite Ni Exploration 7.4 Drillhole Collars Survey 8.0 Sampling and Assaying ..............29 8.1 ANLP Sampling Procedure 8.2 MRL Sampling Protocols 8.3 Laboratory Sampling Protocols 8.4 Internal Check Assays (McPhar and Intertek) 8.5 External Check Assays (MRL) 8.6 Summary 9.0 Data Verification ..............41 10.0 Bulk Density Determinations ..............42 11.0 Resource Estimate ..............45 11.1 Geometric Interpretation 11.2 Exploratory Data Analysis 11.3 Variography and Estimation 11.4 Resource Classification 12.0 Conclusions .............65 13.0 References .............66 14.0 Date and Signature .............68 i Independent Report on the Nickel Laterite Resource – Agata North, Philippines 2013 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Map of the Philippines showing MRL Project Areas ................4 Figure 2: MRL Tenements and Projects in the Surigao Mineral District ................5 Figure 3: Map showing broad outline of ANLP and Agata Cu-Au Prospects ................6 Figure 4: Compilation Map showing areas of mapped Ni Laterites within Surigao District ................7 Figure 5: Panoramic view of ANLP showing the main area of laterite development. ..............12 Figure 6: Geological Map of Surigao Mineral District ..............15 Figure 7: Local Geological Map of Agata North Project Area ..............17 Figure 8: ANLP Drillhole Location Map – BHP-Billiton and MRL (2007) Drilling. ..............26 Figure 9: ANLP Drillhole Location Map – All Drilling ..............28 Figure 10: Graphs of Nickel Standards Assays. ..............38 Figure 11: Comparison of Independent Checks and MRL Assays ..............42 Figure 12: Agata North Bulk Density Test Pit Location Map ..............44 Figure 13: ANLP Saprolite BD data graph – Dry Density vs Moisture All Data ..............45 Figure 14: Wireframe surfaces and drilling, Agata North (Ni on left, Fe on right side of drill trace....46 Figure 15: Block model sub-domains. ..............47 Figure 16: Histograms for composited Cr2O3 for saprolite sub-domains ..............49 Figure 17: Histogram for composited CaO in the upper limonite sub-domain ..............50 Figure 18: Contact analysis for the upper and lower limonite for Ni, Co, Al and Mn …………...51 Figure 19: Contact analysis for the upper and lower limonite for Fe, Mg, SiO2 and Cr2O3 ..............51 Figure 20: Contact analysis for the upper and lower limonite for CaO. ..............51 Figure 21: Contact analysis for the upper and lower saprolite for Ni, Co and Fe ..............52 Figure 22: Contact analysis for the upper and lower saprolite for Al, Mg, Cr2O3 and MnO ..............52 Figure 23: Contact analysis for the upper and lower saprolite for SiO2 and CaO ..............52 Figure 24: Comparison of composites against the block model for Ni in limonite. ..............59 Figure 25: Comparison of the sub-dom and dom block models for Cr2O3 in upper saprolite ............59 Figure 26: Resource classification, Agata North Deposit. ..............60 Figure 27: Grade-tonnage curve, Measured + Indicated, Limonite. ..............62 Figure 28: Grade-tonnage curve, Measured + Indicated, Saprolite ..............62 Figure 29: Grade-tonnage curve, Measured + Indicated, Upper Limonite ..............63 Figure 30: Grade-tonnage curve, Measured + Indicated, Lower Limonite ..............63 Figure 31: Grade-tonnage curve, Measured + Indicated, Upper Saprolite ..............64 Figure 32: Grade-tonnage curve, Measured + Indicated, Lower Saprolite ..............64 ii Independent Report on the Nickel Laterite Resource – Agata North, Philippines 2013 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Agata Project Tenements held by Mindoro ..........…...8 Table 2: Climate Averages and Extremes 1961-2000 ……………11 Table 3: NAMRIA Tie Points Technical Description ……………29 Table 4: Ni Standards used at ANLP and frequency ..............33 Table 5: Variance of Original and Internal Laboratory Duplicate Analyses ……………35 Table 6: Variance of Ni Standard and Laboratory Assays ……………36 Table 7: Variance of Field Duplicate and Original Assays .............36 Table 8: Variance of Field Duplicate and Original Assays .............37 Table 9: Variance of Pulp Duplicate and Original Assays .............39 Table 10: Variance of Pulp Duplicate and Interlab Assays .............40 Table 11: Results of Independent Check on Drill Core Assays .............41 Table 12: Summary of Bulk Density Measurements .............43 Table 13: Domain and Sub-Domain codes for Agata North Laterite ……..……45 Table 14: Block Model Properties .............46 Table 15: Comparison of raw sample lengths to composite sample lengths. .............47 Table 16: Composite statistics for sub-domains .............48 Table 17: Limonite Variogram Models .............53 Table 18: Saprolite Variogram Models .............54 Table 19: Domains and sub-domains estimated for each variable .............54 Table 20: Estimation neighbourhood parameters .............55 Table 21: Percent cells in estimation runs and mean number of samples used .............56 Table 22: Composite vs. block estimate comparison .............57 Table 23: Agata North Mineral Resource Estimate as at 18th March 2010. .............60 LIST OF APPENDICIES Appendix 1: ANLP Cross-Sections Appendix 2: MRL QA/QC Procedures Appendix 3: McPhar / Intertek Sample Preparation Procedures Appendix 4: ANLP Bulk Density Data Appendix 5: ANLP Resource Estimate – Statistics and Variography Appendix 6: 2010 and 2013 Resource Comparison iii Independent Report on the Nickel Laterite Resource – Agata North, Philippines 2013 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This Ni Laterite Resource report was prepared at the request of Yulo Perez, Manager of TVI Resource Development (Phils) Inc. It is the sixth mineral resource estimate completed over the Agata North Lateritic Nickel Project (ANLP) project, and was to estimate a resource post the review and application of further sub domains within the Agata North limonite and saprolite geological domains. ANLP is located about 47 km north-northwest of Butuan City and 73 km southwest of Surigao City, Mindanao Island, Philippines. The ANLP is one of the projects located within the overall Agata Project, which is covered by the Mineral Production Sharing Agreement (MPSA) Contract Area held by Minimax Mineral Exploration Corp. (Minimax) denominated as MPSA-134-99-XIII and approved by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) on May 26, 1999. The Agata Project is situated along the southern part of the uplifted and fault-bounded Western Range on the northern end of the east Mindanao Ridge. green schists, ultramafics, limestones, andesite and tuff, younger limestones, intrusive, and alluvium are present within the area. The widespread occurrence of ultramafics and serpentinized ultramafics, especially along the broad ridges characterized by peneplaned topography provide a favourable environment for the development of nickel laterites. The laterite profile in the ANLP consists of the ferruginous laterite, limonite, saprolite grading to the ultramafic rock, from surface to increasing depth. The limonite zone is iron oxide-rich, where the predominant minerals are hematite, goethite and clays, and with moderate nickel content (over 1%), while the saprolite zone has much less iron-oxide, is magnesium-rich, and has a slightly higher nickel content than the limonite horizon in its upper portion. This report is based on the exploration data that were produced and compiled by previous owners Mindoro Resources Limited (MRL). Data verification performed by the author of the MRL database found no discrepancies. Hence the database is considered adequate to meet industry standards to estimate mineral resources. The resource was estimated by Mike Job, Principal Consultant, Quantitative Group Perth, using the Ordinary Kriging method. The data was domained into 5 ore types, Limonite (upper), Limonite (lower), Saprolite(upper), saprolite (lower), and Bedrock and within each domain 9 individual elements were estimated and reported upon. The resource estimate is as below: 1 Independent Report on the Nickel Laterite Resource – Agata North, Philippines 2013 Classification Sub-Domain kTonnes Ni Co Fe Al Mg SiO2 CaO Cr2O3 MnO Upper Limonite 211 0.98 0.11 49.7 3.11 0.5 2.8 0.03 3.67 1.01 Lower Limonite 27 1.13 0.15 35.5 2.57 5.1 21.1 0.22 2.86 0.85 Total Limonite 238 1.00 0.11 48.1 3.05 1.0 4.9 0.05 3.58 1.00 Measured Upper Saprolite 478 1.19 0.03 11.3 0.39 17.9 41.6 0.32 0.89 0.23 Lower Saprolite Total
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characterization of Soils A,\?) Saprolites from the Piedmont Region for M7aste Disposal Purposes
    CHARACTERIZATION OF SOILS A,\?) SAPROLITES FROM THE PIEDMONT REGION FOR M7ASTE DISPOSAL PURPOSES Aziz Amoozegar, Philip J. Schoeneberger , and Michael J. Vepraskas Soil Science Department Agricultural Research Service College of Agriculture and Life Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7619 The activities on which this report is based were financed in part by the United States Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, through the Water Resources Research Institute of the University of North Carolina. Contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the United States Department of the Interior, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute their endorsement by the United States Government. Also, the use of trade names does not imply endorsement by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service of the products named nor criticism of similar ones not mentioned. Agreement No. 14-08-0001-G1580 UWProject Number 70091 USGS Project No. 02(FY88) ACKNOWLEDGMENT Special recognition should be given to Ms. Barbara Pitman, former Agricultural Research Technician, Soil Science Department, who devoted long hours conducting the laboratory solute flow experiments and assisted with other field and laboratory investigations in this project. Thanks to Mr. Stewart J. Starr, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, for providing land on Unit 1 Research Farm and for his patience with our research program. Appreciation is extended to Mr. Kevin Martin, president of Soil and Environmental Consultants, for his assistance in locating research sites, and to Mr. J. B. Hunt (Oak City Realty) and Mr. S. Dorsett (Dorsett and Associates) for allowing our research team to collect soil samples and conduct research on properties located in Franklin and Orange Counties, respectively.
    [Show full text]
  • The Current Status of Iron Minerals in Indonesia
    THE CURRENT STATUS OF IRON MINERALS IN INDONESIA Siti Rochani, Pramusanto, Sariman and Rezky Iriansyah Anugrah R&D Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 623, ph. 022-6030483, fax. 022-6003373, Bandung 40211 email : [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Received : 24 October 2007, first revision : 06 February 2008, second revision : 26 May 2008, accepted : June 2008 ABSTRACT Indonesia has great iron mineral resources, comprising primary iron ore (17 %), iron sand (8 %) and lateritic iron ore (75 %). Nowadays, Indonesia’s primary iron (hematite, magnetite) has not been em- powered yet, due to the scattered area of the resources location. Meanwhile, national iron sand is commonly used for cement industries and its potency has not supported national steel industries yet because of low iron content (45-48 %). However there is an opportunity to be processed by using Ausmelt process technology. At present, lateritic iron ore is being used as coal liquefaction catalyst in the form of limonite, but hydrometallurgy would be a promising solution to beneficiate lateritic iron ore for steel industries. Keywords: primary iron ore, iron sand, lateritic iron ore. potency, resources, reserves. zine; private and government-owned company web 1. INTRODUCTION site; and scientific handbook or literature. Based on the data collected, the next step is arranging Indonesia has great iron mineral resources, com- and analyzing the data to convey the mindset of prising primary iron ore (17 %), iron sand (8 %) Indonesia current iron minerals potency and sug- and lateritic iron ore (75 %).
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Mass Balance of Calcrete Genesis on the Toledo Granite (Spain)
    CHEMICAL GEOLOGY i\mirise ISOTOPE GEOSCIE.\'CE Chemical Geology 170 (2000) 19-35 \vww.elsevirr.coni/locate/chemgeo Chemical mass balance of calcrete genesis on the Toledo granite (Spain) Arnaud Chiquet a. * , Fabric olili b, Bruno Hamelin a, Annie Michard a, miel Nahon a UP O.!+ CEREGE. UiWR 6536. CiYRS/ UttiivrsiiG Ai.r-n-lor.veillr111, SO. 13535 Ai.r-c~ti-Pivi.eiice,cet le.^ Frotlce " CEREGE, UAIR 6336. ORSTOM/ UiiiLw.yi/8 Ai.r-Mntrri/lr 111. BI' SO. 135-35Ai.r-etr-Plvi~rricc~. Cedes 0-3, France Received 15 April 199s; acceptcd 12 Slay I999 Abstract The chernical mass balance of cnlcrete genesis is studied on a typical sequence developed in granite, in the Toledo mountains. Central Spain. Field evidence and petrographic observations indicate that the texture and the bulk volume of the parent rock are strictly preserved all along the studied cnlcrete profile. hlicroscopic observations indicate that the calcitizatinn process starts within the saprolite, superimposed on the usual nieclianisnis of granite weathering: the fresh rock is first weathered to secondary clays. mainly smectites, \vhicli are then pseudoniorphically replaced by calcite. Based on this evidence. chemical inass tiansfers are calculated. assuming ¡so-volume transformation from the parent rock to the calcrete. The mass balance results show the increasing loss of matter due to weathering of the primary phases, from the saprolite towards the calcrete layers higher in the sequence. Zr, Ti or Th, which are classically considered as immobile during weuthering, are also depleted along the profile, especially in the calcrete layer. This results from the prevailing highly alkaline conditions, which could account for the simultaneous precipitation of CaCO, and silicate dissolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Weathering Profiles and Clay Mineralogical Developments, Bornholm, Denmark
    Weathering profiles and clay mineralogical developments, Bornholm, Denmark Pingchuan Tan1, 2, Nikolas Oberhardt1, Henning Dypvik1,2, Lars Riber1, Ray E. Ferrell Jr3. 1 Department of Geoscience, University of Oslo, P.O.BOX 1047, Blindern, NO-0316 Oslo, Norway 2 Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics, University of Oslo, P.O.BOX 1028, Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway 3 Department of Geology & Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA Corresponding author – Pingchuan Tan: [email protected] ABSTRACT Saprock-saprolite associations were studied by field and laboratory methods (optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe) in order to describe regolith development in the crystalline rocks of the Nygård kaolin pit (Bornholm, Denmark). The clay sequences and stages of porosity development are similar to those observed for reservoir rocks from the Utsira High (Riber, L., Dypvik, H., Sørlie, R. and Ferrell, R. (2016) Clay minerals in deeply buried paleoregolith profiles, Norwegian North Sea. Clays and Clay Minerals, in press). The weathering of the parent granite began before the end of the Mesozoic. Two stages of syn- /pre-burial alteration, followed by diagenesis during burial, and then post-uplift weathering have been recognized. In stage Ι, plagioclase and some biotite (biotite-vermiculite-kaolinite) reacted to form elongate booklets of highly-ordered kaolinite or smaller, blocky pseudohexagonal crystals. Stage II represented more extreme weathering developed along local fracture systems. The higher potential for fluid flow in the fractures caused highly-ordered kaolinite to alter to halloysitic, poorly- ordered kaolinite. Plagioclase, biotite, and K-feldspar continued to interact with formation water and formed additional quantities of secondary clay minerals.
    [Show full text]
  • Landslides and the Weathering of Granitic Rocks
    Geological Society of America Reviews in Engineering Geology, Volume III © 1977 7 Landslides and the weathering of granitic rocks PHILIP B. DURGIN Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, California 94701 (stationed at Arcata, California 95521) ABSTRACT decomposition, so they commonly occur as mountainous ero- sional remnants. Nevertheless, granitoids undergo progressive Granitic batholiths around the Pacific Ocean basin provide physical, chemical, and biological weathering that weakens examples of landslide types that characterize progressive stages the rock and prepares it for mass movement. Rainstorms and of weathering. The stages include (1) fresh rock, (2) core- earthquakes then trigger slides at susceptible sites. stones, (3) decomposed granitoid, and (4) saprolite. Fresh The minerals of granitic rock weather according to this granitoid is subject to rockfalls, rockslides, and block glides. sequence: plagioclase feldspar, biotite, potassium feldspar, They are all controlled by factors related to jointing. Smooth muscovite, and quartz. Biotite is a particularly active agent in surfaces of sheeted fresh granite encourage debris avalanches the weathering process of granite. It expands to form hydro- or debris slides in the overlying material. The corestone phase biotite that helps disintegrate the rock into grus (Wahrhaftig, is characterized by unweathered granitic blocks or boulders 1965; Isherwood and Street, 1976). The feldspars break down within decomposed rock. Hazards at this stage are rockfall by hyrolysis and hydration into clays and colloids, which may avalanches and rolling rocks. Decomposed granitoid is rock migrate from the rock. Muscovite and quartz grains weather that has undergone granular disintegration. Its characteristic slowly and usually form the skeleton of saprolite.
    [Show full text]
  • Mineralization of Nickel in Saprolitic Ore of New Caledonia: Dynamics of Metal Transfer and Modeling of Coupled Geochemical and Hydrodynamic Processes Andrey Myagkiy
    Mineralization of Nickel in saprolitic ore of New Caledonia: Dynamics of metal transfer and modeling of coupled geochemical and hydrodynamic processes Andrey Myagkiy To cite this version: Andrey Myagkiy. Mineralization of Nickel in saprolitic ore of New Caledonia: Dynamics of metal transfer and modeling of coupled geochemical and hydrodynamic processes. Earth Sciences. Université de Lorraine, 2017. English. NNT : 2017LORR0277. tel-01909333 HAL Id: tel-01909333 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01909333 Submitted on 9 Dec 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété
    [Show full text]
  • Weathering Front.Pdf
    Earth-Science Reviews 198 (2019) 102925 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth-Science Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/earscirev Weathering fronts T ⁎ Jonathan D. Phillipsa,c, , Łukasz Pawlikb, Pavel Šamonilc a Earth Surface Systems Program, Department of Geography, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA b Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia, ul. Będzińska 60, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland c The Silva Tarouca Research Institute, Department of Forest Ecology, Lidická 25/27, Brno 602 00, Czech Republic ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: A distinct boundary between unweathered and weathered rock that moves downward as weathering pro- Weathering profile ceeds—the weathering front—is explicitly or implicitly part of landscape evolution concepts of etchplanation, Regolith triple planation, dynamic denudation, and weathering- and supply-limited landscapes. Weathering fronts also fl Multidirectional mass uxes figure prominently in many models of soil, hillslope, and landscape evolution, and mass movements. Clear Critical zone transitions from weathered to unweathered material, increasing alteration from underlying bedrock to the Soil evolution surface, and lateral continuity of weathering fronts are ideal or benchmark conditions. Weathered to un- Hillslope processes weathered transitions are often gradual, and weathering fronts may be geometrically complex. Some weathering profiles contain pockets of unweathered rock, and highly modified and unmodified parent material at similar depths in close proximity. They also reflect mass fluxes that are more varied than downward-percolating water and slope-parallel surface processes. Fluxes may also be upward, or lateral along lithological boundaries, structural features, and textural or weathering-related boundaries. Fluxes associated with roots, root channels, and faunal burrows may potentially occur in any direction.
    [Show full text]
  • Th/U and U Series Systematics of Saprolite: Importance for the Oceanic 234U Excess
    © 2018 The Authors Published by the European Association of Geochemistry Th/U and U series systematics of saprolite: importance for the oceanic 234U excess N. Suhr1*, M. Widdowson2, F. McDermott3,4, B.S. Kamber1 Abstract doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.1803 The presence of excess 234U in seawater is a compelling argument for active delivery of solutes from the continents to the oceans. Previous studies found, however, that the complementary 234U deficit on the continents is surprisingly modest, which would require protracted U loss from a large continental weath- ering pool. Our new compilation and statistical analysis of the published data, coupled with a mass balance calculation demonstrates that the apparent small 234U deficit in the continental weathering pool implied by previous studies is insufficient to balance the observed oceanic excess. Our new data for a saprolite weathering profile developed on Deccan basalt reveal a very strong overall loss of U (elevated Th/U) with a strong 234U deficit attributable to chemical weath- ering. The U and 234U deficits reported here from a geologically recent saprolite confirm the importance of the early stages of chemical weathering at the weath- ering front in the supply of nutrients to the oceans. Thus, as much as half the oceanic 234U inventory is likely sourced from a thin active saprolite zone. Received 24 August 2017 | Accepted 26 January 2018 | Published 14 February 2018 Introduction systematics (Fig. 1a) and calculate a mean global (234U/238U) of 0.992 ± 0.096 (1σ) (Table S-1; Supplementary Information). One of the strongest pieces of evidence for active and ongoing The dispersion around the mean results from the large number delivery of chemical elements from the continents to the of samples of weathering residues (n = 335) from different oceans is the presence of 234U excess in seawater.
    [Show full text]
  • Formation and Zonation of Ferruginous Bauxite Deposits of the Chapman Quadrangle, Oregon
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1983 Formation and zonation of ferruginous bauxite deposits of the Chapman quadrangle, Oregon Richard Charles Marty Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Geology Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Marty, Richard Charles, "Formation and zonation of ferruginous bauxite deposits of the Chapman quadrangle, Oregon" (1983). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3513. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5397 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Richard Charles Marty for the Master of Science in Geology presented January 14, 1983. Title: Formation and Zonation of Ferruginous Bauxite Deposits in the Chapman Quadrangle, Oregon. APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: Michael L. Cummings Robert o. Van Atta Two major theories have been advanced to account for the scattered distribution of ferruginous bauxite deposits. Original workers proposed that ferruginous bauxite originally developed over all exposed Columbia River Basalt in western Oregon and was subsequently removed by erosion. Studies which followed have suggested that it may be locally favorable conditions, especially of drainage, which are responsible for deposit distri- 2 bution. Field mapping in the Chapman Quadrangle shows a possible correlation between a series of sheared zones, which may have improved drainage, and the distribution of ferruginous bauxite deposits.
    [Show full text]
  • Stream Ecosystems in a Changing Environment © 2016 Elsevier Inc
    CHAPTER 6 Dissolved Organic Matter in Stream Ecosystems: Forms, Functions, and Fluxes of Watershed Tea L.A. Kaplana, R.M. Coryb aStroud Water Research Center, Avondale, PA, United States bUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States Every rill is a channel for the juices of the meadow. Last year's grasses and flower-stalks have been steeped in rain and snow, and now the brook flows with meadow tea—thoroughwort, mint, flagroot, and pennyroyal, all at one draught. Henry David Thoreau, March 8, 1840 Contents Introduction 242 DOM Sources 245 Autochthonous Inputs 245 Allochthonous Inputs 246 Molecular Characterization of DOM 253 Quantitative Geochemistry 253 Optical Methods 255 DOM Composition and Structure 258 DOM Chemogeography and Chemodiversity 260 DOM Transformations and Fates 262 Oxidative Reactivity of DOM 262 Bio-Reactivity of DOM 262 Conceptual Models of DOM Diagenesis and Substances 266 Pathways and Products of Photooxidation 269 Interactions Between Photochemistry and Biological Degradation 272 Rates of Photooxidation in Waters 275 DOM Contributions to Ecosystem Metabolism 280 DOM Uptake 280 Instream Hydrologic Forcing and DOM Export 281 Stream Ecosystems in a Changing Environment © 2016 Elsevier Inc. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-405890-3.00006-3 All rights reserved. 241 242 Stream Ecosystems in a Changing Environment DOM in the Anthropocene 281 Altering Ecosystems 282 Urbanization 283 Impacts of a Changing Environment 284 Summary of Impacts of the Anthropocene on DOM Sources and Processing 286 Future Research Challenges 287 Discussion Topics 289 Acknowledgments 289 References 289 INTRODUCTION In Thoreau’s journal, the American author and naturalist provided an early observation on the sources and complexity of what we have come to call dissolved organic matter (DOM).
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Piedmont Residual Soil and Saprolite in Maryland
    Missouri University of Science and Technology Scholars' Mine International Conference on Case Histories in (2008) - Sixth International Conference on Case Geotechnical Engineering Histories in Geotechnical Engineering 15 Aug 2008, 11:00am - 12:30pm Characterization of Piedmont Residual Soil and Saprolite in Maryland Eric M. Klein Intercounty Connector Corridor Partners (ICCCP), Baltimore, Maryland Jennifer L. Trimble Intercounty Connector Corridor Partners (ICCCP), Baltimore, Maryland Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge Part of the Geotechnical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Klein, Eric M. and Trimble, Jennifer L., "Characterization of Piedmont Residual Soil and Saprolite in Maryland" (2008). International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. 6. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/icchge/6icchge/session06/6 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article - Conference proceedings is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars' Mine. It has been accepted for inclusion in International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering by an authorized administrator of Scholars' Mine. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHARACTERIZATION OF PIEDMONT RESIDUAL SOIL AND SAPROLITE IN MARYLAND Eric M. Klein, P.E., Jennifer L. Trimble, P. E., Associate, Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, LLP, Senior Project Engineer, Rummel, Klepper & Kahl, LLP Intercounty Connector Corridor Partners (ICCCP) Intercounty Connector Corridor Partners (ICCCP) Baltimore, Maryland, USA Baltimore, Maryland, USA ABSTRACT Residual soils in the Eastern Piedmont Physiographic province are difficult to characterize because of the unique mineralogy and development of the soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigations of the Characteristics, Origin, and Residence Time of the Upland Residual Mantle of the Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia
    Investigations of the Characteristics, Origin, and Residence Time of the Upland Residual Mantle of the Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1352 Investigations of the Characteristics, Origin, and Residence Time of the Upland Residual Mantle of the Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia By MJ, PAVICH, G.W. LEO, S.F. OBERMEIER, and J.R. ESTABROOK U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1352 Residual soil and saprolite developed from metasediments, metagranite, diabase, and serpentinite have been analyzed petrographically, texturally, mineralogically, and chemically. These analyses are used to interpret the chemical mechanisms of alteration of Piedmont crystalline rock to saprolite and the mechanical and chemical alteration of saprolite to soil UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON: 1989 DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MANUEL LUJAN, Jr., Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Investigations of the characteristics, origin, and residence time of the Upland residual mantle of the Piedmont of Fairfax County, Virginia. (U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1352) Bibliography: p. Supt.ofDocs.no.: 119.16:1352 1. Weathering Virginia Fairfax County. 2. Saprolites Virginia Fairfax County. 3. Soils Virginia Fairfax County. I. Pavich, M.J. II. Series. QE570.I58 1989 551.3'02'09755291
    [Show full text]